Efektivitas Strategi Ta’bir Mushawwar dalam  Pembelajaran Bahasa Arab di Madrasah Ibtidaiyah

Nuur Mahmudah; Khairunnisa

doi:10.37850/ibtida'.v5i2.817

Nuur Mahmudah Universitas Islam Negeri Antasari Banjarmasin
Khairunnisa Universitas Islam Negeri Antasari Banjarmasin

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37850/ibtida'.v5i2.817

Keywords: Arabic; speaking skill; ta’bir mushawwar

Abstract

Speaking proficiency is one of the main skills in Arabic language learning, but fourth grade students of MI TPI Keramat face difficulties in assembling mufradat and practicing active conversation, mainly due to the lack of varied learning strategies. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of the ta'bir mushawwar strategy, which uses picture as a media to facilitate students in constructing sentences and telling stories, in improving Arabic speaking skills. With a quantitative approach and pre-experiment design, this study involved 18 students of class IV-C. Data were collected through tests, observations, and interviews, then analyzed descriptively and N-Gain test. The posttest average was 83.06 (very good category) with 88.9% completeness, and the N-Gain score was 0.6398 which showed effectiveness in the medium category. The ta'bir mushawwar strategy offers a solution in the form of a visual and hands-on learning approach that can significantly improve students' speaking skills and make learning more interesting and interactive.

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#!/usr/bin/perl
#
# dpkg-fsys-usrunmess - Undoes the merged-/usr-via-aliased-dirs mess
#
# Copyright © 2020-2021 Guillem Jover <guillem@debian.org>
#
# This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
# the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
# (at your option) any later version.
#
# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
# GNU General Public License for more details.
#
# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
# along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>

use strict;
use warnings;
use feature qw(state);

our ($PROGNAME) = $0 =~ m{(?:.*/)?([^/]*)};
our $PROGVERSION = '1.20.13';
our $ADMINDIR = '/var/lib/dpkg';

use POSIX;
use File::Find;
use Getopt::Long qw(:config posix_default bundling_values no_ignorecase);

eval q{
    pop @INC if $INC[-1] eq '.';
    use File::FcntlLock;
};
if ($@) {
    fatal('missing File::FcntlLock module; please install libfile-fcntllock-perl');
}

my $opt_noact = length $ENV{DPKG_USRUNMESS_NOACT} ? 1 : 0;
my $opt_prompt = 0;

my @options_spec = (
    'help|?' => sub { usage(); exit 0; },
    'version' => sub { version(); exit 0; },
    'dry-run|no-act|n' => \$opt_noact,
    'prompt|p' => \$opt_prompt,
);

{
    local $SIG{__WARN__} = sub { usageerr($_[0]) };
    GetOptions(@options_spec);
}

# Set a known umask.
umask 0022;

my @aliased_dirs;

#
# Scan all dirs under / and check whether any are aliased to /usr.
#

foreach my $path (glob '/*') {
    debug("checking symlink? $path");
    next unless -l $path;
    debug("checking merged-usr symlink? $path");
    my $symlink = readlink $path;
    next unless $symlink eq "usr$path" or $symlink eq "/usr$path";
    debug("merged-usr breakage, queueing $path");
    push @aliased_dirs, $path;
}

if (@aliased_dirs == 0) {
    print "System is fine, no aliased directories found, congrats!\n";
    exit 0;
}

#
# dpkg consistency checks
#

debug('checking dpkg database consistency');
system(qw(dpkg --audit)) == 0
    or fatal("cannot audit the dpkg database: $!");

debug('checking whether dpkg has been interrupted');
if (glob "$ADMINDIR/updates/*") {
    fatal('dpkg is in an inconsistent state, please fix that');
}

my $aliased_regex = '^(' . join('|', @aliased_dirs) . ')/';

#
# Get a list of all paths (including diversion) under the aliased dirs.
#

my @search_args;
my %aliased_pathnames;
foreach my $dir (@aliased_dirs) {
    push @search_args, "$dir/*";
}

# We also need to track /usr/lib/modules to then be able to compute its
# complement when looking for untracked kernel module files under aliased
# dirs.
my %usr_mod_pathnames;
push @search_args, '/usr/lib/modules/*';

open my $fh_paths, '-|', 'dpkg-query', '--search', @search_args
    or fatal("cannot execute dpkg-query --search: $!");
while (<$fh_paths>) {
    if (m/^diversion by [^ ]+ from: .*$/) {
        # Ignore.
    } elsif (m/^diversion by [^ ]+ to: (.*)$/) {
        if (-e $1) {
            add_pathname($1, 'diverted pathname');
        }
    } elsif (m/^.*: (.*)$/) {
        add_pathname($1, 'pathname');
    }
}
close $fh_paths;

#
# Get a list of all update-alternatives under the aliased dirs.
#

my @selections = qx(update-alternatives --get-selections);
foreach my $selection (@selections) {
    my $name = (split(' ', $selection))[0];
    my $slaves = 0;

    open my $fh_alts, '-|', 'update-alternatives', '--query', $name
        or fatal("cannot execute update-alternatives --query: $!");
    while (<$fh_alts>) {
        if (m/^\s*$/) {
            last;
        } elsif (m/^Link: (.*)$/) {
            add_pathname($1, 'alternative link');
        } elsif (m/^Slaves:\s*$/) {
            $slaves = 1;
        } elsif ($slaves and m/^\s\S+\s(\S+)$/) {
            add_pathname($1, 'alternative slave');
        } else {
            $slaves = 0;
        }
    }
    close $fh_alts;
}

#
# Unfortunately we need to special case untracked kernel module files,
# as these are required for system booting. To reduce potentially moving
# undesired non-kernel module files (such as apache, python or ruby ones),
# we only look for sub-dirs starting with a digit, which should match for
# both Linux and kFreeBSD modules, and also for the modprobe.conf filename.
#

find({
    no_chdir => 1,
    wanted => sub {
        my $path = $_;

        if (exists $aliased_pathnames{$path}) {
            # Ignore pathname already handled.
        } elsif (exists $usr_mod_pathnames{"/usr$path"}) {
            # Ignore pathname owned elsewhere.
        } elsif ($path eq '/lib/modules' or
                 $path eq '/lib/modules/modprobe.conf' or
                 $path =~ m{^/lib/modules/[0-9]}) {
            add_pathname($path, 'untracked modules');
        }
    },
}, '/lib/modules');


my $sroot = '/.usrunmess';
my @relabel;

#
# Create a shadow hierarchy under / for the new unmessed dir:
#

debug("creating shadow dir = $sroot");
mkdir $sroot
    or sysfatal("cannot create directory $sroot");
foreach my $dir (@aliased_dirs) {
    debug("creating shadow dir = $sroot$dir");
    mkdir "$sroot$dir"
        or sysfatal("cannot create directory $sroot$dir");
    chmod 0755, "$sroot$dir"
        or sysfatal("cannot chmod 0755 $sroot$dir");
    chown 0, 0, "$sroot$dir"
        or sysfatal("cannot chown 0 0 $sroot$dir");
    push @relabel, "$sroot$dir";
}

#
# Populate the split dirs with hardlinks or copies of the objects from
# their counter-parts in /usr.
#

foreach my $pathname (sort keys %aliased_pathnames) {
    my (@meta) = lstat $pathname
        or sysfatal("cannot lstat object $pathname for shadow hierarchy");

    if (-d _) {
        my $mode = $meta[2];
        my ($uid, $gid) = @meta[4, 5];
        my ($atime, $mtime, $ctime) = @meta[8, 9, 10];

        debug("creating shadow dir = $sroot$pathname");
        mkdir "$sroot$pathname"
            or sysfatal("cannot mkdir $sroot$pathname");
        chmod $mode, "$sroot$pathname"
            or sysfatal("cannot chmod $mode $sroot$pathname");
        chown $uid, $gid, "$sroot$pathname"
            or sysfatal("cannot chown $uid $gid $sroot$pathname");
        utime $atime, $mtime, "$sroot$pathname"
            or sysfatal("cannot utime $atime $mtime $sroot$pathname");
        push @relabel, "$sroot$pathname";
    } elsif (-f _) {
        debug("creating shadow file = $sroot$pathname");
        copy("/usr$pathname", "$sroot$pathname");
    } elsif (-l _) {
        my $target = readlink "/usr$pathname";

        debug("creating shadow symlink = $sroot$pathname");
        symlink $target, "$sroot$pathname"
            or sysfatal("cannot symlink $target to $sroot$pathname");
        push @relabel, "$sroot$pathname";
    } else {
        fatal("unhandled object type for '$pathname'");
    }
}

#
# Prompt at the point of no return, if the user requested it.
#

if ($opt_prompt) {
    print "Shadow hierarchy created at '$sroot', ready to proceed (y/N)? ";
    my $reply = <STDIN>;
    chomp $reply;

    if ($reply ne 'y' and $reply ne 'yes') {
        print "Aborting migration, shadow hierarchy left in place.\n";
        exit 0;
    }
}

#
# Mark all packages as half-configured so that we can force a mass
# reconfiguration, to trigger any code in maintainer scripts that might
# create files.
#
# XXX: We do this manually by editing the status file.
# XXX: We do this for packages that might not have maintscripts, or might
#      not involve affected directories.
#

debug('marking all dpkg packages as half-configured');
if (not $opt_noact) {
    open my $fh_lock, '>', "$ADMINDIR/lock"
        or sysfatal('cannot open dpkg database lock file');
    my $fs = File::FcntlLock->new(l_type => F_WRLCK);
    $fs->lock($fh_lock, F_SETLKW)
        or sysfatal('cannot get a write lock on dpkg database');

    my $file_db = "$ADMINDIR/status";
    my $file_dbnew = $file_db . '.new';

    open my $fh_dbnew, '>', $file_dbnew
        or sysfatal('cannot open new dpkg database');
    open my $fh_db, '<', $file_db
        or sysfatal('cannot open dpkg database');
    while (<$fh_db>) {
        if (m/^Status: /) {
            s/ installed$/ half-configured/;
        }
        print { $fh_dbnew } $_;
    }
    close $fh_db;
    $fh_dbnew->flush() or sysfatal('cannot flush new dpkg database');
    $fh_dbnew->sync() or sysfatal('cannot fsync new dpkg database');
    close $fh_dbnew or sysfatal('cannot close new dpkg database');

    rename $file_dbnew, $file_db
        or sysfatal('cannot rename new dpkg database');
}

#
# Replace things as quickly as possible:
#

foreach my $dir (@aliased_dirs) {
    debug("making dir backup = $dir.aliased");
    if (not $opt_noact) {
        rename $dir, "$dir.aliased"
            or sysfatal("cannot make backup directory $dir.aliased");
    }

    debug("renaming $sroot$dir to $dir");
    if (not $opt_noact) {
        rename "$sroot$dir", $dir
            or sysfatal("cannot install fixed directory $dir");
    }
}

mac_relabel();

#
# Cleanup backup directories.
#

foreach my $dir (@aliased_dirs) {
    debug("removing backup = $dir.aliased");
    if (not $opt_noact) {
        unlink "$dir.aliased"
            or sysfatal("cannot cleanup backup directory $dir.aliased");
    }
}

my %deferred_dirnames;

#
# Cleanup moved objects.
#

foreach my $pathname (sort keys %aliased_pathnames) {
    my (@meta) = lstat $pathname
        or sysfatal("cannot lstat object $pathname for cleanup");

    if (-d _) {
        # Skip directories as this might be shared by a proper path under the
        # aliased hierearchy. And so that we can remove them in reverse order.
        debug("deferring merged dir cleanup = /usr$pathname");
        $deferred_dirnames{"/usr$pathname"} = 1;
    } else {
        debug("cleaning up pathname = /usr$pathname");
        next if $opt_noact;
        unlink "/usr$pathname"
            or sysfatal("cannot unlink object /usr$pathname");
    }
}

#
# Cleanup deferred directories.
#

debug("cleaning up shadow deferred dir = $sroot");
my $arg_max = POSIX::sysconf(POSIX::_SC_ARG_MAX) // POSIX::_POSIX_ARG_MAX;
my @batch_dirs;
my $batch_size = 0;

foreach my $dir (keys %deferred_dirnames) {
    my $dir_size = length($dir) + 1;
    if ($batch_size + $dir_size < $arg_max) {
        $batch_size += length($dir) + 1;
        push @batch_dirs, $dir;

    } else {
        next;
    }
    next if length $batch_size == 0;

    open my $fh_dirs, '-|', 'dpkg-query', '--search', @batch_dirs
        or fatal("cannot execute dpkg-query --search: $!");
    while (<$fh_dirs>) {
        if (m/^.*: (.*)$/) {
            # If the directory is known by its aliased name, it should not be
            # cleaned up.
            if (exists $deferred_dirnames{$1}) {
                delete $deferred_dirnames{$1};
            }
        }
    }
    close $fh_dirs;

    @batch_dirs = ();
    $batch_size = 0;
}

my @dirs_linger;

if (not $opt_noact) {
    foreach my $dirname (reverse sort keys %deferred_dirnames) {
        next if rmdir $dirname;
        warning("cannot remove shadow directory $dirname: $!");

        push @dirs_linger, $dirname;
    }
}

if (not $opt_noact) {
    debug("cleaning up shadow root dir = $sroot");
    rmdir $sroot
        or warning("cannot remove shadow directory $sroot: $!");
}

#
# Re-configure all packages, so that postinst maintscripts are executed.
#

my $policypath = '/usr/sbin/dpkg-fsys-usrunmess-policy-rc.d';

debug('installing local policy-rc.d');
if (not $opt_noact) {
    open my $policyfh, '>', $policypath
        or sysfatal("cannot create $policypath");
    print { $policyfh } <<'POLICYRC';
#!/bin/sh
echo "$0: Denied action $2 for service $1"
exit 101
POLICYRC
    close $policyfh or fatal("cannot write $policypath");

    my @alt = (qw(/usr/sbin/policy-rc.d policy-rc.d), $policypath, qw(1000));
    system(qw(update-alternatives --install), @alt) == 0
        or fatal("cannot register $policypath");

    system(qw(update-alternatives --set policy-rc.d), $policypath) == 0
        or fatal("cannot select alternative $policypath");
}

debug('reconfiguring all packages');
if (not $opt_noact) {
    local $ENV{DEBIAN_FRONTEND} = 'noninteractive';
    system(qw(dpkg --configure --pending)) == 0
        or fatal("cannot reconfigure packages: $!");
}

debug('removing local policy-rc.d');
if (not $opt_noact) {
    system(qw(update-alternatives --remove policy-rc.d), $policypath) == 0
        or fatal("cannot unregister $policypath: $!");

    unlink $policypath
        or warning("cannot remove $policypath");

    # Restore the selections we saved initially.
    open my $altfh, '|-', qw(update-alternatives --set-selections)
        or fatal('cannot restore alternatives state');
    print { $altfh } $_ foreach @selections;
    close $altfh or fatal('cannot restore alternatives state');
}

print "\n";

if (@dirs_linger) {
    warning('lingering directories that could not be removed:');
    foreach my $dir (@dirs_linger) {
        warning("  $dir");
    }
}

print "Done, hierarchy unmessed, congrats!\n";
print "Rebooting now is very strongly advised.\n";

print "(Note: you might need to run 'hash -r' in your shell.)\n";

1;

##
## Functions
##

sub debug
{
    my $msg = shift;

    print { \*STDERR } "D: $msg\n";
}

sub warning
{
    my $msg = shift;

    warn "warning: $msg\n";
}

sub fatal
{
    my $msg = shift;

    die "error: $msg\n";
}

sub sysfatal
{
    my $msg = shift;

    fatal("$msg: $!");
}

sub copy
{
    my ($src, $dst) = @_;

    # Try to hardlink first.
    return if link $src, $dst;

    # If we are on different filesystems, try a copy.
    if ($! == POSIX::EXDEV) {
        # XXX: This will not preserve hardlinks, these would get restored
        # after the next package upgrade.
        system('cp', '-a', $src, $dst) == 0
            or fatal("cannot copy file $src to $dst: $?");
    } else {
        sysfatal("cannot link file $src to $dst");
    }
}

sub mac_relabel
{
    my $has_cmd = 0;
    foreach my $path (split /:/, $ENV{PATH}) {
        if (-x "$path/restorecon") {
            $has_cmd = 1;
            last;
        }
    }
    return unless $has_cmd;

    foreach my $pathname (@relabel) {
        system('restorecon', $pathname) == 0
            or fatal("cannot restore MAC context for $pathname: $?");
    }
}

sub add_pathname
{
    my ($pathname, $origin) = @_;

    if ($pathname =~ m{^/usr/lib/modules/}) {
        debug("tracking $origin = $pathname");
        $usr_mod_pathnames{$pathname} = 1;
    } elsif ($pathname =~ m/$aliased_regex/) {
        debug("adding $origin = $pathname");
        $aliased_pathnames{$pathname} = 1;
    }
}

sub version()
{
    printf "Debian %s version %s.\n", $PROGNAME, $PROGVERSION;
}

sub usage
{
    printf
'Usage: %s [<option>...]'
    . "\n\n" .
'Options:
  -p, --prompt      prompt before the point of no return.
  -n, --no-act      just check and create the new structure, no switch.
      --dry-run     ditto.
  -?, --help        show this help message.
      --version     show the version.'
    . "\n", $PROGNAME;
}

sub usageerr
{
    my $msg = shift;

    state $printforhelp = 'Use --help for program usage information.';

    $msg = sprintf $msg, @_ if @_;
    warn "$PROGNAME: error: $msg\n";
    warn "$printforhelp\n";
    exit 2;
}

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