Efektivitas Strategi Ta’bir Mushawwar dalam Pembelajaran Bahasa Arab di Madrasah Ibtidaiyah
Keywords:
Arabic; speaking skill; ta’bir mushawwar
Abstract
Speaking proficiency is one of the main skills in Arabic language learning, but fourth grade students of MI TPI Keramat face difficulties in assembling mufradat and practicing active conversation, mainly due to the lack of varied learning strategies. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of the ta'bir mushawwar strategy, which uses picture as a media to facilitate students in constructing sentences and telling stories, in improving Arabic speaking skills. With a quantitative approach and pre-experiment design, this study involved 18 students of class IV-C. Data were collected through tests, observations, and interviews, then analyzed descriptively and N-Gain test. The posttest average was 83.06 (very good category) with 88.9% completeness, and the N-Gain score was 0.6398 which showed effectiveness in the medium category. The ta'bir mushawwar strategy offers a solution in the form of a visual and hands-on learning approach that can significantly improve students' speaking skills and make learning more interesting and interactive.
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#!/usr/bin/perl
# deluser -- a utility to remove users from the system
# delgroup -- a utilty to remove groups from the system
my $version = "3.118+deb11u1";
# Copyright (C) 2000 Roland Bauerschmidt <rb@debian.org>
# Based on 'adduser' as pattern by
# Guy Maor <maor@debian.org>
# Ted Hajek <tedhajek@boombox.micro.umn.edu>
# Ian A. Murdock <imurdock@gnu.ai.mit.edu>
# This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
# the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
# (at your option) any later version.
#
# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
# GNU General Public License for more details.
#
# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
# along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
# Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA
####################
# See the usage subroutine for explanation about how the program can be called
####################
use warnings;
use strict;
use Getopt::Long;
use Debian::AdduserCommon;
my $install_more_packages ;
BEGIN {
local $ENV{PERL_DL_NONLAZY}=1;
eval 'use File::Find';
if ($@) {
$install_more_packages = 1;
}
#no warnings "File::Find";
eval 'use File::Temp';
if ($@) {
$install_more_packages = 1;
}
}
BEGIN {
eval 'use Locale::gettext';
if ($@) {
*gettext = sub { shift };
*textdomain = sub { "" };
*LC_MESSAGES = sub { 5 };
}
eval {
require POSIX;
import POSIX qw(setlocale);
};
if ($@) {
*setlocale = sub { return 1 };
}
}
setlocale(LC_MESSAGES, "");
textdomain("adduser");
my $action = $0 =~ /delgroup$/ ? "delgroup" : "deluser";
our $verbose = 1;
my %pconfig = ();
my %config = ();
my $configfile;
my @defaults;
my $force;
unless ( GetOptions ("quiet|q" => sub {$verbose = 0; },
"debug" => sub {$verbose = 2; },
"version|v" => sub { &version(); exit 0; },
"help|h" => sub { &usage(); exit 0;},
"group" => sub { $action = "delgroup";},
"conf=s" => \$configfile,
"system" => \$pconfig{"system"},
"only-if-empty" => \$pconfig{"only_if_empty"},
"remove-home" => \$pconfig{"remove_home"},
"remove-all-files" => \$pconfig{"remove_all_files"},
"backup" => \$pconfig{"backup"},
"backup-to=s" => \$pconfig{"backup_to"},
"force" => \$force
) ) {
&usage;
exit 1;
}
# everyone can issue "--help" and "--version", but only root can go on
dief (gtx("Only root may remove a user or group from the system.\n")) if ($> != 0);
if (!defined($configfile)) {
@defaults = ("/etc/adduser.conf", "/etc/deluser.conf");
} else {
@defaults = ($configfile);
}
# explicitly set PATH, because super (1) cleans up the path and makes deluser unusable;
# this is also a good idea for sudo (which doesn't clean up)
$ENV{"PATH"}="/bin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/usr/sbin";
my @names = ();
my ($user,$group);
######################
# handling of @names #
######################
while (defined(my $arg = shift(@ARGV))) {
if (defined($names[0]) && $arg =~ /^--/) {
dief (gtx("No options allowed after names.\n"));
} else { # it's a username
push (@names, $arg);
}
}
if(@names == 0) {
if($action eq "delgroup") {
print (gtx("Enter a group name to remove: "));
} else {
print (gtx("Enter a user name to remove: "));
}
chomp(my $answer=<STDIN>);
push(@names, $answer);
}
if (length($names[0]) == 0 || @names > 2) {
dief (gtx("Only one or two names allowed.\n"));
}
if(@names == 2) { # must be deluserfromgroup
$action = "deluserfromgroup";
$user = shift(@names);
$group = shift(@names);
} else {
if($action eq "delgroup") {
$group = shift(@names);
} else {
$user = shift(@names);
}
}
undef(@names);
##########################################################
# (1) preseed the config
# (2) read the default /etc/adduser.conf configuration.
# (3) read the default /etc/deluser.conf configuration.
# (4) process commmand line settings
# last match wins
##########################################################
preseed_config (\@defaults,\%config);
foreach(keys(%pconfig)) {
$config{$_} = $pconfig{$_} if ($pconfig{$_});
}
if (($config{remove_home} || $config{remove_all_files} || $config{backup}) && ($install_more_packages)) {
fail (8, gtx("In order to use the --remove-home, --remove-all-files, and --backup features,
you need to install the `perl' package. To accomplish that, run
apt-get install perl.\n"));
}
my ($pw_uid, $pw_gid, $pw_homedir, $gr_gid, $maingroup);
if(defined($user)) {
my @passwd = getpwnam($user);
$pw_uid = $passwd[2];
$pw_gid = $passwd[3];
$pw_homedir = $passwd[7];
$maingroup = $pw_gid ? getgrgid($pw_gid) : "";
}
if(defined($group)) {
#($gr_name,$gr_passwd,$gr_gid,$gr_members) = getgrnam($group);
my @group = getgrnam($group);
$gr_gid = $group[2];
}
# arguments are processed:
#
# $action = "deluser"
# $user name of the user to remove
#
# $action = "delgroup"
# $group name of the group to remove
#
# $action = "deluserfromgroup"
# $user the user to be remove
# $group the group to remove him/her from
if($action eq "deluser") {
&invalidate_nscd();
my($dummy1,$dummy2,$uid);
# Don't allow a non-system user to be deleted when --system is given
# Also, "user does not exist" is only a warning with --system, but an
# error without --system.
if( $config{"system"} ) {
if( ($dummy1,$dummy2,$uid) = getpwnam($user) ) {
if ( ($uid < $config{"first_system_uid"} ||
$uid > $config{"last_system_uid" } ) ) {
printf (gtx("The user `%s' is not a system user. Exiting.\n"), $user) if $verbose;
exit 1;
}
} else {
printf (gtx("The user `%s' does not exist, but --system was given. Exiting.\n"), $user) if $verbose;
exit 0;
}
}
unless(exist_user($user)) {
fail (2,gtx("The user `%s' does not exist.\n"),$user);
}
# Warn in any case if you want to remove the root account
if ((defined($pw_uid)) && ($pw_uid == 0) && (!defined($force))) {
printf (gtx("WARNING: You are just about to delete the root account (uid 0)\n"));
printf (gtx("Usually this is never required as it may render the whole system unusable\n"));
printf (gtx("If you really want this, call deluser with parameter --force\n"));
printf (gtx("Stopping now without having performed any action\n"));
exit 9;
}
# consistency check
# if --backup-to is specified, --backup should be set too
if ($pconfig{"backup_to"}) {
$config{"backup"} = 1;
}
if($config{"remove_home"} || $config{"remove_all_files"}) {
s_print (gtx("Looking for files to backup/remove ...\n"));
my @mountpoints;
open(MOUNT, "mount |")
|| fail (4 ,gtx("fork for `mount' to parse mount points failed: %s\n", $!));
while (<MOUNT>) {
my @temparray = split;
my $fstype = $temparray[4];
my $exclude_fstypes = $config{"exclude_fstypes"};
if (defined($exclude_fstypes)) {
next if ($fstype =~ /$exclude_fstypes/);
}
push @mountpoints,$temparray[2];
}
close(MOUNT) or dief (gtx("pipe of command `mount' could not be closed: %s\n",$!));
my(@files,@dirs);
if($config{"remove_home"} && ! $config{"remove_all_files"}) {
# collect all files in user home
sub home_match {
# according to the manpage
foreach my $mount (@mountpoints) {
if( $File::Find::name eq $mount ) {
s_printf (gtx("Not backing up/removing `%s', it is a mount point.\n"),$File::Find::name);
$File::Find::prune=1;
return;
}
}
foreach my $re ( split ' ', $config{"no_del_paths"} ) {
if( $File::Find::name =~ qr/$re/ ) {
s_printf (gtx("Not backing up/removing `%s', it matches %s.\n"),$File::Find::name,$re);
$File::Find::prune=1;
return;
}
}
push(@files, $File::Find::name)
if(-f $File::Find::name || -l $File::Find::name);
push(@dirs, $File::Find::name)
if(-d $File::Find::name);
} # sub home_match
File::Find::find({wanted => \&home_match, untaint => 1, no_chdir => 1}, $pw_homedir)
if(-d "$pw_homedir");
push(@files, "/var/mail/$user")
if(-e "/var/mail/$user");
} else {
# collect all files on system belonging to that user
sub find_match {
my ($dev,$ino,$mode,$nlink,$uid,$gid);
(($dev,$ino,$mode,$nlink,$uid,$gid) = lstat($_)) &&
($uid == $pw_uid) &&
(
($File::Find::name =~ /^\/proc\// && ($File::Find::prune = 1)) ||
(-f $File::Find::name && push(@files, $File::Find::name)) ||
(-l $File::Find::name && push(@files, $File::Find::name)) ||
(-d $File::Find::name && push(@dirs, $File::Find::name)) ||
(-S $File::Find::name && push(@dirs, $File::Find::name)) ||
(-p $File::Find::name && push(@dirs, $File::Find::name))
);
if ( -b $File::Find::name || -c $File::Find::name ) {
warnf (gtx("Cannot handle special file %s\n"),$File::Find::name);
}
} # sub find_match
File::Find::find({wanted => \&find_match, untaint => 1, no_chdir => 1}, '/');
}
if($config{"backup"}) {
s_printf (gtx("Backing up files to be removed to %s ...\n"),$config{"backup_to"});
my $filesfile = new File::Temp(TEMPLATE=>"deluser.XXXXX", DIR=>"/tmp");
my $filesfilename = $filesfile->filename;
my $backup_name = $config{"backup_to"} . "/$user.tar";
print "backup_name = $backup_name\n";
print $filesfile join("\n",@files);
$filesfile->close();
my $tar = &which('tar');
my $bzip2 = &which('bzip2', 1);
my $gzip = &which('gzip', 1);
my $options = '';
if($bzip2) {
$backup_name = "$backup_name.bz2";
$options = "--bzip2";
} elsif($gzip) {
$backup_name = "$backup_name.gz";
$options = "--gzip";
}
&systemcall($tar, $options, "-cf", $backup_name, "--files-from", $filesfilename);
chmod 0600, $backup_name;
my $rootid = 0;
chown $rootid, $rootid, $backup_name;
unlink($filesfilename);
}
if(@files || @dirs) {
s_print (gtx("Removing files ...\n"));
unlink(@files) if(@files);
foreach(reverse(sort(@dirs))) {
rmdir($_);
}
}
}
s_printf (gtx("Removing user `%s' ...\n"),$user);
my @members = get_group_members($maingroup);
if (@members == 0) {
s_printf (gtx("Warning: group `%s' has no more members.\n"), $maingroup);
}
my $userdel = &which('userdel');
&systemcall($userdel, $user);
&invalidate_nscd();
systemcall('/usr/local/sbin/deluser.local', $user, $pw_uid,
$pw_gid, $pw_homedir) if (-x "/usr/local/sbin/deluser.local");
s_print (gtx("Done.\n"));
exit 0;
}
if($action eq "delgroup") {
&invalidate_nscd();
unless(exist_group($group)) {
printf( gtx("The group `%s' does not exist.\n"),$group) if $verbose;
exit 3;
}
my($dummy,$gid,$members);
if( !(($dummy, $dummy, $gid, $members ) = getgrnam($group)) ) {
fail (4 ,gtx("getgrnam `%s' failed. This shouldn't happen.\n"), $group);
}
if( $config{"system"} &&
($gid < $config{"first_system_gid"} ||
$gid > $config{"last_system_gid" } )) {
printf (gtx("The group `%s' is not a system group. Exiting.\n"), $group) if $verbose;
exit 3;
}
if( $config{"only_if_empty"} && $members ne "") {
fail (5, gtx("The group `%s' is not empty!\n"),$group);
}
setpwent;
while ((my $acctname,my $primgrp) = (getpwent)[0,3]) {
if( $primgrp eq $gr_gid ) {
fail (7, gtx("`%s' still has `%s' as their primary group!\n"),$acctname,$group);
}
}
endpwent;
s_printf (gtx("Removing group `%s' ...\n"),$group);
my $groupdel = &which('groupdel');
&systemcall($groupdel,$group);
&invalidate_nscd();
s_print (gtx("Done.\n"));
exit 0;
}
if($action eq "deluserfromgroup")
{
&invalidate_nscd();
unless(exist_user($user)) {
fail (2, gtx("The user `%s' does not exist.\n"),$user);
}
unless(exist_group($group)) {
fail (3, gtx("The group `%s' does not exist.\n"),$group);
}
if($maingroup eq $group) {
fail (7, gtx("You may not remove the user from their primary group.\n"));
}
my @members = get_group_members($group);
my $ismember = 0;
for(my $i = 0; $i <= $#members; $i++) {
if($members[$i] eq $user) {
$ismember = 1;
splice(@members,$i,1);
}
}
unless($ismember) {
fail (6, gtx("The user `%s' is not a member of group `%s'.\n"),$user,$group);
}
s_printf (gtx("Removing user `%s' from group `%s' ...\n"),$user,$group);
#systemcall("usermod","-G", join(",",@groups), $user );
my $gpasswd = &which('gpasswd');
&systemcall($gpasswd,'-M', join(',',@members), $group);
&invalidate_nscd();
s_print (gtx("Done.\n"));
}
######
sub fail {
my ($errorcode, $format, @args) = @_;
printf STDERR "$0: $format",@args;
exit $errorcode;
}
sub version {
printf (gtx("deluser version %s\n\n"), $version);
printf (gtx("Removes users and groups from the system.\n"));
printf gtx("Copyright (C) 2000 Roland Bauerschmidt <roland\@copyleft.de>\n\n");
printf gtx("deluser is based on adduser by Guy Maor <maor\@debian.org>, Ian Murdock\n".
"<imurdock\@gnu.ai.mit.edu> and Ted Hajek <tedhajek\@boombox.micro.umn.edu>\n\n");
printf gtx("This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at
your option) any later version.
This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
General Public License, /usr/share/common-licenses/GPL, for more details.\n");
}
sub usage {
printf gtx(
"deluser USER
remove a normal user from the system
example: deluser mike
--remove-home remove the users home directory and mail spool
--remove-all-files remove all files owned by user
--backup backup files before removing.
--backup-to <DIR> target directory for the backups.
Default is the current directory.
--system only remove if system user
delgroup GROUP
deluser --group GROUP
remove a group from the system
example: deluser --group students
--system only remove if system group
--only-if-empty only remove if no members left
deluser USER GROUP
remove the user from a group
example: deluser mike students
general options:
--quiet | -q don't give process information to stdout
--help | -h usage message
--version | -v version number and copyright
--conf | -c FILE use FILE as configuration file\n\n");
}
sub exist_user {
my $exist_user = shift;
return(defined getpwnam($exist_user));
}
sub exist_group {
my $exist_group = shift;
return(defined getgrnam($exist_group));
}
# vim:set ai et sts=4 sw=4 tw=0:
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