Efektivitas Strategi Ta’bir Mushawwar dalam Pembelajaran Bahasa Arab di Madrasah Ibtidaiyah
Keywords:
Arabic; speaking skill; ta’bir mushawwar
Abstract
Speaking proficiency is one of the main skills in Arabic language learning, but fourth grade students of MI TPI Keramat face difficulties in assembling mufradat and practicing active conversation, mainly due to the lack of varied learning strategies. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of the ta'bir mushawwar strategy, which uses picture as a media to facilitate students in constructing sentences and telling stories, in improving Arabic speaking skills. With a quantitative approach and pre-experiment design, this study involved 18 students of class IV-C. Data were collected through tests, observations, and interviews, then analyzed descriptively and N-Gain test. The posttest average was 83.06 (very good category) with 88.9% completeness, and the N-Gain score was 0.6398 which showed effectiveness in the medium category. The ta'bir mushawwar strategy offers a solution in the form of a visual and hands-on learning approach that can significantly improve students' speaking skills and make learning more interesting and interactive.
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#!/bin/sh
###########################################################################
# /usr/bin/service
#
# A convenient wrapper for the /etc/init.d init scripts.
#
# This script is a modified version of the /sbin/service utility found on
# Red Hat/Fedora systems (licensed GPLv2+).
#
# Copyright (C) 2006 Red Hat, Inc. All rights reserved.
# Copyright (C) 2008 Canonical Ltd.
# * August 2008 - Dustin Kirkland <kirkland@canonical.com>
# Copyright (C) 2013 Michael Stapelberg <stapelberg@debian.org>
#
# This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
# the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
# (at your option) any later version.
#
# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
# GNU General Public License for more details.
#
# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
# along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
# Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA
#
# On Debian GNU/Linux systems, the complete text of the GNU General
# Public License can be found in `/usr/share/common-licenses/GPL-2'.
###########################################################################
is_ignored_file() {
case "$1" in
skeleton | README | *.dpkg-dist | *.dpkg-old | rc | rcS | single | reboot | bootclean.sh)
return 0
;;
esac
return 1
}
VERSION="`basename $0` ver. 1.60"
USAGE="Usage: `basename $0` < option > | --status-all | \
[ service_name [ command | --full-restart ] ]"
SERVICE=
ACTION=
SERVICEDIR="/etc/init.d"
OPTIONS=
is_systemd=
if [ $# -eq 0 ]; then
echo "${USAGE}" >&2
exit 1
fi
if [ -d /run/systemd/system ]; then
is_systemd=1
fi
cd /
while [ $# -gt 0 ]; do
case "${1}" in
--help | -h | --h* )
echo "${USAGE}" >&2
exit 0
;;
--version | -V )
echo "${VERSION}" >&2
exit 0
;;
*)
if [ -z "${SERVICE}" -a $# -eq 1 -a "${1}" = "--status-all" ]; then
cd ${SERVICEDIR}
for SERVICE in * ; do
case "${SERVICE}" in
functions | halt | killall | single| linuxconf| kudzu)
;;
*)
if ! is_ignored_file "${SERVICE}" \
&& [ -x "${SERVICEDIR}/${SERVICE}" ]; then
out=$(env -i LANG="$LANG" LANGUAGE="$LANGUAGE" LC_CTYPE="$LC_CTYPE" LC_NUMERIC="$LC_NUMERIC" LC_TIME="$LC_TIME" LC_COLLATE="$LC_COLLATE" LC_MONETARY="$LC_MONETARY" LC_MESSAGES="$LC_MESSAGES" LC_PAPER="$LC_PAPER" LC_NAME="$LC_NAME" LC_ADDRESS="$LC_ADDRESS" LC_TELEPHONE="$LC_TELEPHONE" LC_MEASUREMENT="$LC_MEASUREMENT" LC_IDENTIFICATION="$LC_IDENTIFICATION" LC_ALL="$LC_ALL" PATH="$PATH" TERM="$TERM" "$SERVICEDIR/$SERVICE" status 2>&1)
retval=$?
if echo "$out" | egrep -iq "usage:"; then
#printf " %s %-60s %s\n" "[?]" "$SERVICE:" "unknown" 1>&2
echo " [ ? ] $SERVICE" 1>&2
continue
else
if [ "$retval" = "0" -a -n "$out" ]; then
#printf " %s %-60s %s\n" "[+]" "$SERVICE:" "running"
echo " [ + ] $SERVICE"
continue
else
#printf " %s %-60s %s\n" "[-]" "$SERVICE:" "NOT running"
echo " [ - ] $SERVICE"
continue
fi
fi
#env -i LANG="$LANG" LANGUAGE="$LANGUAGE" LC_CTYPE="$LC_CTYPE" LC_NUMERIC="$LC_NUMERIC" LC_TIME="$LC_TIME" LC_COLLATE="$LC_COLLATE" LC_MONETARY="$LC_MONETARY" LC_MESSAGES="$LC_MESSAGES" LC_PAPER="$LC_PAPER" LC_NAME="$LC_NAME" LC_ADDRESS="$LC_ADDRESS" LC_TELEPHONE="$LC_TELEPHONE" LC_MEASUREMENT="$LC_MEASUREMENT" LC_IDENTIFICATION="$LC_IDENTIFICATION" LC_ALL="$LC_ALL" PATH="$PATH" TERM="$TERM" "$SERVICEDIR/$SERVICE" status
fi
;;
esac
done
exit 0
elif [ $# -eq 2 -a "${2}" = "--full-restart" ]; then
SERVICE="${1}"
# On systems using systemd, we just perform a normal restart:
# A restart with systemd is already a full restart.
if [ -n "$is_systemd" ]; then
ACTION="restart"
else
if [ -x "${SERVICEDIR}/${SERVICE}" ]; then
env -i LANG="$LANG" LANGUAGE="$LANGUAGE" LC_CTYPE="$LC_CTYPE" LC_NUMERIC="$LC_NUMERIC" LC_TIME="$LC_TIME" LC_COLLATE="$LC_COLLATE" LC_MONETARY="$LC_MONETARY" LC_MESSAGES="$LC_MESSAGES" LC_PAPER="$LC_PAPER" LC_NAME="$LC_NAME" LC_ADDRESS="$LC_ADDRESS" LC_TELEPHONE="$LC_TELEPHONE" LC_MEASUREMENT="$LC_MEASUREMENT" LC_IDENTIFICATION="$LC_IDENTIFICATION" LC_ALL="$LC_ALL" PATH="$PATH" TERM="$TERM" "$SERVICEDIR/$SERVICE" stop
env -i LANG="$LANG" LANGUAGE="$LANGUAGE" LC_CTYPE="$LC_CTYPE" LC_NUMERIC="$LC_NUMERIC" LC_TIME="$LC_TIME" LC_COLLATE="$LC_COLLATE" LC_MONETARY="$LC_MONETARY" LC_MESSAGES="$LC_MESSAGES" LC_PAPER="$LC_PAPER" LC_NAME="$LC_NAME" LC_ADDRESS="$LC_ADDRESS" LC_TELEPHONE="$LC_TELEPHONE" LC_MEASUREMENT="$LC_MEASUREMENT" LC_IDENTIFICATION="$LC_IDENTIFICATION" LC_ALL="$LC_ALL" PATH="$PATH" TERM="$TERM" "$SERVICEDIR/$SERVICE" start
exit $?
fi
fi
elif [ -z "${SERVICE}" ]; then
SERVICE="${1}"
elif [ -z "${ACTION}" ]; then
ACTION="${1}"
else
OPTIONS="${OPTIONS} ${1}"
fi
shift
;;
esac
done
run_via_sysvinit() {
# Otherwise, use the traditional sysvinit
if [ -x "${SERVICEDIR}/${SERVICE}" ]; then
exec env -i LANG="$LANG" LANGUAGE="$LANGUAGE" LC_CTYPE="$LC_CTYPE" LC_NUMERIC="$LC_NUMERIC" LC_TIME="$LC_TIME" LC_COLLATE="$LC_COLLATE" LC_MONETARY="$LC_MONETARY" LC_MESSAGES="$LC_MESSAGES" LC_PAPER="$LC_PAPER" LC_NAME="$LC_NAME" LC_ADDRESS="$LC_ADDRESS" LC_TELEPHONE="$LC_TELEPHONE" LC_MEASUREMENT="$LC_MEASUREMENT" LC_IDENTIFICATION="$LC_IDENTIFICATION" LC_ALL="$LC_ALL" PATH="$PATH" TERM="$TERM" "$SERVICEDIR/$SERVICE" ${ACTION} ${OPTIONS}
else
echo "${SERVICE}: unrecognized service" >&2
exit 1
fi
}
update_openrc_started_symlinks() {
# maintain the symlinks of /run/openrc/started so that
# rc-status works with the service command as well
if [ -d /run/openrc/started ] ; then
case "${ACTION}" in
start)
if [ ! -h /run/openrc/started/$SERVICE ] ; then
ln -s $SERVICEDIR/$SERVICE /run/openrc/started/$SERVICE || true
fi
;;
stop)
rm /run/openrc/started/$SERVICE || true
;;
esac
fi
}
# When this machine is running systemd, standard service calls are turned into
# systemctl calls.
if [ -n "$is_systemd" ]
then
UNIT="${SERVICE%.sh}.service"
case "${ACTION}" in
restart|status|try-restart)
exec systemctl $sctl_args ${ACTION} ${UNIT}
;;
start|stop)
# Follow the principle of least surprise for SysV people:
# When running "service foo stop" and foo happens to be a service that
# has one or more .socket files, we also stop the .socket units.
# Users who need more control will use systemctl directly.
for unit in $(systemctl list-unit-files --full --type=socket 2>/dev/null | sed -ne 's/\.socket\s*[a-z]*\s*$/.socket/p'); do
if [ "$(systemctl -p Triggers show $unit)" = "Triggers=${UNIT}" ]; then
systemctl $sctl_args ${ACTION} $unit
fi
done
exec systemctl $sctl_args ${ACTION} ${UNIT}
;;
reload)
_canreload="$(systemctl -p CanReload show ${UNIT} 2>/dev/null)"
# Don't block on reload requests during bootup and shutdown
# from units/hooks and simply schedule the task.
if ! systemctl --quiet is-system-running; then
sctl_args="--no-block"
fi
if [ "$_canreload" = "CanReload=no" ]; then
# The reload action falls back to the sysv init script just in case
# the systemd service file does not (yet) support reload for a
# specific service.
run_via_sysvinit
else
exec systemctl $sctl_args reload "${UNIT}"
fi
;;
force-stop)
exec systemctl --signal=KILL kill "${UNIT}"
;;
force-reload)
_canreload="$(systemctl -p CanReload show ${UNIT} 2>/dev/null)"
if [ "$_canreload" = "CanReload=no" ]; then
exec systemctl $sctl_args restart "${UNIT}"
else
exec systemctl $sctl_args reload "${UNIT}"
fi
;;
*)
# We try to run non-standard actions by running
# the init script directly.
run_via_sysvinit
;;
esac
fi
update_openrc_started_symlinks
run_via_sysvinit
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