Efektivitas Strategi Ta’bir Mushawwar dalam Pembelajaran Bahasa Arab di Madrasah Ibtidaiyah
Keywords:
Arabic; speaking skill; ta’bir mushawwar
Abstract
Speaking proficiency is one of the main skills in Arabic language learning, but fourth grade students of MI TPI Keramat face difficulties in assembling mufradat and practicing active conversation, mainly due to the lack of varied learning strategies. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of the ta'bir mushawwar strategy, which uses picture as a media to facilitate students in constructing sentences and telling stories, in improving Arabic speaking skills. With a quantitative approach and pre-experiment design, this study involved 18 students of class IV-C. Data were collected through tests, observations, and interviews, then analyzed descriptively and N-Gain test. The posttest average was 83.06 (very good category) with 88.9% completeness, and the N-Gain score was 0.6398 which showed effectiveness in the medium category. The ta'bir mushawwar strategy offers a solution in the form of a visual and hands-on learning approach that can significantly improve students' speaking skills and make learning more interesting and interactive.
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#!/bin/sh
# vim: ft=sh
#
# invoke-rc.d.sysvinit - Executes initscript actions
#
# SysVinit /etc/rc?.d version for Debian's sysvinit package
#
# Copyright (C) 2000,2001 Henrique de Moraes Holschuh <hmh@debian.org>
#
# This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
# under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free
# Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your option)
# any later version.
#
# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
# WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY
# or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License
# for more details.
#
# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along
# with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
# 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA.
# Constants
RUNLEVELHELPER=/sbin/runlevel
POLICYHELPER=/usr/sbin/policy-rc.d
INITDPREFIX=/etc/init.d/
RCDPREFIX=/etc/rc
# Options
BEQUIET=
MODE=
ACTION=
FALLBACK=
NOFALLBACK=
FORCE=
RETRY=
RETURNFAILURE=
RC=
is_systemd=
is_openrc=
SKIP_SYSTEMD_NATIVE=
# Shell options
set +e
dohelp () {
#
# outputs help and usage
#
cat <<EOF
invoke-rc.d, Debian/SysVinit (/etc/rc?.d) initscript subsystem.
Copyright (c) 2000,2001 Henrique de Moraes Holschuh <hmh@debian.org>
Usage:
invoke-rc.d [options] <basename> <action> [extra parameters]
basename - Initscript ID, as per update-rc.d(8)
action - Initscript action. Known actions are:
start, [force-]stop, [try-]restart,
[force-]reload, status
WARNING: not all initscripts implement all of the above actions.
extra parameters are passed as is to the initscript, following
the action (first initscript parameter).
Options:
--quiet
Quiet mode, no error messages are generated.
--force
Try to run the initscript regardless of policy and subsystem
non-fatal errors.
--try-anyway
Try to run init script even if a non-fatal error is found.
--disclose-deny
Return status code 101 instead of status code 0 if
initscript action is denied by local policy rules or
runlevel constrains.
--query
Returns one of status codes 100-106, does not run
the initscript. Implies --disclose-deny and --no-fallback.
--no-fallback
Ignores any fallback action requests by the policy layer.
Warning: this is usually a very *bad* idea for any actions
other than "start".
--skip-systemd-native
Exits before doing anything if a systemd environment is detected
and the requested service is a native systemd unit.
This is useful for maintainer scripts that want to defer systemd
actions to deb-systemd-invoke
--help
Outputs help message to stdout
EOF
}
printerror () {
#
# prints an error message
# $* - error message
#
if test x${BEQUIET} = x ; then
echo `basename $0`: "$*" >&2
fi
}
formataction () {
#
# formats a list in $* into $printaction
# for human-friendly printing to stderr
# and sets $naction to action or actions
#
printaction=`echo $* | sed 's/ /, /g'`
if test $# -eq 1 ; then
naction=action
else
naction=actions
fi
}
querypolicy () {
#
# queries policy database
# returns: $RC = 104 - ok, run
# $RC = 101 - ok, do not run
# other - exit with status $RC, maybe run if $RETRY
# initial status of $RC is taken into account.
#
policyaction="${ACTION}"
if test x${RC} = "x101" ; then
if test "${ACTION}" = "start" || test "${ACTION}" = "restart" || test "${ACTION}" = "try-restart"; then
policyaction="(${ACTION})"
fi
fi
if test "x${POLICYHELPER}" != x && test -x "${POLICYHELPER}" ; then
FALLBACK=`${POLICYHELPER} ${BEQUIET} ${INITSCRIPTID} "${policyaction}" ${RL}`
RC=$?
formataction ${ACTION}
case ${RC} in
0) RC=104
;;
1) RC=105
;;
101) if test x${FORCE} != x ; then
printerror Overriding policy-rc.d denied execution of ${printaction}.
RC=104
else
printerror policy-rc.d denied execution of ${printaction}.
fi
;;
esac
if test x${MODE} != xquery ; then
case ${RC} in
105) printerror policy-rc.d query returned \"behaviour undefined\",
printerror assuming \"${printaction}\" is allowed.
RC=104
;;
106) formataction ${FALLBACK}
if test x${FORCE} = x ; then
if test x${NOFALLBACK} = x ; then
ACTION="${FALLBACK}"
printerror executing ${naction} \"${printaction}\" instead due to policy-rc.d request.
RC=104
else
printerror ignoring policy-rc.d fallback request: ${printaction}.
RC=101
fi
else
printerror ignoring policy-rc.d fallback request: ${printaction}.
RC=104
fi
;;
esac
fi
case ${RC} in
100|101|102|103|104|105|106) ;;
*) printerror WARNING: policy-rc.d returned unexpected error status ${RC}, 102 used instead.
RC=102
;;
esac
else
if test ! -e "/sbin/init" ; then
if test x${FORCE} != x ; then
printerror "WARNING: No init system and policy-rc.d missing, but force specified so proceeding."
else
printerror "WARNING: No init system and policy-rc.d missing! Defaulting to block."
RC=101
fi
fi
if test x${RC} = x ; then
RC=104
fi
fi
return
}
verifyparameter () {
#
# Verifies if $1 is not null, and $# = 1
#
if test $# -eq 0 ; then
printerror syntax error: invalid empty parameter
exit 103
elif test $# -ne 1 ; then
printerror syntax error: embedded blanks are not allowed in \"$*\"
exit 103
fi
return
}
##
## main
##
## Verifies command line arguments
if test $# -eq 0 ; then
printerror syntax error: missing required parameter, --help assumed
dohelp
exit 103
fi
state=I
while test $# -gt 0 && test ${state} != III ; do
case "$1" in
--help) dohelp
exit 0
;;
--quiet) BEQUIET=--quiet
;;
--force) FORCE=yes
RETRY=yes
;;
--try-anyway)
RETRY=yes
;;
--disclose-deny)
RETURNFAILURE=yes
;;
--query) MODE=query
RETURNFAILURE=yes
;;
--no-fallback)
NOFALLBACK=yes
;;
--skip-systemd-native) SKIP_SYSTEMD_NATIVE=yes
;;
--*) printerror syntax error: unknown option \"$1\"
exit 103
;;
*) case ${state} in
I) verifyparameter $1
INITSCRIPTID=$1
;;
II) verifyparameter $1
ACTION=$1
;;
esac
state=${state}I
;;
esac
shift
done
if test ${state} != III ; then
printerror syntax error: missing required parameter
exit 103
fi
#NOTE: It may not be obvious, but "$@" from this point on must expand
#to the extra initscript parameters, except inside functions.
if test -d /run/systemd/system ; then
is_systemd=1
UNIT="${INITSCRIPTID%.sh}.service"
elif test -f /run/openrc/softlevel ; then
is_openrc=1
elif test ! -f "${INITDPREFIX}${INITSCRIPTID}" ; then
## Verifies if the given initscript ID is known
## For sysvinit, this error is critical
printerror unknown initscript, ${INITDPREFIX}${INITSCRIPTID} not found.
fi
## Queries sysvinit for the current runlevel
if [ ! -x ${RUNLEVELHELPER} ] || ! RL=`${RUNLEVELHELPER}`; then
if [ -n "$is_systemd" ] && systemctl is-active --quiet sysinit.target; then
# under systemd, the [2345] runlevels are only set upon reaching them;
# if we are past sysinit.target (roughly equivalent to rcS), consider
# this as runlevel 5 (this is only being used for validating rcN.d
# symlinks, so the precise value does not matter much)
RL=5
else
printerror "could not determine current runlevel"
# this usually fails in schroots etc., ignore failure (#823611)
RL=
fi
fi
# strip off previous runlevel
RL=${RL#* }
## Running ${RUNLEVELHELPER} to get current runlevel do not work in
## the boot runlevel (scripts in /etc/rcS.d/), as /var/run/utmp
## contains runlevel 0 or 6 (written at shutdown) at that point.
if test x${RL} = x0 || test x${RL} = x6 ; then
if ps -fp 1 | grep -q 'init boot' ; then
RL=S
fi
fi
## Handles shutdown sequences VERY safely
## i.e.: forget about policy, and do all we can to run the script.
## BTW, why the heck are we being run in a shutdown runlevel?!
if test x${RL} = x0 || test x${RL} = x6 ; then
FORCE=yes
RETRY=yes
POLICYHELPER=
BEQUIET=
printerror "-----------------------------------------------------"
printerror "WARNING: 'invoke-rc.d ${INITSCRIPTID} ${ACTION}' called"
printerror "during shutdown sequence."
printerror "enabling safe mode: initscript policy layer disabled"
printerror "-----------------------------------------------------"
fi
## Verifies the existance of proper S??initscriptID and K??initscriptID
## *links* in the proper /etc/rc?.d/ directory
verifyrclink () {
#
# verifies if parameters are non-dangling symlinks
# all parameters are verified
#
doexit=
while test $# -gt 0 ; do
if test ! -L "$1" ; then
printerror not a symlink: $1
doexit=102
fi
if test ! -f "$1" ; then
printerror dangling symlink: $1
doexit=102
fi
shift
done
if test x${doexit} != x && test x${RETRY} = x; then
exit ${doexit}
fi
return 0
}
testexec () {
#
# returns true if any of the parameters is
# executable (after following links)
#
while test $# -gt 0 ; do
if test -x "$1" ; then
return 0
fi
shift
done
return 1
}
RC=
###
### LOCAL POLICY: Enforce that the script/unit is enabled. For SysV init
### scripts, this needs a start entry in either runlevel S or current runlevel
### to allow start or restart.
if [ -n "$is_systemd" ]; then
case ${ACTION} in
start|restart|try-restart)
# If a package ships both init script and systemd service file, the
# systemd unit will not be enabled by the time invoke-rc.d is called
# (with current debhelper sequence). This would make systemctl is-enabled
# report the wrong status, and then the service would not be started.
# This check cannot be removed as long as we support not passing --skip-systemd-native
if systemctl --quiet is-enabled "${UNIT}" 2>/dev/null || \
ls ${RCDPREFIX}[S2345].d/S[0-9][0-9]${INITSCRIPTID} >/dev/null 2>&1; then
RC=104
elif systemctl --quiet is-active "${UNIT}" 2>/dev/null; then
RC=104
else
RC=101
fi
;;
esac
else
# we do handle multiple links per runlevel
# but we don't handle embedded blanks in link names :-(
if test x${RL} != x ; then
SLINK=`ls -d -Q ${RCDPREFIX}${RL}.d/S[0-9][0-9]${INITSCRIPTID} 2>/dev/null | xargs`
KLINK=`ls -d -Q ${RCDPREFIX}${RL}.d/K[0-9][0-9]${INITSCRIPTID} 2>/dev/null | xargs`
SSLINK=`ls -d -Q ${RCDPREFIX}S.d/S[0-9][0-9]${INITSCRIPTID} 2>/dev/null | xargs`
verifyrclink ${SLINK} ${KLINK} ${SSLINK}
fi
case ${ACTION} in
start|restart|try-restart)
if testexec ${SLINK} ; then
RC=104
elif testexec ${KLINK} ; then
RC=101
elif testexec ${SSLINK} ; then
RC=104
else
RC=101
fi
;;
esac
fi
# test if /etc/init.d/initscript is actually executable
_executable=
if [ -n "$is_systemd" ]; then
_executable=1
elif testexec "${INITDPREFIX}${INITSCRIPTID}"; then
_executable=1
fi
if [ "$_executable" = "1" ]; then
if test x${RC} = x && test x${MODE} = xquery ; then
RC=105
fi
# call policy layer
querypolicy
case ${RC} in
101|104)
;;
*) if test x${MODE} != xquery ; then
printerror policy-rc.d returned error status ${RC}
if test x${RETRY} = x ; then
exit ${RC}
else
RC=102
fi
fi
;;
esac
else
###
### LOCAL INITSCRIPT POLICY: non-executable initscript; deny exec.
### (this is common sense, actually :^P )
###
RC=101
fi
## Handles --query
if test x${MODE} = xquery ; then
exit ${RC}
fi
setechoactions () {
if test $# -gt 1 ; then
echoaction=true
else
echoaction=
fi
}
getnextaction () {
saction=$1
shift
ACTION="$@"
}
## Executes initscript
## note that $ACTION is a space-separated list of actions
## to be attempted in order until one suceeds.
if test x${FORCE} != x || test ${RC} -eq 104 ; then
if [ -n "$is_systemd" ] || testexec "${INITDPREFIX}${INITSCRIPTID}" ; then
RC=102
setechoactions ${ACTION}
while test ! -z "${ACTION}" ; do
getnextaction ${ACTION}
if test ! -z ${echoaction} ; then
printerror executing initscript action \"${saction}\"...
fi
if [ -n "$is_systemd" ]; then
if [ "$SKIP_SYSTEMD_NATIVE" = yes ] ; then
case $(systemctl show --value --property SourcePath "${UNIT}") in
/etc/init.d/*)
;;
*)
# We were asked to skip native systemd units, and this one was not generated by the sysv generator
# exit cleanly
exit 0
;;
esac
fi
_state=$(systemctl -p LoadState show "${UNIT}" 2>/dev/null)
case $saction in
start|restart|try-restart)
[ "$_state" != "LoadState=masked" ] || exit 0
systemctl $sctl_args "${saction}" "${UNIT}" && exit 0
;;
stop|status)
systemctl $sctl_args "${saction}" "${UNIT}" && exit 0
;;
reload)
[ "$_state" != "LoadState=masked" ] || exit 0
_canreload="$(systemctl -p CanReload show ${UNIT} 2>/dev/null)"
# Don't block on reload requests during bootup and shutdown
# from units/hooks and simply schedule the task.
if ! systemctl --quiet is-system-running; then
sctl_args="--no-block"
fi
if [ "$_canreload" = "CanReload=no" ]; then
"${INITDPREFIX}${INITSCRIPTID}" "${saction}" "$@" && exit 0
else
systemctl $sctl_args reload "${UNIT}" && exit 0
fi
;;
force-stop)
systemctl --signal=KILL kill "${UNIT}" && exit 0
;;
force-reload)
[ "$_state" != "LoadState=masked" ] || exit 0
_canreload="$(systemctl -p CanReload show ${UNIT} 2>/dev/null)"
if [ "$_canreload" = "CanReload=no" ]; then
systemctl $sctl_args restart "${UNIT}" && exit 0
else
systemctl $sctl_args reload "${UNIT}" && exit 0
fi
;;
*)
# We try to run non-standard actions by running
# the init script directly.
"${INITDPREFIX}${INITSCRIPTID}" "${saction}" "$@" && exit 0
;;
esac
elif [ -n "$is_openrc" ]; then
rc-service "${INITSCRIPTID}" "${saction}" && exit 0
else
"${INITDPREFIX}${INITSCRIPTID}" "${saction}" "$@" && exit 0
fi
RC=$?
if test ! -z "${ACTION}" ; then
printerror action \"${saction}\" failed, trying next action...
fi
done
printerror initscript ${INITSCRIPTID}, action \"${saction}\" failed.
if [ -n "$is_systemd" ] && [ "$saction" = start -o "$saction" = restart -o "$saction" = "try-restart" ]; then
systemctl status --full --no-pager "${UNIT}" || true
fi
exit ${RC}
fi
exit 102
fi
## Handles --disclose-deny and denied "status" action (bug #381497)
if test ${RC} -eq 101 && test x${RETURNFAILURE} = x ; then
if test "x${ACTION%% *}" = "xstatus"; then
printerror emulating initscript action \"status\", returning \"unknown\"
RC=4
else
RC=0
fi
else
formataction ${ACTION}
printerror initscript ${naction} \"${printaction}\" not executed.
fi
exit ${RC}
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