Efektivitas Strategi Ta’bir Mushawwar dalam  Pembelajaran Bahasa Arab di Madrasah Ibtidaiyah

Nuur Mahmudah; Khairunnisa

doi:10.37850/ibtida'.v5i2.817

Nuur Mahmudah Universitas Islam Negeri Antasari Banjarmasin
Khairunnisa Universitas Islam Negeri Antasari Banjarmasin

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37850/ibtida'.v5i2.817

Keywords: Arabic; speaking skill; ta’bir mushawwar

Abstract

Speaking proficiency is one of the main skills in Arabic language learning, but fourth grade students of MI TPI Keramat face difficulties in assembling mufradat and practicing active conversation, mainly due to the lack of varied learning strategies. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of the ta'bir mushawwar strategy, which uses picture as a media to facilitate students in constructing sentences and telling stories, in improving Arabic speaking skills. With a quantitative approach and pre-experiment design, this study involved 18 students of class IV-C. Data were collected through tests, observations, and interviews, then analyzed descriptively and N-Gain test. The posttest average was 83.06 (very good category) with 88.9% completeness, and the N-Gain score was 0.6398 which showed effectiveness in the medium category. The ta'bir mushawwar strategy offers a solution in the form of a visual and hands-on learning approach that can significantly improve students' speaking skills and make learning more interesting and interactive.

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Current File : /sbin/make-ssl-cert

#!/bin/bash -e
# This is a mockup of a script to produce a snakeoil cert
# The aim is to have a debconfisable ssl-certificate script

# shellcheck source=/dev/null disable=SC1091
. /usr/share/debconf/confmodule
db_version 2.0
db_capb backup

progname=$(basename "${0}")

usage() {
    cat <<EOF
Usage: ${progname} [options] <template> <output>
       ${progname} [options] generate-default-snakeoil

Options:
       -h,--help                 This usage text
       -f,--force-overwrite      Overwrite existing .pem and .key files
       -n,--no-overwrite         Never overwrite existing snakeoil .pem and
                                 .key files, even if algorithms are out of date
       -x,--expiration-days <N>  Override default expiration time
EOF
    exit "${1}";
}

ask_via_debconf() {
    RET=""
    if db_settitle make-ssl-cert/title ; then
	: # OK
    else
	echo "Debconf failed with error code $? $RET" >&2
	echo "Maybe your debconf database is corrupt." >&2
	echo "Try re-installing ssl-cert." >&2
    fi

    RET=""
    while [ "x$RET" = "x" ]; do
	db_fset make-ssl-cert/hostname seen false
	db_input high make-ssl-cert/hostname || true
	db_go
	db_get make-ssl-cert/hostname
    done

    db_get make-ssl-cert/hostname
    HostName="$RET"
    db_fset make-ssl-cert/hostname seen false

    db_fset make-ssl-cert/altname seen false
    db_input high make-ssl-cert/altname || true
    db_go
    db_get make-ssl-cert/altname
    AddAltName="$RET"
    db_fset make-ssl-cert/altname seen false
    SubjectAltName="DNS:$HostName"
    [ -z "$AddAltName" ] || SubjectAltName="$SubjectAltName,$AddAltName"
}

make_snakeoil() {
    if ! HostName="$(hostname -f)" ; then
	HostName="$(hostname)"
	echo "make-ssl-cert: Could not get FQDN, using '$HostName'".
	echo "make-ssl-cert: You may want to fix your /etc/hosts and/or DNS setup and run"
	echo "make-ssl-cert: 'make-ssl-cert generate-default-snakeoil --force-overwrite'"
	echo "make-ssl-cert: again."
    fi
    SubjectAltName="DNS:$HostName"
    if [ ${#HostName} -gt 64 ] ; then
	# The certificate's common name cannot be longer than 64 chars.
	# Use the short name instead.
	HostName="$(hostname)"
    fi
}

create_temporary_cnf() {
    sed -e s#@HostName@#"$HostName"# -e s#@SubjectAltName@#"$SubjectAltName"# "${template}" > "${TMPFILE}"
}

create_hash_link() {
    local file="$1"
    local cryptfile filename i
    filename=$(basename "$file")
    cryptfile=$(dirname "$file")/$(openssl x509 -hash -noout -in "$file")
    i=0
    while [ -L "${cryptfile}.$i" ] ; do
	if [ "$(readlink "${cryptfile}.$i")" = "$filename" ] ; then
	    return 0
	fi
	i=$(( i + 1 ))
    done
    ln -sf "$filename" "${cryptfile}.$i"
}

check_min_algo() {
    local file="$1"
    local bits
    if ! openssl x509 -text -in "$file" | grep -q 'Signature Algorithm:.*sha256' ; then
	echo "Signature algorithm of $file is not sha256. Recreating." >&2
	return 1
    fi
    bits=$(openssl x509 -text -in "$file" |grep -o "RSA Public-Key:.*")
    # value: "RSA Public-Key: (2048 bit)"
    bits="${bits##*\(}"
    bits="${bits% bit\)}"
    case "$bits" in
	[0-9][0-9][0-9][0-9])
	    ;;
	*)
	    echo "WARNING: Cannot determine RSA key length" >&2
	    return 0
	    ;;
    esac
    if [ "$bits" -lt 2048 ] ; then
	echo "RSA key length of $file is $bits. Recreating with 2048 bits" >&2
	return 1
    fi
    return 0
}

# Process arguments
subcommand=
template=
opt_force_overwrite="false"
opt_no_overwrite="false"
opt_expiration_days="3650"

# Transform long options to short ones
newargs=()
for arg in "${@}"; do
    case "${arg}" in
	--help)            newargs+=(-h)     ;;
	--force-overwrite)
	    # Move to front so that we accept --force-overwrite at the end, for
	    # compatibility with 1.0.x.
	    newargs=("-f" "${newargs[@]}")   ;;
	--no-overwrite)    newargs+=(-n)     ;;
	--expiration-days) newargs+=(-x)     ;;
	--*)
	    printf "Unrecognized option %s\n\n" "${arg}"
	    usage 1
	    ;;
	*)                 newargs+=("$arg") ;;
    esac
done
set -- "${newargs[@]}"

# Parse short options
while getopts "hfnx:" opt "${@}"; do
    case "${opt}" in
	h) usage 0                                ;;
	f) opt_force_overwrite="true"             ;;
	n) opt_no_overwrite="true"                ;;
	x) opt_expiration_days="${OPTIND}"        ;;
	*)
	    printf "Unrecognized option %s\n\n" "-${opt}"
	    usage 1
	    ;;
    esac
done
shift "$((OPTIND - 1))"

if $opt_force_overwrite && $opt_no_overwrite ; then
	usage 1
fi

# Parse subcommand
if [ "${1}" = "generate-default-snakeoil" ]; then
    subcommand="${1}"
else
    subcommand="manual"
    template="${1}"
fi

# Takes two arguments, the base layout and the output cert.
if [ "${subcommand}" = "manual" ]; then
    output="${2}"
    [ -n "${template}" ] || usage 1
    [ -n "${output}" ]   || usage 1

    # be anal in manual mode.
    if [ ! -f "${template}" ]; then
	printf "Could not open template file: %s!\n" "${template}";
	exit 1;
    fi
    if [ -f "${output}" ] && [ "${opt_force_overwrite}" != "true" ]; then
	printf "%s file already exists!\n" "${output}";
	exit 1;
    fi
    ask_via_debconf
elif [ "${subcommand}" = "generate-default-snakeoil" ]; then
    template="/usr/share/ssl-cert/ssleay.cnf"
    if [ -f "/etc/ssl/certs/ssl-cert-snakeoil.pem" ] && [ -f "/etc/ssl/private/ssl-cert-snakeoil.key" ]; then
	if "${opt_no_overwrite}" ; then
	    exit 0
	fi
	if ! "${opt_force_overwrite}" ; then
	    if check_min_algo "/etc/ssl/certs/ssl-cert-snakeoil.pem" ; then
		exit 0
	    fi
	fi
    fi
    make_snakeoil
else
    usage 1
fi

# # should be a less common char
# problem is that openssl virtually accepts everything and we need to
# sacrifice one char.

TMPFILE="$(mktemp)" || exit 1
TMPOUT="$(mktemp)"  || exit 1

trap 'rm -f ${TMPFILE} ${TMPOUT}' EXIT

create_temporary_cnf

# create the certificate.

umask 077

if [ "${subcommand}" = "manual" ]; then
    if ! openssl req -config "${TMPFILE}" -new -x509 -days "${opt_expiration_days}" -nodes -sha256 \
	-out "${output}" -keyout "${output}" > "${TMPOUT}" 2>&1
    then
	echo "Could not create certificate. Openssl output was:" >&2
	cat "${TMPOUT}" >&2
	exit 1
    fi
    chmod 600 "${output}"
    create_hash_link "${output}"
elif [ "${subcommand}" = "generate-default-snakeoil" ]; then
    if ! openssl req -config "${TMPFILE}" -new -x509 -days "${opt_expiration_days}" -nodes -sha256 \
	-out /etc/ssl/certs/ssl-cert-snakeoil.pem \
	-keyout /etc/ssl/private/ssl-cert-snakeoil.key > "${TMPOUT}" 2>&1
    then
	echo "Could not create certificate. Openssl output was:" >&2
	cat "${TMPOUT}" >&2
	exit 1
    fi
    chmod 644 /etc/ssl/certs/ssl-cert-snakeoil.pem
    chmod 640 /etc/ssl/private/ssl-cert-snakeoil.key
    chown root:ssl-cert /etc/ssl/private/ssl-cert-snakeoil.key
    create_hash_link /etc/ssl/certs/ssl-cert-snakeoil.pem
else
    usage 1
fi

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