Efektivitas Strategi Ta’bir Mushawwar dalam Pembelajaran Bahasa Arab di Madrasah Ibtidaiyah
Keywords:
Arabic; speaking skill; ta’bir mushawwar
Abstract
Speaking proficiency is one of the main skills in Arabic language learning, but fourth grade students of MI TPI Keramat face difficulties in assembling mufradat and practicing active conversation, mainly due to the lack of varied learning strategies. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of the ta'bir mushawwar strategy, which uses picture as a media to facilitate students in constructing sentences and telling stories, in improving Arabic speaking skills. With a quantitative approach and pre-experiment design, this study involved 18 students of class IV-C. Data were collected through tests, observations, and interviews, then analyzed descriptively and N-Gain test. The posttest average was 83.06 (very good category) with 88.9% completeness, and the N-Gain score was 0.6398 which showed effectiveness in the medium category. The ta'bir mushawwar strategy offers a solution in the form of a visual and hands-on learning approach that can significantly improve students' speaking skills and make learning more interesting and interactive.
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#!/bin/sh
#
# phpquery - a PHP module manager for Debian
#
# Copyright 2013-2015 Ondřej Surý <ondrej@sury.org>
#
# Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
# this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
# the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
# use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
# the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
# subject to the following conditions:
#
# The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
# copies or substantial portions of the Software.
#
# THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
# IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS
# FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR
# COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER
# IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
# CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
set -ue
SCRIPT_NAME=${0##*/}
QUIET=no
. /usr/lib/php/php-helper
usage() {
[ -n "$@" ] && warning $@
echo "usage: ${SCRIPT_NAME} [ -d ] [ -q ] -v version_name -s sapi_name [ -m module_name ] [ -M ] [ -S ] [ -V ]"
exit 1
}
check_mod() {
local version=$1
local sapi=$2
local modname=$3
if ! module_exists $version $modname; then
output "No module matches $modname"
return 1
fi
local priority=$(get_priority $version $sapi $modname)
local live_link=$(get_live_link $version $sapi $modname $priority)
local live_link_content=$(get_live_link_content $version $sapi $modname $priority)
found=no
local state_dir="$(get_state_dir $version $sapi)"
if [ -e "${live_link}" ] ; then
if [ -h "${live_link}" ] ; then
local content="$(readlink "${live_link}")"
if [ "${content}" = "${live_link_content}" ] ; then
if [ -e "${state_dir}/enabled_by_admin/$modname" ]; then
output "$modname (Enabled for $sapi by local administrator)"
return 0
elif [ -e "${state_dir}/enabled_by_maint/$modname" ]; then
output "$modname (Enabled for $sapi by maintainer script)"
return 0
fi
output "$modname (Enabled for $sapi by unknown)"
return 0
else
output "Module $modname symlink was modified by local administrator."
return 34
fi
fi
else
if [ -e "${state_dir}/disabled_by_admin/$modname" ]; then
output "No module matches $modname (Disabled for $sapi by local administrator)"
return 32
elif [ -e "${state_dir}/disabled_by_maint/$modname" ]; then
output "No module matches $modname (Disabled for $sapi by maintainer script)"
return 33
fi
output "No module matches $modname (Disabled for $sapi by unknown)"
return 1
fi
}
list_mod() {
local _version=$1
local _sapi=$2
local verbose=$3
if [ "$_version" = "ALL" ]; then
versions=$(list_version)
else
versions=$_version
fi
for version in $versions; do
local registry_dir="$(get_registry_dir "$version")"
if [ -d "$registry_dir" ]; then
for mod in $(list_parts "$registry_dir"); do
if [ "$_sapi" = "ALL" ]; then
sapis=$(list_sapi $version)
else
sapis="$_sapi"
fi
if [ "$verbose" = "yes" ]; then
for sapi in $sapis; do
check_mod $version $sapi $mod
done
else
echo $mod
fi
done
fi
done
return 0
}
list_version() {
local version_dir="$(get_version_dir)"
if [ -d "$version_dir" ]; then
local version=
for version in $(list_parts_regex "$version_dir" '.*[0-9]\.[0-9]'); do
echo $version;
done | sort -rn
fi
}
list_sapi() {
local version=$1
local sapi_dir="$(get_sapi_dir $version)"
if [ -d "$sapi_dir" ]; then
for sapi in $(list_parts "$sapi_dir"); do
echo $sapi;
done
fi
}
check_version() {
local version=$1
local version_dir=$(get_version_dir)
if [ -d "$version_dir/$version" ]; then
return 0
fi
return 1
}
check_sapi() {
local version=$1
local sapi=$2
local sapi_dir="$(get_sapi_dir $version)"
if [ -e "$sapi_dir/$sapi" ]; then
return 0
fi
return 1
}
action() {
local action=$1
local version=$2
local sapi=$3
local mod=$4
local verbose=$5
ret=0
case "$action" in
check_mod)
[ -z "$version" -o -z "$sapi" ] && usage "You need to specify version (-v) and sapi (-s)"
check_version "$version" || usage "Invalid PHP version ($version) specified"
check_sapi "$version" "$sapi" || usage "Invalid SAPI ($sapi) specified"
check_mod "$version" "$sapi" "$mod" || ret=$?
;;
check_sapi)
[ -z "$version" ] && usage "You need to specify version (-v)"
check_version "$version" || usage "Invalid PHP version ($version) specified"
check_sapi "$version" "$sapi" || ret=$?
if [ "$ret" -eq 0 ]; then
output "$sapi"
fi
;;
check_version)
check_version $version || ret=$?
if [ "$ret" -eq 0 ]; then
output "$sapi"
fi
;;
list_version) list_version || ret=$?;;
list_mod) list_mod "$version" "$sapi" "$verbose" || ret=$?;;
list_sapi) list_sapi "$version" || ret=$?;;
*) usage "Unknown action $action"; ret=3;;
esac
return $ret
}
verbose=no
action=
version=
sapi=
mod=
double_action() {
usage "Cannot use $1 and $2 at the same time, pick only one mode of operation.";
}
while getopts ds:m:SMqv:V opt; do
case $opt in
v)
version="$OPTARG"
;;
V)
[ -n "$action" ] && double_action $action list_version;
action=list_version
;;
s)
sapi="$OPTARG"
;;
S)
[ -n "$action" ] && double_action $action list_sapi
action="list_sapi"
;;
m)
mod="$OPTARG"
;;
M)
[ -n "$action" ] && double_action $action list_mod
action="list_mod"
;;
q)
QUIET=yes
;;
d)
verbose=yes
;;
\?) usage "Unknown parameter specified";;
esac
done
shift $(expr $OPTIND - 1)
if [ -z "$action" ]; then
if [ -n "$mod" ]; then
action=check_mod
elif [ -n "$sapi" ]; then
action=check_sapi
elif [ -n "$version" ]; then
action=check_version
else
usage "You need to specify at least one action."
fi
fi
action "$action" "$version" "$sapi" "$mod" "$verbose"
exit $?
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