Efektivitas Strategi Ta’bir Mushawwar dalam Pembelajaran Bahasa Arab di Madrasah Ibtidaiyah
Keywords:
Arabic; speaking skill; ta’bir mushawwar
Abstract
Speaking proficiency is one of the main skills in Arabic language learning, but fourth grade students of MI TPI Keramat face difficulties in assembling mufradat and practicing active conversation, mainly due to the lack of varied learning strategies. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of the ta'bir mushawwar strategy, which uses picture as a media to facilitate students in constructing sentences and telling stories, in improving Arabic speaking skills. With a quantitative approach and pre-experiment design, this study involved 18 students of class IV-C. Data were collected through tests, observations, and interviews, then analyzed descriptively and N-Gain test. The posttest average was 83.06 (very good category) with 88.9% completeness, and the N-Gain score was 0.6398 which showed effectiveness in the medium category. The ta'bir mushawwar strategy offers a solution in the form of a visual and hands-on learning approach that can significantly improve students' speaking skills and make learning more interesting and interactive.
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#!/bin/sh
umask 0022
export PATH='/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin'
# Defaults
keep="n"
CONFDIR="/etc/initramfs-tools"
verbose="n"
# Will be updated by busybox's conf hook, if present
BUSYBOXDIR=
export BUSYBOXDIR
usage()
{
cat << EOF
Usage: mkinitramfs [option]... -o outfile [version]
Options:
-c compress Override COMPRESS setting in initramfs.conf.
-d confdir Specify an alternative configuration directory.
-k Keep temporary directory used to make the image.
-o outfile Write to outfile.
-r root Override ROOT setting in initramfs.conf.
See mkinitramfs(8) for further details.
EOF
}
usage_error()
{
usage >&2
exit 2
}
OPTIONS=$(getopt -o c:d:hko:r:v --long help -n "$0" -- "$@") || usage_error
eval set -- "$OPTIONS"
while true; do
case "$1" in
-c)
compress="$2"
shift 2
;;
-d)
CONFDIR="$2"
shift 2
if [ ! -d "${CONFDIR}" ]; then
echo "${0}: ${CONFDIR}: Not a directory" >&2
exit 1
fi
;;
-h|--help)
usage
exit 0
;;
-o)
outfile="$2"
shift 2
;;
-k)
keep="y"
shift
;;
-r)
ROOT="$2"
shift 2
;;
-v)
verbose="y"
shift
;;
--)
shift
break
;;
*)
echo "Internal error!" >&2
exit 1
;;
esac
done
# For dependency ordered mkinitramfs hook scripts.
. /usr/share/initramfs-tools/scripts/functions
. /usr/share/initramfs-tools/hook-functions
. "${CONFDIR}/initramfs.conf"
EXTRA_CONF=''
maybe_add_conf() {
if [ -e "$1" ] && \
basename "$1" \
| grep '^[[:alnum:]][[:alnum:]\._-]*$' \
| grep -qv '\.dpkg-.*$'; then
if [ -d "$1" ]; then
echo "W: $1 is a directory instead of file" >&2
else
EXTRA_CONF="${EXTRA_CONF} $1"
. "$1"
fi
fi
}
for i in /usr/share/initramfs-tools/conf.d/*; do
# Configuration files in /etc mask those in /usr/share
if ! [ -e "${CONFDIR}"/conf.d/"$(basename "${i}")" ]; then
maybe_add_conf "${i}"
fi
done
for i in "${CONFDIR}"/conf.d/*; do
maybe_add_conf "${i}"
done
# source package confs
for i in /usr/share/initramfs-tools/conf-hooks.d/*; do
if [ -d "${i}" ]; then
echo "W: ${i} is a directory instead of file." >&2
elif [ -e "${i}" ]; then
. "${i}"
fi
done
# Check busybox dependency
if [ "${BUSYBOX}" = "y" ] && [ -z "${BUSYBOXDIR}" ]; then
echo >&2 "E: busybox or busybox-static, version 1:1.22.0-17~ or later, is required but not installed"
exit 1
fi
if [ -n "${UMASK:-}" ]; then
umask "${UMASK}"
fi
if [ -z "${outfile}" ]; then
usage_error
fi
touch "$outfile"
outfile="$(readlink -f "$outfile")"
# And by "version" we really mean path to kernel modules
# This is braindead, and exists to preserve the interface with mkinitrd
if [ ${#} -ne 1 ]; then
version="$(uname -r)"
else
version="${1}"
fi
case "${version}" in
/lib/modules/*/[!/]*)
;;
/lib/modules/[!/]*)
version="${version#/lib/modules/}"
version="${version%%/*}"
;;
esac
case "${version}" in
*/*)
echo "$PROG: ${version} is not a valid kernel version" >&2
exit 2
;;
esac
if [ -z "${compress:-}" ]; then
compress=${COMPRESS?}
fi
unset COMPRESS
if ! command -v "${compress}" >/dev/null 2>&1; then
echo "No ${compress} in ${PATH}, using gzip"
compress=gzip
fi
case "${compress}" in
gzip) # If we're doing a reproducible build, use gzip -n
if [ -n "${SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH}" ]; then
compress="gzip -n"
# Otherwise, substitute pigz if it's available
elif command -v pigz >/dev/null; then
compress=pigz
fi
;;
lz4) compress="lz4 -9 -l" ;;
zstd) compress="zstd -q -19 -T0" ;;
xz) compress="xz --check=crc32"
# If we're not doing a reproducible build, enable multithreading
test -z "${SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH}" && compress="$compress --threads=0"
;;
bzip2|lzma|lzop)
# no parameters needed
;;
*) echo "W: Unknown compression command ${compress}" >&2 ;;
esac
if [ -d "${outfile}" ]; then
echo "${outfile} is a directory" >&2
exit 1
fi
MODULESDIR="/lib/modules/${version}"
if [ ! -e "${MODULESDIR}" ]; then
echo "W: missing ${MODULESDIR}" >&2
echo "W: Ensure all necessary drivers are built into the linux image!" >&2
fi
if [ ! -e "${MODULESDIR}/modules.dep" ]; then
depmod "${version}"
fi
# Prepare to clean up temporary files on exit
DESTDIR=
__TMPCPIOGZ=
__TMPMAINCPIO=
__TMPEARLYCPIO=
clean_on_exit() {
if [ "${keep}" = "y" ]; then
echo "Working files in ${DESTDIR:-<not yet created>}," \
"early initramfs in ${__TMPEARLYCPIO:-<not yet created>}," \
"main initramfs in ${__TMPMAINCPIO:-<not yet created>} and" \
"overlay in ${__TMPCPIOGZ:-<not yet created>}"
else
for path in "${DESTDIR}" "${__TMPCPIOGZ}" "${__TMPMAINCPIO}" "${__TMPEARLYCPIO}"; do
test -z "${path}" || rm -rf "${path}"
done
fi
}
trap clean_on_exit EXIT
trap "exit 1" INT TERM # makes the EXIT trap effective even when killed
# Create temporary directory and files for initramfs contents
[ -n "${TMPDIR}" ] && [ ! -w "${TMPDIR}" ] && unset TMPDIR
DESTDIR="$(mktemp -d "${TMPDIR:-/var/tmp}/mkinitramfs_XXXXXX")" || exit 1
chmod 755 "${DESTDIR}"
__TMPCPIOGZ="$(mktemp "${TMPDIR:-/var/tmp}/mkinitramfs-OL_XXXXXX")" || exit 1
__TMPMAINCPIO="$(mktemp "${TMPDIR:-/var/tmp}/mkinitramfs-MAIN_XXXXXX")" || exit 1
__TMPEARLYCPIO="$(mktemp "${TMPDIR:-/var/tmp}/mkinitramfs-FW_XXXXXX")" || exit 1
DPKG_ARCH=$(dpkg --print-architecture)
# Export environment for hook scripts.
#
export MODULESDIR
export version
export CONFDIR
export DESTDIR
export DPKG_ARCH
export verbose
export KEYMAP
export MODULES
export BUSYBOX
export RESUME
export FSTYPE
# Private, used by 'catenate_cpiogz'.
export __TMPCPIOGZ
# Private, used by 'prepend_earlyinitramfs'.
export __TMPEARLYCPIO
# Create usr-merged filesystem layout, to avoid duplicates if the host
# filesystem is usr-merged.
for d in /bin /lib* /sbin; do
mkdir -p "${DESTDIR}/usr${d}"
ln -s "usr${d}" "${DESTDIR}${d}"
done
for d in conf/conf.d etc run scripts ${MODULESDIR}; do
mkdir -p "${DESTDIR}/${d}"
done
# Copy in modules.builtin and modules.order (not generated by depmod)
# and modules.builtin.bin (generated by depmod, but too late to avoid
# error messages as in #948257)
for x in modules.builtin modules.builtin.bin modules.order; do
if [ -f "${MODULESDIR}/${x}" ]; then
cp -p "${MODULESDIR}/${x}" "${DESTDIR}${MODULESDIR}/${x}"
fi
done
# MODULES=list case. Always honour.
for x in "${CONFDIR}/modules" /usr/share/initramfs-tools/modules.d/*; do
if [ -f "${x}" ]; then
add_modules_from_file "${x}"
fi
done
# MODULES=most is default
case "${MODULES}" in
dep)
dep_add_modules
;;
most)
auto_add_modules
;;
netboot)
auto_add_modules base
auto_add_modules net
;;
list)
# nothing to add
;;
*)
echo "W: mkinitramfs: unsupported MODULES setting: ${MODULES}." >&2
echo "W: mkinitramfs: Falling back to MODULES=most." >&2
auto_add_modules
;;
esac
# Resolve hidden dependencies
hidden_dep_add_modules
# Add firmware for built-in code
add_builtin_firmware
# First file executed by linux
cp -p /usr/share/initramfs-tools/init "${DESTDIR}/init"
# add existant boot scripts
for b in $(cd /usr/share/initramfs-tools/scripts/ && find . \
-regextype posix-extended -regex '.*/[[:alnum:]\._-]+$' -type f); do
[ -d "${DESTDIR}/scripts/$(dirname "${b}")" ] \
|| mkdir -p "${DESTDIR}/scripts/$(dirname "${b}")"
cp -p "/usr/share/initramfs-tools/scripts/${b}" \
"${DESTDIR}/scripts/$(dirname "${b}")/"
done
# Prune dot-files/directories and limit depth to exclude VCS files
for b in $(cd "${CONFDIR}/scripts" && find . -maxdepth 2 -name '.?*' -prune -o \
-regextype posix-extended -regex '.*/[[:alnum:]\._-]+$' -type f -print); do
[ -d "${DESTDIR}/scripts/$(dirname "${b}")" ] \
|| mkdir -p "${DESTDIR}/scripts/$(dirname "${b}")"
cp -p "${CONFDIR}/scripts/${b}" "${DESTDIR}/scripts/$(dirname "${b}")/"
done
echo "DPKG_ARCH=${DPKG_ARCH}" > "${DESTDIR}/conf/arch.conf"
cp -p "${CONFDIR}/initramfs.conf" "${DESTDIR}/conf"
for i in ${EXTRA_CONF}; do
copy_file config "${i}" /conf/conf.d
done
# ROOT hardcoding
if [ -n "${ROOT:-}" ]; then
echo "ROOT=${ROOT}" > "${DESTDIR}/conf/conf.d/root"
fi
if ! command -v ldd >/dev/null 2>&1 ; then
echo "E: no ldd around - install libc-bin" >&2
exit 1
fi
# fstab and mtab
touch "${DESTDIR}/etc/fstab"
ln -s /proc/mounts "${DESTDIR}/etc/mtab"
# module-init-tools
copy_exec /sbin/modprobe /sbin
copy_exec /sbin/rmmod /sbin
mkdir -p "${DESTDIR}/etc/modprobe.d" "${DESTDIR}/lib/modprobe.d"
for file in /etc/modprobe.d/*.conf /lib/modprobe.d/*.conf ; do
if test -e "$file" || test -L "$file" ; then
copy_file config "$file"
fi
done
run_scripts /usr/share/initramfs-tools/hooks
run_scripts "${CONFDIR}"/hooks
# cache boot run order
for b in $(cd "${DESTDIR}/scripts" && find . -mindepth 1 -type d); do
cache_run_scripts "${DESTDIR}" "/scripts/${b#./}"
done
# generate module deps
depmod -a -b "${DESTDIR}" "${version}"
rm -f "${DESTDIR}/lib/modules/${version}"/modules.*map
# make sure that library search path is up to date
cp -pPr /etc/ld.so.conf* "$DESTDIR"/etc/
if ! ldconfig -r "$DESTDIR" ; then
[ "$(id -u)" != "0" ] \
&& echo "ldconfig might need uid=0 (root) for chroot()" >&2
fi
# The auxiliary cache is not reproducible and is always invalid at boot
# (see #845034)
if [ -d "${DESTDIR}"/var/cache/ldconfig ]; then
rm -f "${DESTDIR}"/var/cache/ldconfig/aux-cache
rmdir --ignore-fail-on-non-empty "${DESTDIR}"/var/cache/ldconfig
fi
# Apply DSDT to initramfs
if [ -e "${CONFDIR}/DSDT.aml" ]; then
copy_file DSDT "${CONFDIR}/DSDT.aml"
fi
[ "${verbose}" = y ] && echo "Building cpio ${outfile} initramfs"
(
# preserve permissions if root builds the image, see #633582
[ "$(id -ru)" != 0 ] && cpio_owner_root="-R 0:0"
# if SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH is set, try and create a reproducible image
if [ -n "${SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH}" ]; then
# ensure that no timestamps are newer than $SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH
find "${DESTDIR}" -newermt "@${SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH}" -print0 | \
xargs -0r touch --no-dereference --date="@${SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH}"
# --reproducible requires cpio >= 2.12
cpio_reproducible="--reproducible"
fi
# work around lack of "set -o pipefail" for the following pipe:
# cd "${DESTDIR}" && find . | LC_ALL=C sort | cpio --quiet $cpio_owner_root $cpio_reproducible -o -H newc >>"${outfile}" || exit 1
ec1=1
ec2=1
exec 3>&1
eval "$(
# http://cfaj.freeshell.org/shell/cus-faq-2.html
exec 4>&1 >&3 3>&-
cd "${DESTDIR}"
{
find . 4>&-; echo "ec1=$?;" >&4
} | {
LC_ALL=C sort
} | {
# shellcheck disable=SC2086
cpio --quiet $cpio_owner_root $cpio_reproducible -o -H newc 4>&- >"${__TMPMAINCPIO}"
echo "ec2=$?;" >&4
}
)"
if [ "$ec1" -ne 0 ]; then
echo "E: mkinitramfs failure find $ec1 cpio $ec2" >&2
exit "$ec1"
fi
if [ "$ec2" -ne 0 ]; then
echo "E: mkinitramfs failure cpio $ec2" >&2
exit "$ec2"
fi
) || exit 1
{
if [ -s "${__TMPEARLYCPIO}" ]; then
cat "${__TMPEARLYCPIO}" || exit 1
fi
$compress -c "${__TMPMAINCPIO}" ||
{ echo "E: mkinitramfs failure $compress $?" >&2; exit 1; }
if [ -s "${__TMPCPIOGZ}" ]; then
cat "${__TMPCPIOGZ}" || exit 1
fi
} >"${outfile}" || exit 1
exit 0
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