Efektivitas Strategi Ta’bir Mushawwar dalam  Pembelajaran Bahasa Arab di Madrasah Ibtidaiyah

Nuur Mahmudah; Khairunnisa

doi:10.37850/ibtida'.v5i2.817

Nuur Mahmudah Universitas Islam Negeri Antasari Banjarmasin
Khairunnisa Universitas Islam Negeri Antasari Banjarmasin

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37850/ibtida'.v5i2.817

Keywords: Arabic; speaking skill; ta’bir mushawwar

Abstract

Speaking proficiency is one of the main skills in Arabic language learning, but fourth grade students of MI TPI Keramat face difficulties in assembling mufradat and practicing active conversation, mainly due to the lack of varied learning strategies. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of the ta'bir mushawwar strategy, which uses picture as a media to facilitate students in constructing sentences and telling stories, in improving Arabic speaking skills. With a quantitative approach and pre-experiment design, this study involved 18 students of class IV-C. Data were collected through tests, observations, and interviews, then analyzed descriptively and N-Gain test. The posttest average was 83.06 (very good category) with 88.9% completeness, and the N-Gain score was 0.6398 which showed effectiveness in the medium category. The ta'bir mushawwar strategy offers a solution in the form of a visual and hands-on learning approach that can significantly improve students' speaking skills and make learning more interesting and interactive.

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#!/bin/bash
#
# Copyright (C) 2012-2020 Red Hat, Inc. All rights reserved.
#
# This file is part of LVM2.
#
# This copyrighted material is made available to anyone wishing to use,
# modify, copy, or redistribute it subject to the terms and conditions
# of the GNU General Public License v.2.
#
# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
# along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
# Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA
#
# Author: Peter Rajnoha <prajnoha at redhat.com>
#
# Script for deactivating block devices
#
# Requires:
#   bash >= 4.0 (associative array support)
#   util-linux {
#       lsblk >= 2.22 (lsblk -s support)
#       umount
#   }
#   dmsetup >= 1.02.68 (--retry option support)
#   lvm >= 2.2.89 (activation/retry_deactivation config support)
#

#set -x
shopt -s dotglob nullglob

TOOL=blkdeactivate

DEV_DIR="/dev"
SYS_BLK_DIR="/sys/block"

MDADM="/sbin/mdadm"
MOUNTPOINT="/bin/mountpoint"
MPATHD="/sbin/multipathd"
UMOUNT="/bin/umount"
VDO="/bin/vdo"

sbindir="/sbin"
DMSETUP="$sbindir/dmsetup"
LVM="$sbindir/lvm"

if "$UMOUNT" --help | grep -- "--all-targets" >"$DEV_DIR/null"; then
	UMOUNT_OPTS="--all-targets "
else
	UMOUNT_OPTS=""
	FINDMNT="/bin/findmnt -r --noheadings -u -o TARGET"
	FINDMNT_READ="read -r mnt"
fi
DMSETUP_OPTS=""
LVM_OPTS=""
MDADM_OPTS=""
MPATHD_OPTS=""
VDO_OPTS=""

LSBLK="/bin/lsblk -r --noheadings -o TYPE,KNAME,NAME,MOUNTPOINT"
LSBLK_VARS="local devtype local kname local name local mnt"
LSBLK_READ="read -r devtype kname name mnt"
SORT_MNT="/usr/bin/sort -r -u -k 4"

# Do not show tool errors by default (only done/skipping summary
# message provided by this script) and no verbose mode by default.
ERRORS=0
VERBOSE=0

# Do not unmount mounted devices by default.
DO_UMOUNT=0

# Deactivate each LV separately by default (not the whole VG).
LVM_DO_WHOLE_VG=0
# Do not retry LV deactivation by default.
LVM_CONFIG="activation{retry_deactivation=0}"

# Do not wait for MD RAID device resync, recovery or reshape.
MDRAID_DO_WAIT=0

# Do not disable queueing if set on multipath devices.
MPATHD_DO_DISABLEQUEUEING=0

#
# List of device names and/or VGs to be skipped.
# Device name is the KNAME from lsblk output.
#
# If deactivation of any device fails, it's automatically
# added to the SKIP_DEVICE_LIST (also a particular VG
# added to the SKIP_VG_LIST for a device that is an LV).
#
# These lists provide device tree pruning to skip
# particular device/VG deactivation that failed already.
# (lists are associative arrays!)
#
declare -A SKIP_DEVICE_LIST=()
declare -A SKIP_VG_LIST=()

#
# List of mountpoints to be skipped. Any device that is mounted on the mountpoint
# listed here will be added to SKIP_DEVICE_LIST (and SKIP_VG_LIST) automatically.
# (list is an associative array!)
#
declare -A SKIP_UMOUNT_LIST=(["/"]=1 \
                             ["/lib"]=1 ["/lib64"]=1 \
                             ["/bin"]=1 ["/sbin"]=1 \
                             ["/var"]=1 ["/var/log"]=1 \
                             ["/usr"]=1 \
                             ["/usr/lib"]=1 ["/usr/lib64"]=1 \
                             ["/usr/sbin"]=1 ["/usr/bin"]=1)
# Bash can't properly handle '[' and ']' used as a subscript
# within the '()'initialization - it needs to be done separately!
SKIP_UMOUNT_LIST["[SWAP]"]=1

usage() {
	echo "${TOOL}: Utility to deactivate block devices"
	echo
	echo "  ${TOOL} [options] [device...]"
	echo "    - Deactivate block device tree."
	echo "      If devices are specified, deactivate only supplied devices and their holders."
	echo
	echo "  Options:"
	echo "    -e | --errors                       Show errors reported from tools"
	echo "    -h | --help                         Show this help message"
	echo "    -d | --dmoptions     DM_OPTIONS     Comma separated DM specific options"
	echo "    -l | --lvmoptions    LVM_OPTIONS    Comma separated LVM specific options"
	echo "    -m | --mpathoptions  MPATH_OPTIONS  Comma separated DM-multipath specific options"
	echo "    -r | --mdraidoptions MDRAID_OPTIONS Comma separated MD RAID specific options"
        echo "    -o | --vdooptions    VDO_OPTIONS    Comma separated VDO specific options"
	echo "    -u | --umount                       Unmount the device if mounted"
	echo "    -v | --verbose                      Verbose mode (also implies -e)"
	echo
	echo "  Device specific options:"
	echo "    DM_OPTIONS:"
	echo "      retry           retry removal several times in case of failure"
	echo "      force           force device removal"
	echo "    LVM_OPTIONS:"
	echo "      retry           retry removal several times in case of failure"
	echo "      wholevg         deactivate the whole VG when processing an LV"
	echo "    MDRAID_OPTIONS:"
	echo "      wait            wait for resync, recovery or reshape to complete first"
	echo "    MPATH_OPTIONS:"
	echo "      disablequeueing disable queueing on all DM-multipath devices first"
        echo "    VDO_OPTIONS:"
        echo "      configfile=file use specified VDO configuration file"

	exit
}

add_device_to_skip_list() {
	SKIP_DEVICE_LIST+=(["$kname"]=1)
	return 1
}

add_vg_to_skip_list() {
	SKIP_VG_LIST+=(["$DM_VG_NAME"]=1)
	return 1
}

is_top_level_device() {
	# top level devices do not have any holders, that is
	# the SYS_BLK_DIR/<device_name>/holders dir is empty
	files=$(echo "$SYS_BLK_DIR/$kname/holders/"*)
	test -z "$files"
}

device_umount_one() {
	test -z "$mnt" && return 0

	if test -z "${SKIP_UMOUNT_LIST["$mnt"]}" -a "$DO_UMOUNT" -eq "1"; then
		echo -n "  [UMOUNT]: unmounting $name ($kname) mounted on $mnt... "
		if eval "$UMOUNT" $UMOUNT_OPTS "$(printf "%s" "$mnt")" "$OUT" "$ERR"; then
			echo "done"
		elif "$MOUNTPOINT" -q "$mnt"; then
			echo "skipping"
			add_device_to_skip_list
		else
			echo "already unmounted"
		fi
	else
		echo "  [SKIP]: unmount of $name ($kname) mounted on $mnt"
		add_device_to_skip_list
	fi
}

device_umount() {
	test "$devtype" != "lvm" && test "${kname:0:3}" != "dm-" \
          && test "${kname:0:2}" != "md" && return 0

	# FINDMNT is defined only if umount --all-targets is not available.
	# In that case, read the list of multiple mount points of one device
	# using FINDMNT and unmount it one by one manually.
	if test -z "$FINDMNT"; then
		device_umount_one
	else
		while $FINDMNT_READ; do
			device_umount_one || return 1
		done <<< "$($FINDMNT "$DEV_DIR/$kname")"
	fi

}

deactivate_holders () {
	local skip=1; $LSBLK_VARS

	# Get holders for the device - either a mount or another device.
	# First line on the lsblk output is the device itself - skip it for
	# the deactivate call as this device is already being deactivated.
	while $LSBLK_READ; do
		test -e "$SYS_BLK_DIR/$kname" || continue
		# check if the device not on the skip list already
		test -z "${SKIP_DEVICE_LIST["$kname"]}" || return 1

		# try to deactivate the holder
		test "$skip" -eq 1 && skip=0 && continue
		deactivate || return 1
	done <<< "$($LSBLK "$1")"
}

deactivate_dm () {
	local xname
	xname=$(printf "%s" "$name")
	test -b "$DEV_DIR/mapper/$xname" || return 0
	test -z "${SKIP_DEVICE_LIST["$kname"]}" || return 1

	deactivate_holders "$DEV_DIR/mapper/$xname" || return 1

	echo -n "  [DM]: deactivating $devtype device $xname ($kname)... "
	if eval "$DMSETUP" $DMSETUP_OPTS remove "$xname" "$OUT" "$ERR"; then
		echo "done"
	else
		echo "skipping"
		add_device_to_skip_list
	fi
}

deactivate_lvm () {
	local DM_VG_NAME; local DM_LV_NAME

	eval "$(eval "$DMSETUP" splitname --nameprefixes --noheadings --rows "$name" LVM "$ERR")"
	test -b "$DEV_DIR/$DM_VG_NAME/$DM_LV_NAME" || return 0
	test -z "${SKIP_VG_LIST["$DM_VG_NAME"]}" || return 1

	if test "$LVM_DO_WHOLE_VG" -eq 0; then
		# Skip LVM device deactivation if LVM tools missing.
		test "$LVM_AVAILABLE" -eq 0 && {
			add_device_to_skip_list
			return 1
		}
		# Deactivating only the LV specified
		deactivate_holders "$DEV_DIR/$DM_VG_NAME/$DM_LV_NAME" || {
			add_device_to_skip_list
			return 1
		}

		echo -n "  [LVM]: deactivating Logical Volume $DM_VG_NAME/$DM_LV_NAME... "
		if eval "$LVM" lvchange $LVM_OPTS --config \'log\{prefix=\"\"\} $LVM_CONFIG\' -aln "$DM_VG_NAME/$DM_LV_NAME" "$OUT" "$ERR"; then
			echo "done"
		else
			echo "skipping"
			add_device_to_skip_list
		fi

	else
		# Skip LVM VG deactivation if LVM tools missing.
		test "$LVM_AVAILABLE" -eq 0 && {
			add_vg_to_skip_list
			return 1
		}
		# Deactivating the whole VG the LV is part of
		lv_list=$(eval "$LVM" vgs --config "$LVM_CONFIG" --noheadings --rows -o lv_name "$DM_VG_NAME" "$ERR")
		for lv in $lv_list; do
			test -b "$DEV_DIR/$DM_VG_NAME/$lv" || continue
			deactivate_holders "$DEV_DIR/$DM_VG_NAME/$lv" || {
				add_vg_to_skip_list
				return 1
			}
		done

		echo -n "  [LVM]: deactivating Volume Group $DM_VG_NAME... "
		if eval "$LVM" vgchange $LVM_OPTS --config \'log\{prefix=\"    \"\} $LVM_CONFIG\' -aln "$DM_VG_NAME" "$OUT" "$ERR"; then
			echo "done"
		else
			echo "skipping"
			add_vg_to_skip_list
		fi
	fi
}

deactivate_md () {
	local xname
	xname=$(printf "%s" "$name")
	local sync_action
	test -b "$DEV_DIR/$xname" || return 0
	test -z "${SKIP_DEVICE_LIST["$kname"]}" || return 1

	# Skip MD device deactivation if MD tools missing.
	test "$MDADM_AVAILABLE" -eq 0 && {
		add_device_to_skip_list
		return 1
	}

	deactivate_holders "$DEV_DIR/$xname" || return 1

	echo -n "  [MD]: deactivating $devtype device $kname... "

	test "$MDRAID_DO_WAIT" -eq 1 && {
		sync_action=$(cat "$SYS_BLK_DIR/$kname/md/sync_action")
		test "$sync_action" != "idle" && {
			echo -n "$sync_action action in progress... "
			if eval "$MDADM" $MDADM_OPTS -W "$DEV_DIR/$kname" "$OUT" "$ERR"; then
				echo -n "complete... "
			else
				test $? -ne 1 && echo -n "failed to wait for $sync_action action... "
			fi
		}
	}

	if eval "$MDADM" $MDADM_OPTS -S "$xname" "$OUT" "$ERR"; then
		echo "done"
	else
		echo "skipping"
		add_device_to_skip_list
	fi
}

deactivate_vdo() {
        local xname
        xname=$(printf "%s" "$name")
        test -b "$DEV_DIR/mapper/$xname" || return 0
        test -z "${SKIP_DEVICE_LIST["$kname"]}" || return 1

	# Skip VDO device deactivation if VDO tools missing.
	test "$VDO_AVAILABLE" -eq 0 && {
		add_device_to_skip_list
		return 1
	}

        deactivate_holders "$DEV_DIR/mapper/$xname" || return 1

        echo -n "  [VDO]: deactivating VDO volume $xname... "
        if eval "$VDO" stop $VDO_OPTS --name="$xname" "$OUT" "$ERR"; then
                echo "done"
        else
                echo "skipping"
                add_device_to_skip_list
        fi
}

deactivate () {
	######################################################################
	# DEACTIVATION HOOKS FOR NEW DEVICE TYPES GO HERE!                   #
	#                                                                    #
	# Identify a new device type either by inspecting the TYPE provided  #
	# by lsblk directly ($devtype) or by any other mean that is suitable #
	# e.g. the KNAME provided by lsblk ($kname). See $LSBLK_VARS for     #
	# complete list of variables that may be used. Then call a           #
	# device-specific deactivation function that handles the exact type. #
	#                                                                    #
        # This device-specific function will certainly need to call          #
	# deactivate_holders first to recursively deactivate any existing    #
	# holders it might have before deactivating the device it processes. #
	######################################################################
	if test "$devtype" = "lvm"; then
		deactivate_lvm
        elif test "$devtype" = "vdo"; then
                deactivate_vdo
	elif test "${kname:0:3}" = "dm-"; then
		deactivate_dm
	elif test "${kname:0:2}" = "md"; then
		deactivate_md
	fi
}

deactivate_all() {
	$LSBLK_VARS
	skip=0

	echo "Deactivating block devices:"

	test "$MPATHD_RUNNING" -eq 1 && {
		echo -n "  [DM]: disabling queueing on all multipath devices... "
		eval "$MPATHD" $MPATHD_OPTS disablequeueing maps "$ERR" | grep '^ok$' >"$DEV_DIR/null" && echo "done" || echo "failed"
	}

	if test $# -eq 0; then
		#######################
		# Process all devices #
		#######################

		# Unmount all relevant mountpoints first
		while $LSBLK_READ; do
			device_umount
		done <<< "$($LSBLK | $SORT_MNT)"

		# Do deactivate
		while $LSBLK_READ; do
			# 'disk' is at the bottom already and it's a real device
			test "$devtype" = "disk" && continue

			# if deactivation of any device fails, skip processing
			# any subsequent devices within its subtree as the
			# top-level device could not be deactivated anyway
			test "$skip" -eq 1 && {
				# reset 'skip' on top level device
				if is_top_level_device ; then
					skip=0
				else
					continue
				fi
			}

			# check if the device is not on the skip list already
			test -z "${SKIP_DEVICE_LIST["$kname"]}" || continue

			# try to deactivate top-level device, set 'skip=1'
			# if it fails to do so - this will cause all the
			# device's subtree to be skipped when processing
			# devices further in this loop
			deactivate || skip=1
		done <<< "$($LSBLK -s)"
	else
		##################################
		# Process only specified devices #
		##################################

		while test $# -ne 0; do
			# Unmount all relevant mountpoints first
			while $LSBLK_READ; do
				device_umount
			done <<< "$($LSBLK "$1" | $SORT_MNT)"

			# Do deactivate
			# Single dm device tree deactivation.
			if test -b "$1"; then
				$LSBLK_READ <<< "$($LSBLK --nodeps "$1")"

				# check if the device is not on the skip list already
				test -z "${SKIP_DEVICE_LIST["$kname"]}" || {
					shift
					continue
				}

				deactivate
			else
				echo "$1: device not found"
				return 1
			fi
			shift
		done;
	fi
}

get_dmopts() {
	ORIG_IFS=$IFS; IFS=','

	for opt in $1; do
		case $opt in
			"") ;;
			"retry") DMSETUP_OPTS+="--retry " ;;
			"force") DMSETUP_OPTS+="--force " ;;
			*) echo "$opt: unknown DM option"
		esac
	done

	IFS=$ORIG_IFS
}

get_lvmopts() {
	ORIG_IFS=$IFS; IFS=','

	for opt in $1; do
		case "$opt" in
			"") ;;
			"retry") LVM_CONFIG="activation{retry_deactivation=1}" ;;
			"wholevg") LVM_DO_WHOLE_VG=1 ;;
			*) echo "$opt: unknown LVM option"
		esac
	done

	IFS=$ORIG_IFS
}

get_mdraidopts() {
	ORIG_IFS=$IFS; IFS=','

	for opt in $1; do
		case "$opt" in
			"") ;;
			"wait") MDRAID_DO_WAIT=1 ;;
			*) echo "$opt: unknown MD RAID option"
		esac
	done

	IFS=$ORIG_IFS
}

get_mpathopts() {
	ORIG_IFS=$IFS; IFS=','

	for opt in $1; do
		case "$opt" in
			"") ;;
			"disablequeueing") MPATHD_DO_DISABLEQUEUEING=1 ;;
			*) echo "$opt: unknown DM-multipath option"
		esac
	done

	IFS=$ORIG_IFS
}

get_vdoopts() {
        ORIG_IFS=$IFS; IFS=','

        for opt in $1; do
                case "$opt" in
                        "") ;;
                        configfile=*) tmp=${opt#*=}; VDO_OPTS+="--confFile=${tmp%%,*} " ;;
                        *) echo "$opt: unknown VDO option"
                esac
        done

        IFS=$ORIG_IFS
}

set_env() {
	if test "$ERRORS" -eq "1"; then
		unset ERR
	else
		ERR="2>$DEV_DIR/null"
	fi

	if test "$VERBOSE" -eq "1"; then
		unset OUT
		UMOUNT_OPTS+="-v"
		DMSETUP_OPTS+="-vvvv"
		LVM_OPTS+="-vvvv"
		MDADM_OPTS+="-vv"
		MPATHD_OPTS+="-v 3"
                VDO_OPTS+="--verbose "
	else
		OUT="1>$DEV_DIR/null"
	fi

	if test -f "$LVM"; then
		LVM_AVAILABLE=1
	else
		LVM_AVAILABLE=0
	fi

	if test -f $MDADM; then
		MDADM_AVAILABLE=1
	else
		MDADM_AVAILABLE=0
	fi

        if test -f $VDO; then
                VDO_AVAILABLE=1
        else
                VDO_AVAILABLE=0
        fi

	MPATHD_RUNNING=0
	test "$MPATHD_DO_DISABLEQUEUEING" -eq 1 && {
		if test -f "$MPATHD"; then
			if eval "$MPATHD" show daemon "$ERR" | grep "running" >"$DEV_DIR/null"; then
				MPATHD_RUNNING=1
			fi
		fi
	}
}

while test $# -ne 0; do
	case "$1" in
		"") ;;
		"-e"|"--errors") ERRORS=1 ;;
		"-h"|"--help") usage ;;
		"-d"|"--dmoptions") get_dmopts "$2" ; shift ;;
		"-l"|"--lvmoptions") get_lvmopts "$2" ; shift ;;
		"-m"|"--mpathoptions") get_mpathopts "$2" ; shift ;;
		"-r"|"--mdraidoptions") get_mdraidopts "$2"; shift ;;
                "-o"|"--vdooptions") get_vdoopts "$2"; shift ;;
		"-u"|"--umount") DO_UMOUNT=1 ;;
		"-v"|"--verbose") VERBOSE=1 ; ERRORS=1 ;;
		"-vv") VERBOSE=1 ; ERRORS=1 ; set -x ;;
		*) break ;;
	esac
	shift
done

set_env
deactivate_all "$@"

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