Efektivitas Strategi Ta’bir Mushawwar dalam Pembelajaran Bahasa Arab di Madrasah Ibtidaiyah
Keywords:
Arabic; speaking skill; ta’bir mushawwar
Abstract
Speaking proficiency is one of the main skills in Arabic language learning, but fourth grade students of MI TPI Keramat face difficulties in assembling mufradat and practicing active conversation, mainly due to the lack of varied learning strategies. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of the ta'bir mushawwar strategy, which uses picture as a media to facilitate students in constructing sentences and telling stories, in improving Arabic speaking skills. With a quantitative approach and pre-experiment design, this study involved 18 students of class IV-C. Data were collected through tests, observations, and interviews, then analyzed descriptively and N-Gain test. The posttest average was 83.06 (very good category) with 88.9% completeness, and the N-Gain score was 0.6398 which showed effectiveness in the medium category. The ta'bir mushawwar strategy offers a solution in the form of a visual and hands-on learning approach that can significantly improve students' speaking skills and make learning more interesting and interactive.
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#!/bin/sh
# dhclient-script for Linux. Dan Halbert, March, 1997.
# Updated for Linux 2.[12] by Brian J. Murrell, January 1999.
# Modified for Debian. Matt Zimmerman and Eloy Paris, December 2003
# Modified to remove useless tests for antiquated kernel versions that
# this doesn't even work with anyway, and introduces a dependency on /usr
# being mounted, which causes cosmetic errors on hosts that NFS mount /usr
# Andrew Pollock, February 2005
# Modified to work on point-to-point links. Andrew Pollock, June 2005
# Modified to support passing the parameters called with to the hooks. Andrew Pollock, November 2005
# The alias handling in here probably still sucks. -mdz
# wait for given file to be writable
wait_for_rw() {
local file=$1
# Find out whether we are going to mount / rw
exec 9>&0 </etc/fstab
rootmode=rw
while read dev mnt type opts dump pass junk; do
[ "$mnt" != / ] && continue
case "$opts" in
ro|ro,*|*,ro|*,ro,*)
rootmode=ro
;;
esac
done
exec 0>&9 9>&-
# Wait for $file to become writable
if [ "$rootmode" = "rw" ]; then
while ! { : >> "$file"; } 2>/dev/null; do
sleep 0.1
done
fi
}
# update /etc/resolv.conf based on received values
make_resolv_conf() {
local new_resolv_conf
# DHCPv4
if [ -n "$new_domain_search" ] || [ -n "$new_domain_name" ] ||
[ -n "$new_domain_name_servers" ]; then
resolv_conf=$(readlink -f "/etc/resolv.conf" 2>/dev/null) ||
resolv_conf="/etc/resolv.conf"
new_resolv_conf="${resolv_conf}.dhclient-new.$$"
wait_for_rw "$new_resolv_conf"
rm -f $new_resolv_conf
if [ -n "$new_domain_name" ]; then
echo domain ${new_domain_name%% *} >>$new_resolv_conf
fi
if [ -n "$new_domain_search" ]; then
if [ -n "$new_domain_name" ]; then
domain_in_search_list=""
for domain in $new_domain_search; do
if [ "$domain" = "${new_domain_name}" ] ||
[ "$domain" = "${new_domain_name}." ]; then
domain_in_search_list="Yes"
fi
done
if [ -z "$domain_in_search_list" ]; then
new_domain_search="$new_domain_name $new_domain_search"
fi
fi
echo "search ${new_domain_search}" >> $new_resolv_conf
elif [ -n "$new_domain_name" ]; then
echo "search ${new_domain_name}" >> $new_resolv_conf
fi
if [ -n "$new_domain_name_servers" ]; then
for nameserver in $new_domain_name_servers; do
echo nameserver $nameserver >>$new_resolv_conf
done
else # keep 'old' nameservers
sed -n /^\w*[Nn][Aa][Mm][Ee][Ss][Ee][Rr][Vv][Ee][Rr]/p $resolv_conf >>$new_resolv_conf
fi
if [ -f $resolv_conf ]; then
chown --reference=$resolv_conf $new_resolv_conf
chmod --reference=$resolv_conf $new_resolv_conf
fi
mv -f $new_resolv_conf $resolv_conf
# DHCPv6
elif [ -n "$new_dhcp6_domain_search" ] || [ -n "$new_dhcp6_name_servers" ]; then
resolv_conf=$(readlink -f "/etc/resolv.conf" 2>/dev/null) ||
resolv_conf="/etc/resolv.conf"
new_resolv_conf="${resolv_conf}.dhclient-new.$$"
wait_for_rw "$new_resolv_conf"
rm -f $new_resolv_conf
if [ -n "$new_dhcp6_domain_search" ]; then
echo "search ${new_dhcp6_domain_search}" >> $new_resolv_conf
fi
if [ -n "$new_dhcp6_name_servers" ]; then
for nameserver in $new_dhcp6_name_servers; do
# append %interface to link-local-address nameservers
if [ "${nameserver##fe80::}" != "$nameserver" ] ||
[ "${nameserver##FE80::}" != "$nameserver" ]; then
nameserver="${nameserver}%${interface}"
fi
echo nameserver $nameserver >>$new_resolv_conf
done
else # keep 'old' nameservers
sed -n /^\w*[Nn][Aa][Mm][Ee][Ss][Ee][Rr][Vv][Ee][Rr]/p $resolv_conf >>$new_resolv_conf
fi
if [ -f $resolv_conf ]; then
chown --reference=$resolv_conf $new_resolv_conf
chmod --reference=$resolv_conf $new_resolv_conf
fi
mv -f $new_resolv_conf $resolv_conf
fi
}
# set host name
set_hostname() {
if [ -n "$new_host_name" ]; then
local current_hostname=$(hostname)
# current host name is empty, '(none)' or 'localhost' or differs from new one from DHCP
if [ -z "$current_hostname" ] ||
[ "$current_hostname" = '(none)' ] ||
[ "$current_hostname" = 'localhost' ] ||
[ "$current_hostname" = "$old_host_name" ]; then
if [ "$new_host_name" != "$current_host_name" ]; then
hostname "$new_host_name"
fi
fi
fi
}
# run given script
run_hook() {
local script="$1"
local exit_status=0
if [ -f $script ]; then
. $script
exit_status=$?
fi
if [ -n "$exit_status" ] && [ "$exit_status" -ne 0 ]; then
logger -p daemon.err "$script returned non-zero exit status $exit_status"
fi
return $exit_status
}
# run scripts in given directory
run_hookdir() {
local dir="$1"
local exit_status=0
if [ -d "$dir" ]; then
for script in $(run-parts --list $dir); do
run_hook $script
exit_status=$((exit_status|$?))
done
fi
return $exit_status
}
# Must be used on exit. Invokes the local dhcp client exit hooks, if any.
exit_with_hooks() {
local exit_status=$1
# Source the documented exit-hook script, if it exists
if ! run_hook /etc/dhcp/dhclient-exit-hooks; then
exit_status=$?
fi
# Now run scripts in the Debian-specific directory.
if ! run_hookdir /etc/dhcp/dhclient-exit-hooks.d; then
exit_status=$?
fi
exit $exit_status
}
# The 576 MTU is only used for X.25 and dialup connections
# where the admin wants low latency. Such a low MTU can cause
# problems with UDP traffic, among other things. As such,
# disallow MTUs from 576 and below by default, so that broken
# MTUs are ignored, but higher stuff is allowed (1492, 1500, etc).
if [ -z "$new_interface_mtu" ] || [ "$new_interface_mtu" -le 576 ]; then
new_interface_mtu=''
fi
# The action starts here
# Invoke the local dhcp client enter hooks, if they exist.
run_hook /etc/dhcp/dhclient-enter-hooks
run_hookdir /etc/dhcp/dhclient-enter-hooks.d
# Execute the operation
case "$reason" in
### DHCPv4 Handlers
MEDIUM|ARPCHECK|ARPSEND)
# Do nothing
;;
PREINIT)
# The DHCP client is requesting that an interface be
# configured as required in order to send packets prior to
# receiving an actual address. - dhclient-script(8)
# ensure interface is up
ip link set dev ${interface} up
if [ -n "$alias_ip_address" ]; then
# flush alias IP from interface
ip -4 addr flush dev ${interface} label ${interface}:0
fi
;;
BOUND|RENEW|REBIND|REBOOT)
set_hostname
if [ -n "$old_ip_address" ] && [ -n "$alias_ip_address" ] &&
[ "$alias_ip_address" != "$old_ip_address" ]; then
# alias IP may have changed => flush it
ip -4 addr flush dev ${interface} label ${interface}:0
fi
if [ -n "$old_ip_address" ] &&
[ "$old_ip_address" != "$new_ip_address" ]; then
# leased IP has changed => flush it
ip -4 addr flush dev ${interface} label ${interface}
fi
if [ -z "$old_ip_address" ] ||
[ "$old_ip_address" != "$new_ip_address" ] ||
[ "$reason" = "BOUND" ] || [ "$reason" = "REBOOT" ]; then
# new IP has been leased or leased IP changed => set it
ip -4 addr add ${new_ip_address}${new_subnet_mask:+/$new_subnet_mask} \
${new_broadcast_address:+broadcast $new_broadcast_address} \
${new_dhcp_lease_time:+valid_lft $new_dhcp_lease_time} \
${new_dhcp_lease_time:+preferred_lft $new_dhcp_lease_time} \
dev ${interface} label ${interface}
if [ -n "$new_interface_mtu" ]; then
# set MTU
ip link set dev ${interface} mtu ${new_interface_mtu}
fi
# if we have $new_rfc3442_classless_static_routes then we have to
# ignore $new_routers entirely
if [ ! "$new_rfc3442_classless_static_routes" ]; then
# set if_metric if IF_METRIC is set or there's more than one router
if_metric="$IF_METRIC"
if [ "${new_routers%% *}" != "${new_routers}" ]; then
if_metric=${if_metric:-1}
fi
for router in $new_routers; do
if [ "$new_subnet_mask" = "255.255.255.255" ]; then
# point-to-point connection => set explicit route
ip -4 route add ${router} dev $interface >/dev/null 2>&1
fi
# set default route
ip -4 route add default via ${router} dev ${interface} \
${if_metric:+metric $if_metric} >/dev/null 2>&1
if [ -n "$if_metric" ]; then
if_metric=$((if_metric+1))
fi
done
fi
else # RENEW||REBIND
ip -4 addr change ${new_ip_address}${new_subnet_mask:+/$new_subnet_mask} \
${new_broadcast_address:+broadcast $new_broadcast_address} \
${new_dhcp_lease_time:+valid_lft $new_dhcp_lease_time} \
${new_dhcp_lease_time:+preferred_lft $new_dhcp_lease_time} \
dev ${interface} label ${interface}
fi
if [ -n "$alias_ip_address" ] &&
[ "$new_ip_address" != "$alias_ip_address" ]; then
# separate alias IP given, which may have changed
# => flush it, set it & add host route to it
ip -4 addr flush dev ${interface} label ${interface}:0
ip -4 addr add ${alias_ip_address}${alias_subnet_mask:+/$alias_subnet_mask} \
dev ${interface} label ${interface}:0
ip -4 route add ${alias_ip_address} dev ${interface} >/dev/null 2>&1
fi
# update /etc/resolv.conf
make_resolv_conf
;;
EXPIRE|FAIL|RELEASE|STOP)
if [ -n "$alias_ip_address" ]; then
# flush alias IP
ip -4 addr flush dev ${interface} label ${interface}:0
fi
if [ -n "$old_ip_address" ]; then
# flush leased IP
ip -4 addr flush dev ${interface} label ${interface}
fi
if [ -n "$alias_ip_address" ]; then
# alias IP given => set it & add host route to it
ip -4 addr add ${alias_ip_address}${alias_subnet_mask:+/$alias_subnet_mask} \
dev ${interface} label ${interface}:0
ip -4 route add ${alias_ip_address} dev ${interface} >/dev/null 2>&1
fi
;;
TIMEOUT)
if [ -n "$alias_ip_address" ]; then
# flush alias IP
ip -4 addr flush dev ${interface} label ${interface}:0
fi
# set IP from recorded lease
ip -4 addr add ${new_ip_address}${new_subnet_mask:+/$new_subnet_mask} \
${new_broadcast_address:+broadcast $new_broadcast_address} \
${new_dhcp_lease_time:+valid_lft $new_dhcp_lease_time} \
${new_dhcp_lease_time:+preferred_lft $new_dhcp_lease_time} \
dev ${interface} label ${interface}
if [ -n "$new_interface_mtu" ]; then
# set MTU
ip link set dev ${interface} mtu ${new_interface_mtu}
fi
# if there is no router recorded in the lease or the 1st router answers pings
if [ -z "$new_routers" ] || ping -q -c 1 "${new_routers%% *}"; then
# if we have $new_rfc3442_classless_static_routes then we have to
# ignore $new_routers entirely
if [ ! "$new_rfc3442_classless_static_routes" ]; then
if [ -n "$alias_ip_address" ] &&
[ "$new_ip_address" != "$alias_ip_address" ]; then
# separate alias IP given => set up the alias IP & add host route to it
ip -4 addr add ${alias_ip_address}${alias_subnet_mask:+/$alias_subnet_mask} \
dev ${interface} label ${interface}:0
ip -4 route add ${alias_ip_address} dev ${interface} >/dev/null 2>&1
fi
# set if_metric if IF_METRIC is set or there's more than one router
if_metric="$IF_METRIC"
if [ "${new_routers%% *}" != "${new_routers}" ]; then
if_metric=${if_metric:-1}
fi
# set default route
for router in $new_routers; do
ip -4 route add default via ${router} dev ${interface} \
${if_metric:+metric $if_metric} >/dev/null 2>&1
if [ -n "$if_metric" ]; then
if_metric=$((if_metric+1))
fi
done
fi
# update /etc/resolv.conf
make_resolv_conf
else
# flush all IPs from interface
ip -4 addr flush dev ${interface}
exit_with_hooks 2
fi
;;
### DHCPv6 Handlers
# TODO handle prefix change: ?based on ${old_ip6_prefix} and ${new_ip6_prefix}?
PREINIT6)
# ensure interface is up
ip link set ${interface} up
# flush any stale global permanent IPs from interface
ip -6 addr flush dev ${interface} scope global permanent
;;
BOUND6|RENEW6|REBIND6)
if [ "${new_ip6_address}" ]; then
# set leased IP
ip -6 addr replace ${new_ip6_address} \
dev ${interface} scope global valid_lft ${new_max_life} \
preferred_lft ${new_preferred_life}
fi
# update /etc/resolv.conf
if [ "${reason}" = BOUND6 ] ||
[ "${new_dhcp6_name_servers}" != "${old_dhcp6_name_servers}" ] ||
[ "${new_dhcp6_domain_search}" != "${old_dhcp6_domain_search}" ]; then
make_resolv_conf
fi
;;
DEPREF6)
# set preferred lifetime of leased IP to 0
ip -6 addr change ${cur_ip6_address} \
dev ${interface} scope global preferred_lft 0
;;
EXPIRE6|RELEASE6|STOP6)
if [ -z "${old_ip6_address}" ]; then
exit_with_hooks 2
fi
# delete leased IP
ip -6 addr del ${old_ip6_address} \
dev ${interface}
;;
esac
exit_with_hooks 0
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