Efektivitas Strategi Ta’bir Mushawwar dalam Pembelajaran Bahasa Arab di Madrasah Ibtidaiyah

  • Nuur Mahmudah Universitas Islam Negeri Antasari Banjarmasin
  • Khairunnisa Universitas Islam Negeri Antasari Banjarmasin
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37850/ibtida'.v5i2.817
Keywords: Arabic; speaking skill; ta’bir mushawwar

Abstract

Speaking proficiency is one of the main skills in Arabic language learning, but fourth grade students of MI TPI Keramat face difficulties in assembling mufradat and practicing active conversation, mainly due to the lack of varied learning strategies. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of the ta'bir mushawwar strategy, which uses picture as a media to facilitate students in constructing sentences and telling stories, in improving Arabic speaking skills. With a quantitative approach and pre-experiment design, this study involved 18 students of class IV-C. Data were collected through tests, observations, and interviews, then analyzed descriptively and N-Gain test. The posttest average was 83.06 (very good category) with 88.9% completeness, and the N-Gain score was 0.6398 which showed effectiveness in the medium category. The ta'bir mushawwar strategy offers a solution in the form of a visual and hands-on learning approach that can significantly improve students' speaking skills and make learning more interesting and interactive.

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Current File : /sbin/update-initramfs
#!/bin/sh

BOOTDIR=/boot
CONF=/etc/initramfs-tools/update-initramfs.conf
mode=""
version=""
update_initramfs=yes
backup_initramfs=no

set -e

[ -r ${CONF} ] && . ${CONF}

if [ -n "$DPKG_MAINTSCRIPT_PACKAGE" ] && [ $# = 1 ] && [ x"$1" = x-u ]; then
	if dpkg-trigger --no-await update-initramfs; then
		echo "update-initramfs: deferring update (trigger activated)"
		exit 0
	fi
fi

usage()
{
	cat << EOF

Usage: update-initramfs {-c|-d|-u} [-k version] [-v] [-b directory]

Options:
 -k version	Specify kernel version or 'all'
 -c		Create a new initramfs
 -u		Update an existing initramfs
 -d		Remove an existing initramfs
 -b directory	Set alternate boot directory
 -v		Be verbose

See update-initramfs(8) for further details.

EOF
}

usage_error()
{
	if [ -n "${1:-}" ]; then
		printf "%s\\n\\n" "${*}" >&2
	fi
	usage >&2
	exit 2
}

mild_panic()
{
	if [ -n "${1:-}" ]; then
		printf "%s\\n" "${*}" >&2
	fi
	exit 0
}

panic()
{
	if [ -n "${1:-}" ]; then
		printf "%s\\n" "${*}" >&2
	fi
	exit 1
}

verbose()
{
	if [ "${verbose}" = 1 ]; then
		printf "%s\\n" "${*}"
	fi
}

set_initramfs()
{
	initramfs="${BOOTDIR}/initrd.img-${version}"
}


# backup initramfs while running
backup_initramfs()
{
	[ ! -r "${initramfs}" ] && return 0
	initramfs_bak="${initramfs}.dpkg-bak"
	[ -r "${initramfs_bak}" ] && rm -f "${initramfs_bak}"
	ln -f "${initramfs}" "${initramfs_bak}" \
		|| cp -a "${initramfs}" "${initramfs_bak}"
	verbose "Keeping ${initramfs_bak}"
}

# keep booted initramfs
backup_booted_initramfs()
{
	initramfs_bak="${initramfs}.dpkg-bak"

	# first time run thus no backup
	[ ! -r "${initramfs_bak}" ] && return 0

	# chroot with no /proc
	[ ! -r /proc/uptime ] && rm -f "${initramfs_bak}" && return 0

	# no kept backup wanted
	[ "${backup_initramfs}" = "no" ] && rm -f "${initramfs_bak}" && return 0

	# no backup yet
	if [ ! -r "${initramfs}.bak" ]; then
		mv -f ${initramfs_bak} "${initramfs}.bak"
		verbose "Backup ${initramfs}.bak"
		return 0
	fi

	# keep booted initramfs
	boot_initramfs=
	uptime_days=$(awk '{printf "%d", $1 / 3600 / 24}' /proc/uptime)
	if [ -n "$uptime_days" ]; then
		boot_initramfs=$(find "${initramfs}.bak" -mtime "+${uptime_days}")
	fi
	if [ -n "${boot_initramfs}" ]; then
		mv -f "${initramfs_bak}" "${initramfs}.bak"
		verbose "Backup ${initramfs}.bak"
		return 0
	fi
	verbose "Removing current backup ${initramfs_bak}"
	rm -f ${initramfs_bak}
}

# nuke generated copy
remove_initramfs_bak()
{
	[ -z "${initramfs_bak:-}" ] && return 0
	rm -f "${initramfs_bak}"
	verbose "Removing ${initramfs_bak}"
}


generate_initramfs()
{
	echo "update-initramfs: Generating ${initramfs}"
	OPTS="-o"
	if [ "${verbose}" = 1 ]; then
		OPTS="-v ${OPTS}"
	fi
	# shellcheck disable=SC2086
	if mkinitramfs ${OPTS} "${initramfs}.new" "${version}"; then
		mv -f "${initramfs}.new" "${initramfs}"
		# Guard against an unclean shutdown
		sync -f "${initramfs}"
	else
		mkinitramfs_return="$?"
		remove_initramfs_bak
		rm -f "${initramfs}.new"
		echo "update-initramfs: failed for ${initramfs} with $mkinitramfs_return." >&2
		exit $mkinitramfs_return
	fi
}

# Invoke bootloader
run_bootloader()
{
	# invoke policy conformant bootloader hooks
	if [ -d /etc/initramfs/post-update.d/ ]; then
		run-parts --arg="${version}" --arg="${initramfs}" \
			/etc/initramfs/post-update.d/
		return 0
	fi
}

# ro /boot is not modified
ro_boot_check()
{
	# check irrelevant inside of a chroot
	if [ ! -r /proc/mounts ] || ischroot; then
		return 0
	fi

	# shellcheck disable=SC1004
	boot_opts=$(awk '/boot/{if ((match($4, /^ro/) || match($4, /,ro/)) \
		&& $2 == "/boot") print "ro"}' /proc/mounts)
	if [ -n "${boot_opts}" ]; then
		echo "W: /boot is ro mounted." >&2
		echo "W: update-initramfs: Not updating ${initramfs}" >&2
		exit 0
	fi
}

get_sorted_versions()
{
	version_list="$(
		linux-version list |
		while read -r version; do
		      test -e "${BOOTDIR}/initrd.img-$version" && echo "$version"
		done |
		linux-version sort --reverse
		)"
	verbose "Available versions: ${version_list}"
}

set_current_version()
{
	if [ -f "/boot/initrd.img-$(uname -r)" ]; then
		version=$(uname -r)
	fi
}

set_linked_version()
{
	linktarget=
	if [ -e /initrd.img ] && [ -L /initrd.img ]; then
		linktarget="$(basename "$(readlink /initrd.img)")"
	fi

	if [ -e /boot/initrd.img ] && [ -L /boot/initrd.img ]; then
		linktarget="$(basename "$(readlink /boot/initrd.img)")"
	fi

	if [ -z "${linktarget}" ]; then
		return
	fi

	version="${linktarget##initrd.img-}"
}

set_highest_version()
{
	get_sorted_versions
	if [ -z "${version_list}" ]; then
		version=
		return
	fi
	# shellcheck disable=SC2086
	set -- ${version_list}
	version=${1}
}

create()
{
	if [ -z "${version}" ]; then
		usage_error "Create mode requires a version argument"
	fi

	set_initramfs

	generate_initramfs

	run_bootloader
}

update()
{
	if [ "${update_initramfs}" = "no" ]; then
		echo "update-initramfs: Not updating initramfs."
		exit 0
	fi

	if [ -z "${version}" ]; then
		set_highest_version
	fi

	if [ -z "${version}" ]; then
		set_linked_version
	fi

	if [ -z "${version}" ]; then
		set_current_version
	fi

	if [ -z "${version}" ]; then
		verbose "Nothing to do, exiting."
		exit 0
	fi

	set_initramfs

	ro_boot_check

	backup_initramfs

	generate_initramfs

	run_bootloader

	backup_booted_initramfs
}

delete()
{
	if [ -z "${version}" ]; then
		usage_error "Delete mode requires a version argument"
	fi

	set_initramfs

	echo "update-initramfs: Deleting ${initramfs}"

	rm -f "${initramfs}" "${initramfs}.bak"
}

# Defaults
verbose=0

##

OPTIONS=$(getopt -o "k:cudvtb:h?" --long help -n "$0" -- "$@") || usage_error

eval set -- "$OPTIONS"

while true; do
	case "$1" in
	-k)
		version="$2"
		shift 2
		;;
	-c)
		mode="c"
		shift
		;;
	-d)
		mode="d"
		shift
		;;
	-u)
		mode="u"
		shift
		;;
	-v)
		verbose="1"
		shift
		;;
	-t)
		# accepted for compatibility, but ignored
		shift
		;;
	-b)
		BOOTDIR="$2"
		if [ ! -d "${BOOTDIR}" ]; then
			echo "E: ${BOOTDIR} is not a directory." >&2
			exit 1
		fi
		shift 2
		;;
	-h|-\?|--help)
		usage
		exit 0
		;;
	--)
		shift
		break
		;;
	esac
done

if [ $# -ne 0 ]; then
	printf "Extra argument '%s'\\n\\n" "$1" >&2
	usage_error
fi

# Validate arguments
if [ -z "${mode}" ]; then
	usage_error "You must specify at least one of -c, -u, or -d."
fi

if [ "${version}" = "all" ] \
	|| { [ "${update_initramfs}" = "all" ] && [ -z "${version}" ]; }; then
	case "${mode}" in
	c)
		version_list="$(linux-version list)"
		;;
	d | u)
		get_sorted_versions
		;;
	esac
	if [ -z "${version_list}" ]; then
		verbose "Nothing to do, exiting."
		exit 0
	fi

	OPTS="-b ${BOOTDIR}"
	if [ "${verbose}" = "1" ]; then
		OPTS="${OPTS} -v"
	fi
	for u_version in ${version_list}; do
		verbose "Execute: ${0} -${mode} -k \"${u_version}\" ${OPTS}"
		# shellcheck disable=SC2086
		"${0}" -${mode} -k "${u_version}" ${OPTS}
	done
	exit 0
fi


case "${mode}" in
	c)
		create
		;;
	d)
		delete
		;;
	u)
		update
		;;
esac

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