Efektivitas Strategi Ta’bir Mushawwar dalam Pembelajaran Bahasa Arab di Madrasah Ibtidaiyah

  • Nuur Mahmudah Universitas Islam Negeri Antasari Banjarmasin
  • Khairunnisa Universitas Islam Negeri Antasari Banjarmasin
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37850/ibtida'.v5i2.817
Keywords: Arabic; speaking skill; ta’bir mushawwar

Abstract

Speaking proficiency is one of the main skills in Arabic language learning, but fourth grade students of MI TPI Keramat face difficulties in assembling mufradat and practicing active conversation, mainly due to the lack of varied learning strategies. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of the ta'bir mushawwar strategy, which uses picture as a media to facilitate students in constructing sentences and telling stories, in improving Arabic speaking skills. With a quantitative approach and pre-experiment design, this study involved 18 students of class IV-C. Data were collected through tests, observations, and interviews, then analyzed descriptively and N-Gain test. The posttest average was 83.06 (very good category) with 88.9% completeness, and the N-Gain score was 0.6398 which showed effectiveness in the medium category. The ta'bir mushawwar strategy offers a solution in the form of a visual and hands-on learning approach that can significantly improve students' speaking skills and make learning more interesting and interactive.

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Current File : /sbin/pam-auth-update
#!/usr/bin/perl -w

# pam-auth-update: update /etc/pam.d/common-* from /usr/share/pam-configs
#
# Update the /etc/pam.d/common-* files based on the per-package profiles
# provided in /usr/share/pam-configs/ taking into consideration user's
# preferences (as determined via debconf prompting).
#
# Written by Steve Langasek <steve.langasek@canonical.com>
#
# Copyright (C) 2008 Canonical Ltd.
#
# This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
# it under the terms of version 3 of the GNU General Public License as
# published by the Free Software Foundation.
#
# # This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
# GNU General Public License for more details.
#
# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
# along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
# Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301,
# USA.

use strict;
use Debconf::Client::ConfModule ':all';
use IPC::Open2 'open2';

version('2.0');
my $capb=capb('backup escape');

my $inputdir = '/usr/share/pam-configs';
my $template = 'libpam-runtime/profiles';
my $errtemplate = 'libpam-runtime/conflicts';
my $overridetemplate = 'libpam-runtime/override';
my $blanktemplate = 'libpam-runtime/no_profiles_chosen';
my $titletemplate = 'libpam-runtime/title';
my $confdir = '/etc/pam.d';
my $savedir = '/var/lib/pam';
my (%profiles, @sorted, @enabled, @conflicts, @new, %removals, %to_enable);
my $force = 0;
my $package = 0;
my $priority = 'high';
my %md5sums = (
	'auth' => ['8d4fe17e66ba25de16a117035d1396aa'],
	'account' => ['3c0c362eaf3421848b679d63fd48c3fa'],
	'password' => [
        '4d5c92d595a46b69cd61f18feb4c0574',
		'50fce2113dfda83ac8bdd5a6e706caec',
		'4bd7610f2e85f8ddaef79c7db7cb49eb',
		'9ba753d0824276b44bcadfee1f87b6bc',
	],
	'session' => [
        'f297c731a467822cbd86e1283263e8a3',
		'240fb92986c885b327cdb21dd641da8c',
		'4a25673e8b36f1805219027d3be02cd2',
	],
	'session-noninteractive' => [
		'ad2b78ce1498dd637ef36469430b6ac6',
	],
);
my @invalid_modules = ('pam_tally');

opendir(DIR, $inputdir) || die "could not open config directory: $!";
while (my $profile = readdir(DIR)) {
	next if ($profile eq '.' || $profile eq '..' || $profile =~ m/~$/ || $profile =~ m/^#.+#$/);
	%{$profiles{$profile}} = parse_pam_profile($inputdir . '/' . $profile);
        if (defined $profiles{$profile}{'disabled'} and $profiles{$profile}{'disabled'}) {
          delete $profiles{$profile};
        }
}
closedir DIR;

# use a '--force' arg to specify that /etc/pam.d should be overwritten; 
# used only on upgrades where the postinst has already determined that the
# checksums match.  Module packages other than libpam-runtime itself must
# NEVER use this option!  Document with big skullses and crossboneses!  It
# needs to be exposed for libpam-runtime because that's the package that
# decides whether we have a pristine config to be converted, and knows
# whether the version being upgraded from is one for which the conversion
# should be done.

while ($#ARGV >= 0) {
	my $opt = shift;
	if ($opt eq '--force') {
		$force = 1;
	} elsif ($opt eq '--package') {
		$package = 1;
	} elsif ($opt eq '--remove') {
		while ($#ARGV >= 0) {
			last if ($ARGV[0] =~ /^--/);
			$removals{shift @ARGV} = 1;
		}
		# --remove implies --package
		$package = 1 if (keys(%removals));
	} elsif ($opt eq '--enable') {
		while ($#ARGV >= 0) {
			last if ($ARGV[0] =~ /^--/);
			$to_enable{shift @ARGV} = 1;
		}
		# --enable implies --package
		$package = 1 if (keys(%to_enable));
	}
}

$priority = 'medium' if ($package);

x_loadtemplatefile('/var/lib/dpkg/info/libpam-runtime.templates','libpam-runtime');

# always sort by priority, so we have consistency and don't have to
# shuffle later
@sorted = sort { $profiles{$b}->{'Priority'} <=> $profiles{$a}->{'Priority'}
                 || $b cmp $a }
               keys(%profiles);
# If we're being called for package removal, filter out those options here
@sorted = grep { !$removals{$_} } @sorted;

subst($template, 'profile_names', join(', ',@sorted));
subst($template, 'profiles',
	join(', ', map { $profiles{$_}->{'Name'} } @sorted));

my $diff = diff_profiles($confdir,$savedir);

if ($diff) {
	@enabled = grep { !$removals{$_} } @{$diff->{'mods'}};
} else {
	@enabled = split(/, /,get($template));
}

# find out what we've seen, so we can ignore those defaults
my %seen;
if (-e $savedir . '/seen') {
	open(SEEN,$savedir . '/seen')  or die("open(${savedir}/seen) failed: $!");
	while (<SEEN>) {
		chomp;
		$seen{$_} = 1;
	}
	close(SEEN);
}

# filter out any options that are no longer available for any reason
@enabled = grep { $profiles{$_} } @enabled;

# an empty module set is an error, so in that case grab all the defaults
if (!@enabled) {
	%seen = ();
	$priority = 'high' unless ($force);
}

# add configs to enable
push(@enabled,
     grep { $to_enable{$_} } @sorted);

# add any previously-unseen configs
push(@enabled,
     grep { $profiles{$_}->{'Default'} eq 'yes' && !$seen{$_} } @sorted);
@enabled = sort { $profiles{$b}->{'Priority'} <=> $profiles{$a}->{'Priority'}
                  || $b cmp $a }
                @enabled;
my $prev = '';
@enabled = grep { $_ ne $prev && (($prev) = $_) } @enabled;

# Do we have any new options to show?  If not, we shouldn't reprompt the
# user, at any priority level, unless explicitly called.
@new = grep { !$seen{$_} } @sorted;

settitle($titletemplate);

# if diff_profiles() fails, and we weren't passed a 'force' argument
# (because this isn't an upgrade from an old version, or the checksum
# didn't match, or we're being called by some other module package), prompt
# the user whether to override.  If the user declines (the default), we
# never again manage this config unless manually called with '--force'.
if (!$diff && !$force) {
	input('high',$overridetemplate);
	go();
	$force = 1 if (get($overridetemplate) eq 'true');
}

if (!$diff && !$force) {
	print STDERR <<EOF;

pam-auth-update: Local modifications to /etc/pam.d/common-*, not updating.
pam-auth-update: Run pam-auth-update --force to override.

EOF
	exit;
}

umask(0022);

do {
	@conflicts = ();

	if (@new || !$package) {
		fset($template,'seen','false');
	}
	set($template,join(', ', @enabled));

	input($priority,$template);
	go();

	@enabled = split(/, /, get($template));

	# in case of conflicts, automatically unset the lower priority
	# item of each pair
	foreach my $elem (@enabled)
	{
		for (my $i=$#enabled; $i >= 0; $i--)
		{
			my $conflict = $enabled[$i];
			if ($profiles{$elem}->{'Conflicts'}->{$conflict}) {
				splice(@enabled,$i,1);
				my $desc = $profiles{$elem}->{'Name'}
					. ', ' . $profiles{$conflict}->{'Name'};
				push(@conflicts,$desc);
			}
		}
	}
	if (@conflicts) {
		subst($errtemplate, 'conflicts', join("\\n", @conflicts));
		input('high',$errtemplate);
	}
	set($template, join(', ', @enabled));
	if (!@enabled) {
		input('high',$blanktemplate);
		# we can only end up here by user error, but give them another
		# shot at selecting a correct config anyway.
		fset($template,'seen','false');
	}
} while (@conflicts || !@enabled);

# the decision has been made about what configs to use, so even if
# something fails after this, we shouldn't go munging the default
# options again.  Save the list of known configs to /var/lib/pam.
open(SEEN,"> $savedir/seen") or die("open(${savedir}/seen) failed: $!");
for my $i (@sorted) {
	print SEEN "$i\n";
}
close(SEEN) or die("close(${savedir}/seen) failed: $!");

# @enabled now contains our list of profiles to use for piecing together
# a config
# we have:
# - templates into which we insert the specialness
# - magic comments denoting the beginning and end of our managed block;
#   looking at only the functional config lines would potentially let us
#   handle more cases, at the expense of much greater complexity, so
#   pass on this at least for the first round
# - a representation of the autogenerated config stored in /var/lib/pam,
#   that we can diff against in order to account for changed options or
#   manually dropped modules
# - a hash describing the local modifications the user has made to the
#   config; these are always preserved unless manually overridden with
#   the --force option

write_profiles(\%profiles, \@enabled, $confdir, $savedir, $diff, $force);


# take a single line from a stock config, and merge it with the
# information about local admin edits
sub merge_one_line
{
	my ($line,$diff,$count) = @_;
	my (@opts,$modline);

	my ($adds,$removes);

	$line =~ /^((\[[^]]+\]|\w+)\s+\S+)\s*(.*)/;

	@opts = split(/\s+/,$3);
	$modline = $1;
	$modline =~ s/end/$count/g;
	if ($diff) {
		my $mod = $modline;
		$mod =~ s/(\[[^0-9]*)[0-9]+(.*\])/$1$2/g;
		$adds = \%{$diff->{'add'}{$mod}};
		$removes = \%{$diff->{'remove'}{$mod}};
	} else {
		$adds = $removes = undef;
	}

	for (my $i = 0; $i <= $#opts; $i++) {
		if ($adds->{$opts[$i]}) {
			delete $adds->{$opts[$i]};
		}
		if ($removes->{$opts[$i]}) {
			splice(@opts,$i,1);
			$i--;
		}
	}
	return $modline . " " . join(' ',@opts,sort keys(%{$adds})) . "\n";
}

# return the lines for a given config name, type, and position in the stack
sub lines_for_module_and_type
{
	my ($profiles, $mod, $type, $modpos) = @_;
	if ($modpos == 0 && $profiles->{$mod}{$type . '-Initial'}) {
		return $profiles->{$mod}{$type . '-Initial'};
	}
	return $profiles->{$mod}{$type};
}

# create a single PAM config from the indicated template and selections,
# writing to a new file
sub create_from_template
{
	my($template,$dest,$profiles,$enabled,$diff,$type) = @_;
	my $state = 0;
	my $uctype = ucfirst($type);
	$type =~ s/-noninteractive//;

	open(INPUT,$template) || return 0;
	open(OUTPUT,">$dest") || return 0;

	while (<INPUT>) {
		if ($state == 1) {
			if (/^# here's the fallback if no module succeeds/) {
				print OUTPUT;
				$state++;
			}
			next;
		}
		if ($state == 3) {
			if (/^# end of pam-auth-update config/) {
				print OUTPUT;
				$state++;
			}
			next;
		}

		print OUTPUT;

		my ($pattern,$val);
		if ($state == 0) {
			$pattern = '^# here are the per-package modules \(the "Primary" block\)';
			$val = 'Primary';
		} elsif ($state == 2) {
			$pattern = '^# and here are more per-package modules \(the "Additional" block\)';
			$val = 'Additional';
		} else {
			next;
		}

		if (/$pattern/) {
			my $i = 0;
			my $count = 0;
			# first we need to get a count of lines that we're
			# going to output, so we can fix up the jumps correctly
			for my $mod (@{$enabled}) {
				my $output;
				next if (!$profiles->{$mod}{$uctype . '-Type'});
				next if $profiles->{$mod}{$uctype . '-Type'} ne $val;
				$output = lines_for_module_and_type($profiles, $mod, $uctype, $i++);
				# bypasses a perl warning about @_, sigh
				my @tmparr = split("\n+",$output);
				$count += @tmparr;
			}

			# in case anything tries to jump in the 'additional'
			# block, let's try not to jump off the stack...
			$count-- if ($val eq 'Additional');

			# no primary block, so output a stock pam_permit line
			# to keep the stack intact
			if ($val eq 'Primary' && $count == 0)
			{
				print OUTPUT "$type\t[default=1]\t\t\tpam_permit.so\n";
			}

			$i = 0;
			for my $mod (@{$enabled}) {
				my $output;
				my @output;
				next if (!$profiles->{$mod}{$uctype . '-Type'});
				next if $profiles->{$mod}{$uctype . '-Type'} ne $val;
				$output = lines_for_module_and_type($profiles, $mod, $uctype, $i++);
				for my $line (split("\n",$output)) {
					$line = merge_one_line($line,$diff,
					                       $count);
					print OUTPUT "$type\t$line";
					$count--;
				}
			}
			$state++;
		}
	}
	close(INPUT);
	close(OUTPUT) or die("close($dest) failed: $!");

	if ($state < 4) {
		unlink($dest);
		return 0;
	}
	return 1;
}

# take a template file, strip out everything between the markers, and
# return the md5sum of the remaining contents.  Used for testing for
# local modifications of the boilerplate.
sub get_template_md5sum
{
	my($template) = @_;
	my $state = 0;

	open(INPUT,$template) || return '';
	my($md5sum_fd,$output_fd);
	my $pid = open2($md5sum_fd, $output_fd, 'md5sum');
	return '' if (!$pid);

	while (<INPUT>) {
		if ($state == 1) {
			if (/^# here's the fallback if no module succeeds/) {
				print $output_fd $_;
				$state++;
			}
			next;
		}
		if ($state == 3) {
			if (/^# end of pam-auth-update config/) {
				print $output_fd $_;
				$state++;
			}
			next;
		}

		print $output_fd $_;

		my ($pattern,$val);
		if ($state == 0) {
			$pattern = '^# here are the per-package modules \(the "Primary" block\)';
		} elsif ($state == 2) {
			$pattern = '^# and here are more per-package modules \(the "Additional" block\)';
		} else {
			next;
		}

		if (/$pattern/) {
			$state++;
		}
	}
	close(INPUT);
	close($output_fd);
	my $md5sum = <$md5sum_fd>;
	close($md5sum_fd);
	waitpid $pid, 0;

	$md5sum = (split(/\s+/,$md5sum))[0];
	return $md5sum;
}

# merge a set of module declarations into a set of new config files,
# using the information returned from diff_profiles().
sub write_profiles
{
	my($profiles,$enabled,$confdir,$savedir,$diff,$force) = @_;

	if (! -d $savedir) {
		mkdir($savedir);
	}
		
	# because we can't atomically replace both /var/lib/pam/$foo and
	# /etc/pam.d/common-$foo at the same time, take steps to make this
	# somewhat robust
	for my $type ('auth','account','password','session',
	              'session-noninteractive')
	{
		my $target = $confdir . '/common-' . $type;
		my $template = $target;
		my $dest = $template . '.pam-new';

		my $diff = $diff;
		if ($diff) {
			$diff = \%{$diff->{$type}};
		}

		# Detect if the template is unmodified, and if so, use
		# the version from /usr/share.  Depends on knowing the
		# md5sums of the originals.
		my $md5sum = get_template_md5sum($template);
		for my $i (@{$md5sums{$type}}) {
			if ($md5sum eq $i) {
				$template = '/usr/share/pam/common-' . $type;
				last;
			}
		}

		# first, write out the new config
		if (!create_from_template($template,$dest,$profiles,$enabled,
		                          $diff,$type))
		{
			if (!$force) {
				return 0;
			}
			$template = '/usr/share/pam/common-' . $type;
			if (!create_from_template($template,$dest,$profiles,
			                          $enabled,$diff,$type))
			{
				return 0;
			}
		}

		# then write out the saved config
		if (!open(OUTPUT, "> $savedir/$type.new")) {
			unlink($dest);
			return 0;
		}
		my $i = 0;
		my $uctype = ucfirst($type);
		for my $mod (@{$enabled}) {
			my $output;
			next if (!$profiles->{$mod}{$uctype . '-Type'});
			next if ($profiles->{$mod}{$uctype . '-Type'} eq 'Additional');

			$output = lines_for_module_and_type($profiles, $mod, $uctype, $i++);
			if ($output) {
				print OUTPUT "Module: $mod\n";
				print OUTPUT $output . "\n";
			}
		}

		# no primary block, so output a stock pam_permit line
		if ($i == 0)
		{
			print OUTPUT "Module: null\n";
			print OUTPUT "[default=1]\t\t\tpam_permit.so\n";
		}

		$i = 0;
		for my $mod (@{$enabled}) {
			my $output;
			next if (!$profiles->{$mod}{$uctype . '-Type'});
			next if ($profiles->{$mod}{$uctype . '-Type'} eq 'Primary');

			$output = lines_for_module_and_type($profiles, $mod, $uctype, $i++);
			if ($output) {
				print OUTPUT "Module: $mod\n";
				print OUTPUT $output . "\n";
			}
		}

		close(OUTPUT) or die("close($dest) failed: $!");

		# then do the renames, back-to-back
		# we have to use system because File::Copy is in
		# perl-modules, not perl-base
		if (-e $target && $force) {
			system('cp','-f',$target,$target . '.pam-old') == 0
                            or die("cp -f ${target} ${target}.pam.old failed");
		}
		rename($dest,$target)
                    or die("rename($dest, $target) failed: $!");
		rename("$savedir/${type}.new","$savedir/$type")
                    or die("rename(${savedir}/${type}.new, ${savedir}/${type}) failed: $!");
	}

	# at the end of a successful write, reset the 'seen' flag and the
	# value of the debconf override question.
	fset($overridetemplate,'seen','false');
	set($overridetemplate,'false');
}

# reconcile the current config in /etc/pam.d with the saved ones in
# /var/lib/pam; returns a hash of profile names and the corresponding
# options that should be added/removed relative to the stock config.
# returns false if any of the markers are missing that permit a merge,
# or on any other failure.
sub diff_profiles
{
	my ($sourcedir,$savedir) = @_;
	my (%diff);

	@{$diff{'mods'}} = ();
	# Load the saved config from /var/lib/pam, then iterate through all
	# lines in the current config that are in the managed block.
	# If anything fails here, just return immediately since we then
	# have nothing to merge; instead, the caller will decide later
	# whether to force an overwrite.
	for my $type ('auth','account','password','session',
	              'session-noninteractive')
	{
		my (@saved,$modname);

		open(SAVED,$savedir . '/' . $type) || return 0;
		while (<SAVED>) {
			if (/^Module: (.*)/) {
				$modname = $1;
				next;
			}
			chomp;
			# trim out the destination of any jumps; this saves
			# us from having to re-parse everything just to fix
			# up the jump lengths, when changes to these will
			# already show up as inconsistencies elsewhere
			s/(\[[^0-9]*)[0-9]+(.*\])/$1$2/g;
			s/(\[.*)end(.*\])/$1$2/g;
			my (@temp) = ($modname,$_);
			push(@saved,\@temp);
		}
		close(SAVED);

		my $state = 0;
		my (@prev_opts,$curmod);
		my $realtype = $type;
		$realtype =~ s/-noninteractive//;

		open(CURRENT,$sourcedir . '/common-' . $type) || return 0;
		while (<CURRENT>) {
			if ($state == 0) {
				$state = 1
				   if (/^# here are the per-package modules \(the "Primary" block\)/);
				next;
			}
			if ($state == 1) {
				s/^$realtype\s+//;
				if (/^# here's the fallback if no module succeeds/) {
					$state = 2;
					next;
				}
			}
			if ($state == 2) {
				$state = 3
				   if (/^# and here are more per-package modules \(the "Additional" block\)/);
				next;
			}
			if ($state == 3) {
				last if (/^# end of pam-auth-update config/);
				s/^$realtype\s+//;
			}

			my $found = 0;
			my $curopts;
			while (!$found && $#saved >= 0) {
				my $line;
				($modname,$line) = @{$saved[0]};
				shift(@saved);
				$line =~ /^((\[[^]]+\]|\w+)\s+\S+)\s*(.*)/;
				@prev_opts = split(/\s+/,$3);
				$curmod = $1;
				# FIXME: the key isn't derived from the config
				# name, so collisions are possible if more
				# than one config references the same module

				$_ =~ s/(\[[^0-9]*)[0-9]+(.*\])/$1$2/g;
				# check if this is a match for the current line
				if ($_ =~ /^\Q$curmod\E\s*(.*)$/) {
					$found = 1;
					$curopts = $1;
					push(@{$diff{'mods'}},$modname);
				}
			}

			# there's a line in the live config that doesn't
			# correspond to anything from the saved config.
			# treat this as a failure; it's very error-prone
			# to decide what to do with an added line that
			# didn't come from a package.
			return 0 if (!$found);

			for my $opt (split(/\s+/,$curopts)) {
				my $found = 0;
				for (my $i = 0; $i <= $#prev_opts; $i++) {
					if ($prev_opts[$i] eq $opt) {
						$found = 1;
						splice(@prev_opts,$i,1);
					}
				}
				$diff{$type}{'add'}{$curmod}{$opt} = 1 if (!$found);
			}
			for my $opt (@prev_opts) {
				$diff{$type}{'remove'}{$curmod}{$opt} = 1;
			}
		}
		close(CURRENT);

		# we couldn't parse the config, so the merge fails
		return 0 if ($state < 3);
	}
	return \%diff;
}

# simple function to parse a provided config file, in pseudo-RFC822
# format,
sub parse_pam_profile
{
	my ($profile) = $_[0];
	my $fieldname;
	my %profile;
	open(PROFILE, $profile) || die "could not read profile $profile: $!";
	while (<PROFILE>) {
		if (/^(\S+):\s+(.*)\s*$/) {
			$fieldname = $1;
			# compatibility with the first implementation round;
			# "Auth-Final" is now just called "Auth"
			$fieldname =~ s/-Final$//;
			if ($fieldname eq 'Conflicts') {
				foreach my $elem (split(/, /, $2)) {
					$profile{'Conflicts'}->{$elem} = 1;
				}
			} else {
				$profile{$fieldname} = $2;
			}
		} else {
			chomp;
			s/^\s+//;
			s/\s+$//;
			$profile{$fieldname} .= "\n$_" if ($_);
                        if (grep { $profile{$fieldname} =~ /$_/} @invalid_modules) {
                          $profile{'disabled'} = 1;
                        }
			$profile{$fieldname} =~ s/^[\n\s]+//;
		}
	}
	close(PROFILE);
	if (!defined($profile{'Session-Interactive-Only'})) {
			$profile{'Session-noninteractive-Type'} = $profile{'Session-Type'};
			$profile{'Session-noninteractive'} = $profile{'Session'};
			$profile{'Session-noninteractive-Initial'} = $profile{'Session-Initial'};
	}
	return %profile;
}

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