Efektivitas Strategi Ta’bir Mushawwar dalam Pembelajaran Bahasa Arab di Madrasah Ibtidaiyah
Keywords:
Arabic; speaking skill; ta’bir mushawwar
Abstract
Speaking proficiency is one of the main skills in Arabic language learning, but fourth grade students of MI TPI Keramat face difficulties in assembling mufradat and practicing active conversation, mainly due to the lack of varied learning strategies. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of the ta'bir mushawwar strategy, which uses picture as a media to facilitate students in constructing sentences and telling stories, in improving Arabic speaking skills. With a quantitative approach and pre-experiment design, this study involved 18 students of class IV-C. Data were collected through tests, observations, and interviews, then analyzed descriptively and N-Gain test. The posttest average was 83.06 (very good category) with 88.9% completeness, and the N-Gain score was 0.6398 which showed effectiveness in the medium category. The ta'bir mushawwar strategy offers a solution in the form of a visual and hands-on learning approach that can significantly improve students' speaking skills and make learning more interesting and interactive.
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#! /usr/bin/perl
# vim: ft=perl
#
# update-rc.d Update the links in /etc/rc[0-9S].d/
#
use strict;
use warnings;
# NB: All Perl modules used here must be in perl-base. Specifically, depending
# on modules in perl-modules is not okay! See bug #716923
my $initd = "/etc/init.d";
my $etcd = "/etc/rc";
# Print usage message and die.
sub usage {
print STDERR "update-rc.d: error: @_\n" if ($#_ >= 0);
print STDERR <<EOF;
usage: update-rc.d [-f] <basename> remove
update-rc.d [-f] <basename> defaults
update-rc.d [-f] <basename> defaults-disabled
update-rc.d <basename> disable|enable [S|2|3|4|5]
-f: force
The disable|enable API is not stable and might change in the future.
EOF
exit (1);
}
exit main(@ARGV);
sub info {
print STDOUT "update-rc.d: @_\n";
}
sub warning {
print STDERR "update-rc.d: warning: @_\n";
}
sub error {
print STDERR "update-rc.d: error: @_\n";
exit (1);
}
sub error_code {
my $rc = shift;
print STDERR "update-rc.d: error: @_\n";
exit ($rc);
}
sub make_path {
my ($path) = @_;
my @dirs = ();
my @path = split /\//, $path;
map { push @dirs, $_; mkdir join('/', @dirs), 0755; } @path;
}
# Given a script name, return any runlevels except 0 or 6 in which the
# script is enabled. If that gives nothing and the script is not
# explicitly disabled, return 6 if the script is disabled in runlevel
# 0 or 6.
sub script_runlevels {
my ($scriptname) = @_;
my @links=<"/etc/rc[S12345].d/S[0-9][0-9]$scriptname">;
if (@links) {
return map(substr($_, 7, 1), @links);
} elsif (! <"/etc/rc[S12345].d/K[0-9][0-9]$scriptname">) {
@links=<"/etc/rc[06].d/K[0-9][0-9]$scriptname">;
return ("6") if (@links);
} else {
return ;
}
}
# Map the sysvinit runlevel to that of openrc.
sub openrc_rlconv {
my %rl_table = (
"S" => "sysinit",
"1" => "recovery",
"2" => "default",
"3" => "default",
"4" => "default",
"5" => "default",
"6" => "off" );
my %seen; # return unique runlevels
return grep !$seen{$_}++, map($rl_table{$_}, @_);
}
sub systemd_reload {
if (-d "/run/systemd/system") {
system("systemctl", "daemon-reload");
}
}
# Creates the necessary links to enable/disable a SysV init script (fallback if
# no insserv/rc-update exists)
sub make_sysv_links {
my ($scriptname, $action) = @_;
# for "remove" we cannot rely on the init script still being present, as
# this gets called in postrm for purging. Just remove all symlinks.
if ("remove" eq $action) { unlink($_) for
glob("/etc/rc?.d/[SK][0-9][0-9]$scriptname"); return; }
# if the service already has any links, do not touch them
# numbers we don't care about, but enabled/disabled state we do
return if glob("/etc/rc?.d/[SK][0-9][0-9]$scriptname");
# for "defaults", parse Default-{Start,Stop} and create these links
my ($lsb_start_ref, $lsb_stop_ref) = parse_def_start_stop("/etc/init.d/$scriptname");
my $start = $action eq "defaults-disabled" ? "K" : "S";
foreach my $lvl (@$lsb_start_ref) {
make_path("/etc/rc$lvl.d");
my $l = "/etc/rc$lvl.d/${start}01$scriptname";
symlink("../init.d/$scriptname", $l);
}
foreach my $lvl (@$lsb_stop_ref) {
make_path("/etc/rc$lvl.d");
my $l = "/etc/rc$lvl.d/K01$scriptname";
symlink("../init.d/$scriptname", $l);
}
}
# Creates the necessary links to enable/disable the service (equivalent of an
# initscript) in systemd.
sub make_systemd_links {
my ($scriptname, $action) = @_;
# If called by systemctl (via systemd-sysv-install), do nothing to avoid
# an endless loop.
if (defined($ENV{_SKIP_SYSTEMD_NATIVE}) && $ENV{_SKIP_SYSTEMD_NATIVE} == 1) {
return;
}
# If systemctl is available, let's use that to create the symlinks.
if (-x "/bin/systemctl" || -x "/usr/bin/systemctl") {
# Set this env var to avoid loop in systemd-sysv-install.
local $ENV{SYSTEMCTL_SKIP_SYSV} = 1;
# Use --quiet to mimic the old update-rc.d behaviour.
system("systemctl", "--quiet", "$action", "$scriptname");
return;
}
# In addition to the insserv call we also enable/disable the service
# for systemd by creating the appropriate symlink in case there is a
# native systemd service. In case systemd is not installed we do this
# on our own instead of using systemctl.
my $service_path;
if (-f "/etc/systemd/system/$scriptname.service") {
$service_path = "/etc/systemd/system/$scriptname.service";
} elsif (-f "/lib/systemd/system/$scriptname.service") {
$service_path = "/lib/systemd/system/$scriptname.service";
} elsif (-f "/usr/lib/systemd/system/$scriptname.service") {
$service_path = "/usr/lib/systemd/system/$scriptname.service";
}
if (defined($service_path)) {
my $changed_sth;
open my $fh, '<', $service_path or error("unable to read $service_path");
while (<$fh>) {
chomp;
if (/^\s*WantedBy=(.+)$/i) {
my $wants_dir = "/etc/systemd/system/$1.wants";
my $service_link = "$wants_dir/$scriptname.service";
if ("enable" eq $action) {
make_path($wants_dir);
symlink($service_path, $service_link);
} else {
unlink($service_link) if -e $service_link;
}
}
}
close($fh);
}
}
sub create_sequence {
my $force = (@_);
my $insserv = "/usr/lib/insserv/insserv";
# Fallback for older insserv package versions [2014-04-16]
$insserv = "/sbin/insserv" if ( -x "/sbin/insserv");
# If insserv is not configured it is not fully installed
my $insserv_installed = -x $insserv && -e "/etc/insserv.conf";
my @opts;
push(@opts, '-f') if $force;
# Add force flag if initscripts is not installed
# This enables inistcripts-less systems to not fail when a facility is missing
unshift(@opts, '-f') unless is_initscripts_installed();
my $openrc_installed = -x "/sbin/openrc";
my $sysv_insserv ={};
$sysv_insserv->{remove} = sub {
my ($scriptname) = @_;
if ( -f "/etc/init.d/$scriptname" ) {
return system($insserv, @opts, "-r", $scriptname) >> 8;
} else {
# insserv removes all dangling symlinks, no need to tell it
# what to look for.
my $rc = system($insserv, @opts) >> 8;
error_code($rc, "insserv rejected the script header") if $rc;
}
};
$sysv_insserv->{defaults} = sub {
my ($scriptname) = @_;
if ( -f "/etc/init.d/$scriptname" ) {
my $rc = system($insserv, @opts, $scriptname) >> 8;
error_code($rc, "insserv rejected the script header") if $rc;
} else {
error("initscript does not exist: /etc/init.d/$scriptname");
}
};
$sysv_insserv->{defaults_disabled} = sub {
my ($scriptname) = @_;
return if glob("/etc/rc?.d/[SK][0-9][0-9]$scriptname");
if ( -f "/etc/init.d/$scriptname" ) {
my $rc = system($insserv, @opts, $scriptname) >> 8;
error_code($rc, "insserv rejected the script header") if $rc;
} else {
error("initscript does not exist: /etc/init.d/$scriptname");
}
sysv_toggle("disable", $scriptname);
};
$sysv_insserv->{toggle} = sub {
my ($action, $scriptname) = (shift, shift);
sysv_toggle($action, $scriptname, @_);
# Call insserv to resequence modified links
my $rc = system($insserv, @opts, $scriptname) >> 8;
error_code($rc, "insserv rejected the script header") if $rc;
};
my $sysv_plain = {};
$sysv_plain->{remove} = sub {
my ($scriptname) = @_;
make_sysv_links($scriptname, "remove");
};
$sysv_plain->{defaults} = sub {
my ($scriptname) = @_;
make_sysv_links($scriptname, "defaults");
};
$sysv_plain->{defaults_disabled} = sub {
my ($scriptname) = @_;
make_sysv_links($scriptname, "defaults-disabled");
};
$sysv_plain->{toggle} = sub {
my ($action, $scriptname) = (shift, shift);
sysv_toggle($action, $scriptname, @_);
};
my $systemd = {};
$systemd->{remove} = sub {
systemd_reload;
};
$systemd->{defaults} = sub {
systemd_reload;
};
$systemd->{defaults_disabled} = sub {
systemd_reload;
};
$systemd->{toggle} = sub {
my ($action, $scriptname) = (shift, shift);
make_systemd_links($scriptname, $action);
systemd_reload;
};
# Should we check exit codeS?
my $openrc = {};
$openrc->{remove} = sub {
my ($scriptname) = @_;
system("rc-update", "-qqa", "delete", $scriptname);
};
$openrc->{defaults} = sub {
my ($scriptname) = @_;
# OpenRC does not distinguish halt and reboot. They are handled
# by /etc/init.d/transit instead.
return if ("halt" eq $scriptname || "reboot" eq $scriptname);
# no need to consider default disabled runlevels
# because everything is disabled by openrc by default
my @rls=script_runlevels($scriptname);
if ( @rls ) {
system("rc-update", "add", $scriptname, openrc_rlconv(@rls));
}
};
$openrc->{defaults_disabled} = sub {
# In openrc everything is disabled by default
};
$openrc->{toggle} = sub {
my ($action, $scriptname) = (shift, shift);
my (@toggle_lvls, $start_lvls, $stop_lvls, @symlinks);
my $lsb_header = lsb_header_for_script($scriptname);
# Extra arguments to disable|enable action are runlevels. If none
# given parse LSB info for Default-Start value.
if ($#_ >= 0) {
@toggle_lvls = @_;
} else {
($start_lvls, $stop_lvls) = parse_def_start_stop($lsb_header);
@toggle_lvls = @$start_lvls;
if ($#toggle_lvls < 0) {
error("$scriptname Default-Start contains no runlevels, aborting.");
}
}
my %openrc_act = ( "disable" => "del", "enable" => "add" );
system("rc-update", $openrc_act{$action}, $scriptname,
openrc_rlconv(@toggle_lvls))
};
my @sequence;
if ($insserv_installed) {
push @sequence, $sysv_insserv;
}
else {
push @sequence, $sysv_plain;
}
# OpenRC has to be after sysv_{insserv,plain} because it depends on them to synchronize
# states.
if ($openrc_installed) {
push @sequence, $openrc;
}
push @sequence, $systemd;
return @sequence;
}
## Dependency based
sub main {
my @args = @_;
my $scriptname;
my $action;
my $force = 0;
while($#args >= 0 && ($_ = $args[0]) =~ /^-/) {
shift @args;
if (/^-f$/) { $force = 1; next }
if (/^-h|--help$/) { usage(); }
usage("unknown option");
}
usage("not enough arguments") if ($#args < 1);
my @sequence = create_sequence($force);
$scriptname = shift @args;
$action = shift @args;
if ("remove" eq $action) {
foreach my $init (@sequence) {
$init->{remove}->($scriptname);
}
} elsif ("defaults" eq $action || "start" eq $action ||
"stop" eq $action) {
# All start/stop/defaults arguments are discarded so emit a
# message if arguments have been given and are in conflict
# with Default-Start/Default-Stop values of LSB comment.
if ("start" eq $action || "stop" eq $action) {
cmp_args_with_defaults($scriptname, $action, @args);
}
foreach my $init (@sequence) {
$init->{defaults}->($scriptname);
}
} elsif ("defaults-disabled" eq $action) {
foreach my $init (@sequence) {
$init->{defaults_disabled}->($scriptname);
}
} elsif ("disable" eq $action || "enable" eq $action) {
foreach my $init (@sequence) {
$init->{toggle}->($action, $scriptname, @args);
}
} else {
usage();
}
}
sub parse_def_start_stop {
my $script = shift;
my (%lsb, @def_start_lvls, @def_stop_lvls);
open my $fh, '<', $script or error("unable to read $script");
while (<$fh>) {
chomp;
if (m/^### BEGIN INIT INFO\s*$/) {
$lsb{'begin'}++;
}
elsif (m/^### END INIT INFO\s*$/) {
$lsb{'end'}++;
last;
}
elsif ($lsb{'begin'} and not $lsb{'end'}) {
if (m/^# Default-Start:\s*(\S?.*)$/) {
@def_start_lvls = split(' ', $1);
}
if (m/^# Default-Stop:\s*(\S?.*)$/) {
@def_stop_lvls = split(' ', $1);
}
}
}
close($fh);
return (\@def_start_lvls, \@def_stop_lvls);
}
sub lsb_header_for_script {
my $name = shift;
foreach my $file ("/etc/insserv/overrides/$name", "/etc/init.d/$name",
"/usr/share/insserv/overrides/$name") {
return $file if -s $file;
}
error("cannot find a LSB script for $name");
}
sub cmp_args_with_defaults {
my ($name, $act) = (shift, shift);
my ($lsb_start_ref, $lsb_stop_ref, $arg_str, $lsb_str);
my (@arg_start_lvls, @arg_stop_lvls, @lsb_start_lvls, @lsb_stop_lvls);
($lsb_start_ref, $lsb_stop_ref) = parse_def_start_stop("/etc/init.d/$name");
@lsb_start_lvls = @$lsb_start_ref;
@lsb_stop_lvls = @$lsb_stop_ref;
return if (!@lsb_start_lvls and !@lsb_stop_lvls);
warning "start and stop actions are no longer supported; falling back to defaults";
my $start = $act eq 'start' ? 1 : 0;
my $stop = $act eq 'stop' ? 1 : 0;
# The legacy part of this program passes arguments starting with
# "start|stop NN x y z ." but the insserv part gives argument list
# starting with sequence number (ie. strips off leading "start|stop")
# Start processing arguments immediately after the first seq number.
my $argi = $_[0] eq $act ? 2 : 1;
while (defined $_[$argi]) {
my $arg = $_[$argi];
# Runlevels 0 and 6 are always stop runlevels
if ($arg eq 0 or $arg eq 6) {
$start = 0; $stop = 1;
} elsif ($arg eq 'start') {
$start = 1; $stop = 0; $argi++; next;
} elsif ($arg eq 'stop') {
$start = 0; $stop = 1; $argi++; next;
} elsif ($arg eq '.') {
next;
}
push(@arg_start_lvls, $arg) if $start;
push(@arg_stop_lvls, $arg) if $stop;
} continue {
$argi++;
}
if ($#arg_start_lvls != $#lsb_start_lvls or
join("\0", sort @arg_start_lvls) ne join("\0", sort @lsb_start_lvls)) {
$arg_str = @arg_start_lvls ? "@arg_start_lvls" : "none";
$lsb_str = @lsb_start_lvls ? "@lsb_start_lvls" : "none";
warning "start runlevel arguments ($arg_str) do not match",
"$name Default-Start values ($lsb_str)";
}
if ($#arg_stop_lvls != $#lsb_stop_lvls or
join("\0", sort @arg_stop_lvls) ne join("\0", sort @lsb_stop_lvls)) {
$arg_str = @arg_stop_lvls ? "@arg_stop_lvls" : "none";
$lsb_str = @lsb_stop_lvls ? "@lsb_stop_lvls" : "none";
warning "stop runlevel arguments ($arg_str) do not match",
"$name Default-Stop values ($lsb_str)";
}
}
sub sysv_toggle {
my ($act, $name) = (shift, shift);
my (@toggle_lvls, $start_lvls, $stop_lvls, @symlinks);
my $lsb_header = lsb_header_for_script($name);
# Extra arguments to disable|enable action are runlevels. If none
# given parse LSB info for Default-Start value.
if ($#_ >= 0) {
@toggle_lvls = @_;
} else {
($start_lvls, $stop_lvls) = parse_def_start_stop($lsb_header);
@toggle_lvls = @$start_lvls;
if ($#toggle_lvls < 0) {
error("$name Default-Start contains no runlevels, aborting.");
}
}
# Find symlinks in rc.d directories. Refuse to modify links in runlevels
# not used for normal system start sequence.
for my $lvl (@toggle_lvls) {
if ($lvl !~ /^[S2345]$/) {
warning("$act action will have no effect on runlevel $lvl");
next;
}
push(@symlinks, $_) for glob("/etc/rc$lvl.d/[SK][0-9][0-9]$name");
}
if (!@symlinks) {
error("no runlevel symlinks to modify, aborting!");
}
# Toggle S/K bit of script symlink.
for my $cur_lnk (@symlinks) {
my $sk;
my @new_lnk = split(//, $cur_lnk);
if ("disable" eq $act) {
$sk = rindex($cur_lnk, '/S') + 1;
next if $sk < 1;
$new_lnk[$sk] = 'K';
} else {
$sk = rindex($cur_lnk, '/K') + 1;
next if $sk < 1;
$new_lnk[$sk] = 'S';
}
rename($cur_lnk, join('', @new_lnk)) or error($!);
}
}
# Try to determine if initscripts is installed
sub is_initscripts_installed {
# Check if mountkernfs is available. We cannot make inferences
# using the running init system because we may be running in a
# chroot
return glob('/etc/rcS.d/S??mountkernfs.sh');
}
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