Efektivitas Strategi Ta’bir Mushawwar dalam Pembelajaran Bahasa Arab di Madrasah Ibtidaiyah
Keywords:
Arabic; speaking skill; ta’bir mushawwar
Abstract
Speaking proficiency is one of the main skills in Arabic language learning, but fourth grade students of MI TPI Keramat face difficulties in assembling mufradat and practicing active conversation, mainly due to the lack of varied learning strategies. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of the ta'bir mushawwar strategy, which uses picture as a media to facilitate students in constructing sentences and telling stories, in improving Arabic speaking skills. With a quantitative approach and pre-experiment design, this study involved 18 students of class IV-C. Data were collected through tests, observations, and interviews, then analyzed descriptively and N-Gain test. The posttest average was 83.06 (very good category) with 88.9% completeness, and the N-Gain score was 0.6398 which showed effectiveness in the medium category. The ta'bir mushawwar strategy offers a solution in the form of a visual and hands-on learning approach that can significantly improve students' speaking skills and make learning more interesting and interactive.
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#! /bin/sh
set -e
# Generate grub.cfg by inspecting /boot contents.
# Copyright (C) 2006,2007,2008,2009,2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
#
# GRUB is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
# the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
# (at your option) any later version.
#
# GRUB is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
# GNU General Public License for more details.
#
# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
# along with GRUB. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
prefix="/usr"
exec_prefix="/usr"
datarootdir="/usr/share"
prefix="/usr"
exec_prefix="/usr"
sbindir="${exec_prefix}/sbin"
bindir="${exec_prefix}/bin"
sysconfdir="/etc"
PACKAGE_NAME=GRUB
PACKAGE_VERSION=2.06-3~deb11u6
host_os=linux-gnu
datadir="${datarootdir}"
if [ "x$pkgdatadir" = x ]; then
pkgdatadir="${datadir}/grub"
fi
# export it for scripts
export pkgdatadir
grub_cfg=""
grub_mkconfig_dir="${sysconfdir}"/grub.d
self=`basename $0`
grub_probe="${sbindir}/grub-probe"
grub_file="${bindir}/grub-file"
grub_editenv="${bindir}/grub-editenv"
grub_script_check="${bindir}/grub-script-check"
export TEXTDOMAIN=grub
export TEXTDOMAINDIR="${datarootdir}/locale"
. "${pkgdatadir}/grub-mkconfig_lib"
# Usage: usage
# Print the usage.
usage () {
gettext_printf "Usage: %s [OPTION]\n" "$self"
gettext "Generate a grub config file"; echo
echo
print_option_help "-o, --output=$(gettext FILE)" "$(gettext "output generated config to FILE [default=stdout]")"
print_option_help "-h, --help" "$(gettext "print this message and exit")"
print_option_help "-V, --version" "$(gettext "print the version information and exit")"
echo
gettext "Report bugs to <bug-grub@gnu.org>."; echo
}
argument () {
opt=$1
shift
if test $# -eq 0; then
gettext_printf "%s: option requires an argument -- \`%s'\n" "$self" "$opt" 1>&2
exit 1
fi
echo $1
}
# Check the arguments.
while test $# -gt 0
do
option=$1
shift
case "$option" in
-h | --help)
usage
exit 0 ;;
-V | --version)
echo "$self (${PACKAGE_NAME}) ${PACKAGE_VERSION}"
exit 0 ;;
-o | --output)
grub_cfg=`argument $option "$@"`; shift;;
--output=*)
grub_cfg=`echo "$option" | sed 's/--output=//'`
;;
-*)
gettext_printf "Unrecognized option \`%s'\n" "$option" 1>&2
usage
exit 1
;;
# Explicitly ignore non-option arguments, for compatibility.
esac
done
if [ "x$EUID" = "x" ] ; then
EUID=`id -u`
fi
if [ "$EUID" != 0 ] ; then
root=f
case "`uname 2>/dev/null`" in
CYGWIN*)
# Cygwin: Assume root if member of admin group
for g in `id -G 2>/dev/null` ; do
case $g in
0|544) root=t ;;
esac
done ;;
esac
if [ $root != t ] ; then
gettext_printf "%s: You must run this as root\n" "$self" >&2
exit 1
fi
fi
set $grub_probe dummy
if test -f "$1"; then
:
else
gettext_printf "%s: Not found.\n" "$1" 1>&2
exit 1
fi
# Device containing our userland. Typically used for root= parameter.
GRUB_DEVICE="`${grub_probe} --target=device /`"
GRUB_DEVICE_UUID="`${grub_probe} --device ${GRUB_DEVICE} --target=fs_uuid 2> /dev/null`" || true
GRUB_DEVICE_PARTUUID="`${grub_probe} --device ${GRUB_DEVICE} --target=partuuid 2> /dev/null`" || true
# Device containing our /boot partition. Usually the same as GRUB_DEVICE.
GRUB_DEVICE_BOOT="`${grub_probe} --target=device /boot`"
GRUB_DEVICE_BOOT_UUID="`${grub_probe} --device ${GRUB_DEVICE_BOOT} --target=fs_uuid 2> /dev/null`" || true
# Enable os-prober by default for stable updates, let's not break expectations
GRUB_DISABLE_OS_PROBER="false"
# Filesystem for the device containing our userland. Used for stuff like
# choosing Hurd filesystem module.
GRUB_FS="`${grub_probe} --device ${GRUB_DEVICE} --target=fs 2> /dev/null || echo unknown`"
if [ x"$GRUB_FS" = xunknown ]; then
GRUB_FS="$(stat -f -c %T / || echo unknown)"
fi
# Provide a default set of stock linux early initrd images.
# Define here so the list can be modified in the sourced config file.
if [ "x${GRUB_EARLY_INITRD_LINUX_STOCK}" = "x" ]; then
GRUB_EARLY_INITRD_LINUX_STOCK="intel-uc.img intel-ucode.img amd-uc.img amd-ucode.img early_ucode.cpio microcode.cpio"
fi
if test -f ${sysconfdir}/default/grub ; then
. ${sysconfdir}/default/grub
fi
for x in ${sysconfdir}/default/grub.d/*.cfg ; do
if [ -e "${x}" ]; then
. "${x}"
fi
done
if [ "x${GRUB_DISABLE_UUID}" = "xtrue" ]; then
if [ -z "${GRUB_DISABLE_LINUX_UUID}" ]; then
GRUB_DISABLE_LINUX_UUID="true"
fi
if [ -z "${GRUB_DISABLE_LINUX_PARTUUID}" ]; then
GRUB_DISABLE_LINUX_PARTUUID="true"
fi
fi
# XXX: should this be deprecated at some point?
if [ "x${GRUB_TERMINAL}" != "x" ] ; then
GRUB_TERMINAL_INPUT="${GRUB_TERMINAL}"
GRUB_TERMINAL_OUTPUT="${GRUB_TERMINAL}"
fi
termoutdefault=0
if [ "x${GRUB_TERMINAL_OUTPUT}" = "x" ]; then
GRUB_TERMINAL_OUTPUT=gfxterm;
termoutdefault=1;
fi
for x in ${GRUB_TERMINAL_OUTPUT}; do
case "x${x}" in
xgfxterm) ;;
xconsole | xserial | xofconsole | xvga_text)
# make sure all our children behave in conformance with ascii..
export LANG=C;;
*) echo "Invalid output terminal \"${GRUB_TERMINAL_OUTPUT}\"" >&2 ; exit 1 ;;
esac
done
GRUB_ACTUAL_DEFAULT="$GRUB_DEFAULT"
if [ "x${GRUB_ACTUAL_DEFAULT}" = "xsaved" ] ; then GRUB_ACTUAL_DEFAULT="`"${grub_editenv}" - list | sed -n '/^saved_entry=/ s,^saved_entry=,,p'`" ; fi
if [ "x${GRUB_RECOVERY_TITLE}" = "x" ]; then
GRUB_RECOVERY_TITLE="recovery mode"
fi
# These are defined in this script, export them here so that user can
# override them.
export GRUB_DEVICE \
GRUB_DEVICE_UUID \
GRUB_DEVICE_PARTUUID \
GRUB_DEVICE_BOOT \
GRUB_DEVICE_BOOT_UUID \
GRUB_DISABLE_OS_PROBER \
GRUB_FS \
GRUB_FONT \
GRUB_PRELOAD_MODULES \
GRUB_ACTUAL_DEFAULT
# These are optional, user-defined variables.
export GRUB_DEFAULT \
GRUB_HIDDEN_TIMEOUT \
GRUB_HIDDEN_TIMEOUT_QUIET \
GRUB_TIMEOUT \
GRUB_TIMEOUT_STYLE \
GRUB_DEFAULT_BUTTON \
GRUB_HIDDEN_TIMEOUT_BUTTON \
GRUB_TIMEOUT_BUTTON \
GRUB_TIMEOUT_STYLE_BUTTON \
GRUB_BUTTON_CMOS_ADDRESS \
GRUB_BUTTON_CMOS_CLEAN \
GRUB_DISTRIBUTOR \
GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX \
GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT \
GRUB_CMDLINE_XEN \
GRUB_CMDLINE_XEN_DEFAULT \
GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_XEN_REPLACE \
GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_XEN_REPLACE_DEFAULT \
GRUB_CMDLINE_NETBSD \
GRUB_CMDLINE_NETBSD_DEFAULT \
GRUB_CMDLINE_GNUMACH \
GRUB_EARLY_INITRD_LINUX_CUSTOM \
GRUB_EARLY_INITRD_LINUX_STOCK \
GRUB_TERMINAL_INPUT \
GRUB_TERMINAL_OUTPUT \
GRUB_SERIAL_COMMAND \
GRUB_DISABLE_UUID \
GRUB_DISABLE_LINUX_UUID \
GRUB_DISABLE_LINUX_PARTUUID \
GRUB_DISABLE_RECOVERY \
GRUB_VIDEO_BACKEND \
GRUB_GFXMODE \
GRUB_BACKGROUND \
GRUB_THEME \
GRUB_GFXPAYLOAD_LINUX \
GRUB_INIT_TUNE \
GRUB_SAVEDEFAULT \
GRUB_ENABLE_CRYPTODISK \
GRUB_BADRAM \
GRUB_OS_PROBER_SKIP_LIST \
GRUB_DISABLE_SUBMENU \
GRUB_RECORDFAIL_TIMEOUT \
GRUB_RECOVERY_TITLE
if test "x${grub_cfg}" != "x"; then
rm -f "${grub_cfg}.new"
oldumask=$(umask); umask 077
exec > "${grub_cfg}.new"
umask $oldumask
fi
gettext "Generating grub configuration file ..." >&2
echo >&2
cat << EOF
#
# DO NOT EDIT THIS FILE
#
# It is automatically generated by $self using templates
# from ${grub_mkconfig_dir} and settings from ${sysconfdir}/default/grub
#
EOF
for i in "${grub_mkconfig_dir}"/* ; do
case "$i" in
# emacsen backup files. FIXME: support other editors
*~) ;;
# emacsen autosave files. FIXME: support other editors
*/\#*\#) ;;
*)
if grub_file_is_not_garbage "$i" && test -x "$i" ; then
echo
echo "### BEGIN $i ###"
"$i"
echo "### END $i ###"
fi
;;
esac
done
if [ "x${grub_cfg}" != "x" ] && ! grep "^password" ${grub_cfg}.new >/dev/null; then
chmod 444 ${grub_cfg}.new || true
fi
if test "x${grub_cfg}" != "x" ; then
if ! ${grub_script_check} ${grub_cfg}.new; then
# TRANSLATORS: %s is replaced by filename
gettext_printf "Syntax errors are detected in generated GRUB config file.
Ensure that there are no errors in /etc/default/grub
and /etc/grub.d/* files or please file a bug report with
%s file attached." "${grub_cfg}.new" >&2
echo >&2
exit 1
else
# none of the children aborted with error, install the new grub.cfg
cat ${grub_cfg}.new > ${grub_cfg}
rm -f ${grub_cfg}.new
fi
fi
gettext "done" >&2
echo >&2
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