Efektivitas Strategi Ta’bir Mushawwar dalam Pembelajaran Bahasa Arab di Madrasah Ibtidaiyah
Keywords:
Arabic; speaking skill; ta’bir mushawwar
Abstract
Speaking proficiency is one of the main skills in Arabic language learning, but fourth grade students of MI TPI Keramat face difficulties in assembling mufradat and practicing active conversation, mainly due to the lack of varied learning strategies. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of the ta'bir mushawwar strategy, which uses picture as a media to facilitate students in constructing sentences and telling stories, in improving Arabic speaking skills. With a quantitative approach and pre-experiment design, this study involved 18 students of class IV-C. Data were collected through tests, observations, and interviews, then analyzed descriptively and N-Gain test. The posttest average was 83.06 (very good category) with 88.9% completeness, and the N-Gain score was 0.6398 which showed effectiveness in the medium category. The ta'bir mushawwar strategy offers a solution in the form of a visual and hands-on learning approach that can significantly improve students' speaking skills and make learning more interesting and interactive.
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#! /usr/bin/perl
###############################################################################
#
# Update-MIME: Install programs into "/etc/mailcap", resolve conflicts,
# auto-uninstall, make dinner, and wash dishes.
#
# Written by Brian White <bcwhite@pobox.com>.
#
# This program has been placed in the public domain (the only true "free").
# Do whatever you wish with it, though I'd appreciate it if my name stayed
# on it as the original author.
#
###############################################################################
umask(022);
# These are pretty well always a Good Idea(tm)
use strict;
use warnings;
#
# Program Constants
#
my $debug = 0;
my $conffile = "/etc/update-mime.conf";
my $mailcap = "/etc/mailcap";
my $mailcapdef = "/usr/lib/mime/mailcap";
my $mimedir = "/usr/lib/mime/packages";
my $appsdir = "/usr/share/applications";
my $orderfile = "/etc/mailcap.order";
my $defpriority = 5;
my $localgen = 0;
# If the call comes from dpkg, only accept it if --triggered is passed
# This is so that we don't get useless calls from packages' postinsts
# that call update-mime due to dh_installmime adding that call for
# when there was no triggers support.
#
# When this 'hack' is removed, mime-support's postinst should be updated
# to not pass --triggered anymore in 'triggered'.
if (defined $ENV{"DPKG_RUNNING_VERSION"} && defined $ARGV[0] && $ARGV[0] ne "--triggered") {
exit (0);
}
# Allow local run
if (defined $ARGV[0] && $ARGV[0] eq "--local") {
$conffile = "$ENV{HOME}/.update-mime.conf";
$mailcap = "$ENV{HOME}/.mailcap";
$orderfile = "$ENV{HOME}/.mailcap.order";
$localgen = 1;
}
#
# Allow local customizations
#
do $conffile if -f $conffile;
#
# Global Variables
#
my %entries;
my %packages;
my %priorities;
my @order;
my $counter=1;
sub ReadEntries
{
my($pkg,$priority);
# foreach my $file (glob "$mimedir/*") {
foreach my $file (map { glob $_.'/*' } split ':',$mimedir) {
next if ($file =~ m!(^|/)(\.|\#)|(\~)$!);
($pkg) = ($file =~ m|/([^/]*)$|);
print STDERR "$pkg:\n" if $debug;
if (!defined $packages{$pkg}) {
$packages{$pkg} = [];
}
if (open(FILE,"<$file")) {
while (<FILE>) {
chomp;
next if m/^\s*$|^\s*\#/;
if (! m(^[a-zA-Z0-9*][a-zA-Z0-9!#\$&^_.+-]*/[a-zA-Z0-9*][a-zA-Z0-9!#\$&^_.+-]*;) ) {
print STDERR "Warning: mailcap line not starting with a media type in $pkg\n";
print STDERR "Problematic line: $_\n";
}
if (m/priority\s*=\s*(\d+)\s*($|;)/i) {
$priority=$1;
} else {
$priority=$defpriority;
}
if ($priority < 0 || $priority > 9) {
print STDERR "Error: priority of $priority is out of range (0 <= pri <= 9)\n";
print STDERR " $_\n";
$priority=$defpriority;
}
$entries{$counter} = $_;
push @{$packages{$pkg}},$counter;
push @{$priorities{$priority}},$counter;
print STDERR "$counter: $_\n" if $debug;
$counter++;
}
close(FILE);
} else {
print STDERR "Warning: could not open file '$file' -- $!\n";
}
}
}
sub RecurseIntoDirectories
{
my @files;
foreach my $dir (@_) {
next if ($dir =~ m!(^|/)(\.|\#)|(\~)$!);
my @entries = glob "$dir/*";
push @files, RecurseIntoDirectories(grep { -d $_ } @entries);
push @files, grep { -f $_ } @entries;
}
return @files;
}
sub ReadDesktopEntries
{
my($pkg,$priority);
foreach my $file (RecurseIntoDirectories(split ':',$appsdir)) {
next if ($file =~ m!(^|/)(\.|\#)|(\~)$!);
next unless ($file =~ m/\.desktop$/);
($pkg) = ($file =~ m|/([^/]*)\.desktop$|);
print STDERR "$pkg:\n" if $debug;
next if (defined $packages{$pkg});
$packages{$pkg} = [];
if (open(FILE,"<$file")) {
my($terminal, $name, $icon, $exec, @types) = ("test=test -n \"\$DISPLAY\"", $pkg);
while (<FILE>) {
chomp;
next if (m/^\s*$|^\s*\#/);
if (m/^Terminal=(\w+)/i) {
$terminal = "needsterminal" if ($1 eq "true");
}
elsif (m/^Name=(.+)/i) {
$name = $1;
}
elsif (m/^Icon=(.+)/i) {
$icon = $1;
}
elsif (m/Exec=(.*)$/i) {
$exec = $1;
$exec =~ s/%[fFuU]/%s/g;
$exec .= " %s" if ($exec !~ m/%s/);
}
elsif (m/MimeType=(.*)/i) {
my $err = 0;
push @types, grep { if (length>0) {1} else {++$err;0} }
split(/\s*;\s*/, $1);
print STDERR "Warning: $file:$.: ignoring empty entries in MimeType\n" if $err;
}
}
if (!defined($exec) || !scalar(@types)) {
close(FILE);
next;
}
$exec =~ s/%c/$name/g;
$exec =~ s/%i/--icon $icon/g;
foreach my $type (@types) {
my $entry = "$type; $exec; $terminal";
$priority=$defpriority;
$entries{$counter} = $entry;
push @{$packages{$pkg}},$counter;
push @{$priorities{$priority}},$counter;
print STDERR "$counter: $entry\n" if $debug;
$counter++;
}
close(FILE);
} else {
print STDERR "Warning: could not open file '$file' -- $!\n";
}
}
}
sub ReadOrder
{
if (-e $orderfile) {
if (open(FILE,"<$orderfile")) {
while (<FILE>) {
chomp;
s/\s*\#.*$//;
next if m/^\s*$/;
push @order,$_;
/(.*):/;
my $pkg = $1;
unless( grep {/^$pkg$/} keys(%packages)) {
print STDERR "Warning: package $pkg listed in /etc/mailcap.order does not have mailcap entries.\n";
}
}
close(FILE);
} else {
print STDERR "Warning: could not open file '$orderfile' -- $!\n";
}
}
}
sub OrderEntries
{
my(@entrylist,@orderlist,@templist,$priority,$entrycode,$ordercode);
foreach $priority (sort {$b <=> $a} keys %priorities) {
print STDERR " - Priority $priority:" if $debug;
@templist = @{$priorities{$priority}};
@templist = sort {
my $ae = $entries{$a};
my $ac = 0;
$ac += 1 if $ae =~ m!^\S+/\*!;
$ac += 2 if $ae =~ m!^\*/!;
my $be = $entries{$b};
my $bc = 0;
$bc += 1 if $be =~ m!^\S+/\*!;
$bc += 2 if $be =~ m!^\*/!;
$ac <=> $bc;
} @templist;
foreach my $entry (@templist) {
print STDERR " $entry" if $debug;
push @entrylist,$entry;
}
print STDERR "\n" if $debug;
}
print STDERR "entrylist: @entrylist\n" if $debug;
foreach $ordercode (@order) {
my($pkg,$typ);
if ($ordercode =~ m/:/) {
($pkg,$typ) = ($ordercode =~ m/^(.*):(\S*)/);
} else {
$pkg = $ordercode;
$typ = "*/*";
}
$typ = "*/*" unless $typ;
print STDERR " - Ordering '$ordercode'... (package=$pkg, type=$typ, orderlist=@orderlist)\n" if $debug;
$typ =~ s/\*/\.\*/g;
foreach $entrycode (@entrylist) {
next if grep(/^\Q$entrycode\E$/,@orderlist);
print STDERR " - Checking entrycode '$entrycode' against (@{$packages{$pkg}})...\n" if $debug;
if (grep(/^\Q$entrycode\E$/,@{$packages{$pkg}})) {
my $entry = $entries{$entrycode};
my($etype) = ($entry =~ m/^(.*?)(;|\s)/);
print STDERR " - entry found, type=$etype, checking against '$typ'\n" if $debug;
if ($etype =~ m!^$typ$!) {
# print STDERR " - matched!\n" if $debug;
# my($oaction) = ($ordercode =~ m/action=([^\s;]*)/i);
# my($eaction) = ($entry =~ m/action=([^\s;]*)/i);
# $eaction="view" unless $eaction;
# print STDERR " - checking entry action '$eaction' against '$oaction'\n" if $debug;
# if (!$oaction || $eaction =~ m/^($oaction)$/) {
push @orderlist,$entrycode;
print STDERR " - matched! (orderlist=@orderlist)\n" if $debug;
# }
}
}
}
}
foreach $entrycode (@entrylist) {
next if grep(/^\Q$entrycode\E$/,@orderlist);
push @orderlist,$entrycode;
}
print STDERR "orderlist: @orderlist\n" if $debug;
return @orderlist;
}
#
# Generate new mailcap file
#
sub UpdateMailcap
{
my(@entrylist) = @_;
my(@above,@user,@below,$state,$entrycode);
$state = 0;
if (!open(PATH,"<$mailcap")) {
if (!open(PATH,"<$mailcapdef")) {
# print STDERR "Warning: could not read '$mailcap' (update stopped) -- $!\n";
# print STDERR " restore from backup or delete and re-install mime-support package";
return;
}
}
while (<PATH>) {
s/install-mime/update-mime/g;
if ($state == 0) {
push @above,$_;
}
$state=2 if ($state == 1 && /^\# ----- .* Ends /);
if ($state == 1) {
push @user,$_;
}
$state=1 if ($state == 0 && /^\# ----- .* Begins /);
if ($state == 2) {
push @below,$_;
}
$state=3 if ($state == 2);
}
close PATH;
if ($state == 3) {
my $newfile = join('',@above,@user,@below);
$newfile .= "\n###############################################################################\n\n";
foreach $entrycode (@entrylist) {
my $entry = $entries{$entrycode};
$entry =~ s/\s*priority\s*=\s*\d+\s*($|;)//;
$entry =~ s/\s*;\s*$//;
$newfile .= $entry."\n";
}
if (!open(PATH,">$mailcap.new")) {
print STDERR "Error: could not write '$mailcap.new' -- $!\n";
exit(1) unless ($debug);
open(PATH,">-");
}
print PATH $newfile;
close PATH;
if (!open(PATH,"<$mailcap.new")) {
die "Error: could not read generated '$mailcap.new' -- $!\n";
}
my $savfile = "";
$savfile .= $_ while (<PATH>);
if ($savfile ne $newfile) {
die "Error: contents of '$mailcap.new' do not match what was written -- abort\n";
}
rename "$mailcap.new","$mailcap";
} else {
print STDERR "Error: '$mailcap' is not in required format -- not updated\n";
print STDERR " Restore from backup or delete and re-install mime-support package";
}
}
ReadEntries();
ReadDesktopEntries();
ReadOrder();
my @list = OrderEntries();
UpdateMailcap(@list);
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