Efektivitas Strategi Ta’bir Mushawwar dalam Pembelajaran Bahasa Arab di Madrasah Ibtidaiyah
Abstract
Speaking proficiency is one of the main skills in Arabic language learning, but fourth grade students of MI TPI Keramat face difficulties in assembling mufradat and practicing active conversation, mainly due to the lack of varied learning strategies. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of the ta'bir mushawwar strategy, which uses picture as a media to facilitate students in constructing sentences and telling stories, in improving Arabic speaking skills. With a quantitative approach and pre-experiment design, this study involved 18 students of class IV-C. Data were collected through tests, observations, and interviews, then analyzed descriptively and N-Gain test. The posttest average was 83.06 (very good category) with 88.9% completeness, and the N-Gain score was 0.6398 which showed effectiveness in the medium category. The ta'bir mushawwar strategy offers a solution in the form of a visual and hands-on learning approach that can significantly improve students' speaking skills and make learning more interesting and interactive.
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#!/bin/sh
# Apply defaults from /etc/gnupg/gpgconf.conf to all users -*- sh -*-
#
# Copyright 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
#
# This file is free software; as a special exception the author gives
# unlimited permission to copy and/or distribute it, with or without
# modifications, as long as this notice is preserved.
#
# This file is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
# WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law; without even the
# implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
PGM=applygnupgdefaults
errorfile=
error () {
echo "$PGM: $*" >&2
[ -n "$errorfile" ] && echo "$PGM: $*" >>$errorfile
}
info () {
echo "$PGM: $*" >&2
}
if [ -n "$1" ]; then
echo "usage: $PGM" >&2
exit 1
fi
# Cleanup on exit
cleanup ()
{
[ -n "$errorfile" -a -f "$errorfile" ] && rm "$errorfile"
}
trap cleanup EXIT SIGINT SIGHUP SIGPIPE
errorfile=$(mktemp "/tmp/$PGM.log.XXXXXX")
[ -n "$errorfile" -a -f "$errorfile" ] || exit 2
# Check whether we can use getent
if getent --help </dev/null >/dev/null 2>&1 ; then
cat_passwd='getent passwd'
else
cat_passwd='cat /etc/passwd'
info "please note that only users from /etc/passwd are processed"
fi
if [ ! -f /etc/gnupg/gpgconf.conf ]; then
error "global configuration file \`/etc/gnupg/gpgconf.conf' does not exist"
exit 1
fi
if [ ! -f /etc/shells ]; then
error "missing file \`/etc/shells'"
exit 1
fi
if [ $(id -u) -ne 0 ]; then
error "needs to be run as root"
exit 1
fi
${cat_passwd} \
| while IFS=: read -r user dmy_a uid dmy_c dmy_d home shell dmy_rest; do
# Process only entries with a valid login shell
grep </etc/shells "^$shell" 2>/dev/null >/dev/null || continue
# and with an pre-existing gnupg home directory
[ -d "$home/.gnupg" ] || continue
# but not root
[ "${uid:-0}" -eq 0 ] && continue
info "running \"gpgconf --apply-defaults\" for $user"
if su -l -s /bin/sh \
-c 'gpgconf --apply-defaults && echo SUCCESS' $user \
| tail -1 | grep ^SUCCESS >/dev/null ; then
:
else
error "failed to update gnupg defaults for $user"
fi
done
[ "$(wc -c <$errorfile)" -gt 0 ] && exit 1
exit 0
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