Efektivitas Strategi Ta’bir Mushawwar dalam  Pembelajaran Bahasa Arab di Madrasah Ibtidaiyah

Nuur Mahmudah; Khairunnisa
doi:10.37850/ibtida'.v5i2.817
Nuur Mahmudah Universitas Islam Negeri Antasari Banjarmasin
Khairunnisa Universitas Islam Negeri Antasari Banjarmasin
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37850/ibtida'.v5i2.817
Keywords: Arabic; speaking skill; ta’bir mushawwar
Abstract

Speaking proficiency is one of the main skills in Arabic language learning, but fourth grade students of MI TPI Keramat face difficulties in assembling mufradat and practicing active conversation, mainly due to the lack of varied learning strategies. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of the ta'bir mushawwar strategy, which uses picture as a media to facilitate students in constructing sentences and telling stories, in improving Arabic speaking skills. With a quantitative approach and pre-experiment design, this study involved 18 students of class IV-C. Data were collected through tests, observations, and interviews, then analyzed descriptively and N-Gain test. The posttest average was 83.06 (very good category) with 88.9% completeness, and the N-Gain score was 0.6398 which showed effectiveness in the medium category. The ta'bir mushawwar strategy offers a solution in the form of a visual and hands-on learning approach that can significantly improve students' speaking skills and make learning more interesting and interactive.
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#!/usr/bin/perl

# adduser: a utility to add users to the system
# addgroup: a utility to add groups to the system

# Copyright (C) 1997, 1998, 1999 Guy Maor <maor@debian.org>
# Copyright (C) 1995 Ted Hajek <tedhajek@boombox.micro.umn.edu>
#                     Ian A. Murdock <imurdock@gnu.ai.mit.edu>
# Bugfixes and other improvements Roland Bauerschmidt <rb@debian.org>
# General scheme of the program adapted by the original debian 'adduser'
#  program by Ian A. Murdock <imurdock@gnu.ai.mit.edu>.
#
#    This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
#    it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
#    the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
#    (at your option) any later version.
#
#    This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
#    but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
#    MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
#    GNU General Public License for more details.
#
#    You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
#    along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
#    Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301  USA
#
#
####################
# See the usage subroutine for explanation about how the program can be called
####################

use warnings;
use strict;
use Debian::AdduserCommon;
use Getopt::Long;


my $version = "3.118+deb11u1";

###################
# return values

use constant RET_OK => 0; # OK
use constant RET_OBJECT_ALREADY_EXISTS => 1; # the user or group does already exist, so the requested action cannot be performed
use constant RET_INVALID_CHARS_IN_NAME => 1; # the provided name contains invalid characters
use constant RET_ADDUSER_ABORTED => 1;  # the program was aborted (eg via Ctrl+C)
use constant RET_INVALID_CALL => 1; # getopt returned with "false"




BEGIN {
    local $ENV{PERL_DL_NONLAZY}=1;
    eval 'use Locale::gettext';
    if ($@) {
	*gettext = sub { shift };
	*textdomain = sub { "" };
	*LC_MESSAGES = sub { 5 };
    }
    eval {
	require POSIX;
	import POSIX qw(setlocale);
    };
    if ($@) {
	*setlocale = sub { return 1 };
    }
    eval {
	require I18N::Langinfo;
	import I18N::Langinfo qw(langinfo YESEXPR NOEXPR);
    };
    if ($@) {
	*langinfo = sub { return shift; };
	*YESEXPR  = sub { "^[yY]" };
	*NOEXPR   = sub { "^[nN]" };
    }
}

setlocale(LC_MESSAGES, "");
textdomain("adduser");
my $yesexpr = langinfo(YESEXPR());

my %config;			# configuration hash

my @defaults = ("/etc/adduser.conf");
my $nogroup_id = getgrnam("nogroup") || 65534;
$0 =~ s+.*/++; 

our $verbose = 1;		# should we be verbose?
my $allow_badname = 0;		# should we allow bad names?
my $ask_passwd = 1;		# ask for a passwd? 
my $disabled_login = 0;		# leave the new account disabled?

our $configfile = undef;
our $found_group_opt = undef;
our $found_sys_opt = undef;
our $ingroup_name = undef;
our $new_firstuid = undef;
our $new_gecos = undef;
our $new_gid = undef;
our $new_lastuid = undef;
our $new_uid = undef;
our $no_create_home = undef;
our $special_home = undef;
our $special_shell = undef;
our $add_extra_groups = 0;

# Global variables we need later
my $existing_user = undef;
my $existing_group = undef;
my $new_name = undef;
my $make_group_also = 0;
my $home_dir = undef;
my $undohome = undef;
my $undouser = undef;
my $undogroup = undef;
my $shell = undef;
my $first_uid = undef;
my $last_uid = undef;
my $dir_mode = undef;
my $perm = undef;

our @names;

# Parse options, sanity checks
unless ( GetOptions ("quiet|q" => sub { $verbose = 0 },
            "force-badname" => \$allow_badname,
	    "help|h" => sub { &usage(); exit RET_OK },
	    "version|v" => sub { &version(); exit RET_OK },
	    "system" => \$found_sys_opt,
	    "group" => \$found_group_opt,
	    "ingroup=s" => \$ingroup_name,
	    "home=s" => \$special_home,
	    "gecos=s" => \$new_gecos,
	    "shell=s" => \$special_shell,
	    "disabled-password" => sub { $ask_passwd = 0 },
	    "disabled-login" => sub { $disabled_login = 1; $ask_passwd = 0 },
	    "uid=i" => \$new_uid,
	    "firstuid=i" => \$new_firstuid,
	    "lastuid=i" => \$new_lastuid,
	    "gid=i" => \$new_gid,
	    "conf=s" => \$configfile,
	    "no-create-home" => \$no_create_home,
            "add_extra_groups" => \$add_extra_groups,
	    "debug" => sub { $verbose = 2 } ) ) {
    &usage();
    exit RET_INVALID_CALL;
}

# everyone can issue "--help" and "--version", but only root can go on
dief (gtx("Only root may add a user or group to the system.\n")) if ($> != 0);

if( defined($configfile) ) { @defaults = ($configfile); }

# detect the right mode
my $action = $0 eq "addgroup" ? "addgroup" : "adduser";
if (defined($found_sys_opt)) {
  $action = "addsysuser" if ($action eq "adduser");
  $action = "addsysgroup" if ($action eq "addgroup");
}

# explicitly set PATH, because super (1) cleans up the path and makes adduser unusable;
# this is also a good idea for sudo (which doesn't clean up)
$ENV{"PATH"}="/bin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/usr/sbin";
$ENV{"IFS"}=" \t\n";

############################
# checks related to @names #
############################


while (defined(my $arg = shift(@ARGV))) {
  push (@names, $arg);
}

if ( (! defined $names[0]) || length($names[0]) == 0 || @names > 2) {
    dief (gtx("Only one or two names allowed.\n"));
}
	    

if (@names == 2) {	# must be addusertogroup
    dief (gtx("Specify only one name in this mode.\n"))
	if ($action eq "addsysuser" || $found_group_opt);
    $action = "addusertogroup";
    $existing_user = shift (@names);
    $existing_group = shift (@names);
}
else { # 1 parameter, must be adduser
    $new_name = shift (@names);
}

###################################
# check for consistent parameters #
###################################

if ($action ne "addgroup" &&
    defined($found_group_opt) +defined($ingroup_name) +defined($new_gid) > 1 ) {
    dief (gtx("The --group, --ingroup, and --gid options are mutually exclusive.\n"));
}


if ((defined($special_home)) && ($special_home !~ m+^/+ )) {
  dief (gtx("The home dir must be an absolute path.\n"));
}
	   
if (defined($special_home) && $verbose) {
    printf gtx("Warning: The home dir %s you specified already exists.\n"),$special_home
      if (!defined($no_create_home) && -d $special_home);
    printf gtx("Warning: The home dir %s you specified can't be accessed: %s\n"), $special_home, $!
      if (defined($no_create_home) && ! -d $special_home);
}


if ($found_group_opt) {
    if ($action eq "addsysuser") {
	$make_group_also = 1;
    }
    elsif ($found_sys_opt) {
	$action = "addsysgroup";
    }
    else {
	$action = "addgroup";
    }
}


$ENV{"VERBOSE"} = $verbose;
$ENV{"DEBUG"}   = $verbose;


# preseed configuration data and then read the config file
preseed_config(\@defaults,\%config);

&checkname($new_name) if defined $new_name;
$SIG{'INT'} = $SIG{'QUIT'} = $SIG{'HUP'} = 'handler';

#####
# OK, we've processed the arguments.  $action equals one of the following,
# and the appropriate variables have been set:
#
# $action = "adduser"
#    $new_name                - the name of the new user.
#    $ingroup_name | $new_gid - the group to add the user to
#    $special_home, $new_uid, $new_gecos - optional overrides
# $action = "addgroup"
#    $new_name                - the name of the new group
#    $new_gid                 - optional override
# $action = "addsysgroup"
#    $new_name                - the name of the new group
#    $new_gid                 - optional override
# $action = "addsysuser"
#    $new_name                - the name of the new user
#    $make_group_also | $ingroup_name | $new_gid | 0  - which group
#    $special_home, $new_uid, $new_gecos - optional overrides
# $action = "addusertogroup"
#    $existing_user           - the user to be added
#    $existing_group          - the group to add her to
#####


#################
## addsysgroup ##
#################
if ($action eq "addsysgroup") {

    # Check if requested group already exists and we can exit safely
    my $ret = existing_group_ok($new_name, $new_gid);

    if ($ret == 3) {
        print STDERR "$0: " if $verbose;
	printf STDERR (gtx("The group `%s' already exists as a system group. Exiting.\n"), $new_name) if $verbose;
	exit RET_OK;
    }

    if ($ret == 1) {
        print STDERR "$0: " if $verbose;
	printf STDERR (gtx("The group `%s' already exists and is not a system group. Exiting.\n"), $new_name);
	exit RET_OBJECT_ALREADY_EXISTS;
    }

    if ($ret == 2) {
        print STDERR "$0: " if $verbose;
	printf STDERR (gtx("The group `%s' already exists, but has a different GID. Exiting.\n"), $new_name);
	exit RET_OBJECT_ALREADY_EXISTS;
    }

    dief (gtx("The GID `%s' is already in use.\n"),$new_gid)
	if (defined($new_gid) && defined(getgrgid($new_gid)));

    if (!defined($new_gid)) {
        $new_gid = &first_avail_gid($config{"first_system_gid"},
				   $config{"last_system_gid"});
        if ($new_gid == -1) {
	    print STDERR "$0: ";
	    printf STDERR gtx("No GID is available in the range %d-%d (FIRST_SYS_GID - LAST_SYS_GID).\n"),$config{"first_system_gid"},$config{"last_system_gid"};
            dief (gtx("The group `%s' was not created.\n"),$new_name);
        }
    }


    printf (gtx("Adding group `%s' (GID %d) ...\n"),$new_name,$new_gid) if $verbose;
    &invalidate_nscd("group");
    my $groupadd = &which('groupadd');
    &systemcall($groupadd, '-g', $new_gid, $new_name);
    &invalidate_nscd("group");
    print (gtx("Done.\n")) if $verbose;
    exit RET_OK;
}


##############
## addgroup ##
##############
if ($action eq "addgroup") {
    dief (gtx("The group `%s' already exists.\n"),$new_name)
	if (defined getgrnam($new_name));
    dief (gtx("The GID `%s' is already in use.\n"),$new_gid)
	if (defined($new_gid) && defined(getgrgid($new_gid)));
    if (!defined($new_gid)) {
        $new_gid = &first_avail_gid($config{"first_gid"},
				   $config{"last_gid"});

        if ($new_gid == -1) {
	    print STDERR "$0: ";
	    printf STDERR gtx("No GID is available in the range %d-%d (FIRST_GID - LAST_GID).\n"),$config{"first_gid"},$config{"last_gid"};
            dief (gtx("The group `%s' was not created.\n"),$new_name);
        }
    }

    printf (gtx("Adding group `%s' (GID %d) ...\n"),$new_name,$new_gid) if $verbose;
    &invalidate_nscd("group");
    my $groupadd = &which('groupadd');
    &systemcall($groupadd, '-g', $new_gid, $new_name);
    &invalidate_nscd("group");
    print (gtx("Done.\n")) if $verbose;
    exit RET_OK;
}


####################
## addusertogroup ##
####################
if ($action eq "addusertogroup") {
    dief (gtx("The user `%s' does not exist.\n"),$existing_user)
	if (!defined getpwnam($existing_user));
    dief (gtx("The group `%s' does not exist.\n"),$existing_group)
	if (!defined getgrnam($existing_group));
    if (&user_is_member($existing_user, $existing_group)) {
	printf gtx("The user `%s' is already a member of `%s'.\n"),
                $existing_user,$existing_group if $verbose;
	exit RET_OK;		# not really an error
    }

    printf gtx("Adding user `%s' to group `%s' ...\n"),$existing_user,$existing_group
	if $verbose;
    &invalidate_nscd();
    my $gpasswd = &which('gpasswd');
    &systemcall($gpasswd, '-a',$existing_user,$existing_group);
    &invalidate_nscd();
    print (gtx("Done.\n")) if $verbose;
    exit RET_OK;
}


################
## addsysuser ##
################
if ($action eq "addsysuser") {
    if (existing_user_ok($new_name, $new_uid) == 1) {

        # a user with this name already exists; it's a problem when it's not a system user
        my $tmp_u = getpwnam($new_name);
        if (($tmp_u >= $config{"first_system_uid"}) and ($tmp_u <= $config{"last_system_uid"})) {
	    printf (gtx("The system user `%s' already exists. Exiting.\n"), $new_name) if $verbose;
            exit RET_OK
        }
	warnf (gtx("The user `%s' already exists, but is not a system user. Exiting.\n"), $new_name);
	exit RET_OBJECT_ALREADY_EXISTS;
    }
    if (existing_user_ok($new_name, $new_uid) == 2) {
	warnf (gtx("The user `%s' already exists with a different UID. Exiting.\n"), $new_name);
	exit RET_OBJECT_ALREADY_EXISTS;
    }

    if (!$ingroup_name && !defined($new_gid) && !$make_group_also) {
      $new_gid = $nogroup_id;
    }
    check_user_group(1);

    if (!defined($new_uid) && $make_group_also) {
	$new_uid = &first_avail_uid($config{"first_system_uid"},
				   $config{"last_system_uid"});
        if ($new_uid == -1) {
	    print STDERR "$0: ";
	    printf STDERR gtx("No UID/GID pair is available in the range %d-%d (FIRST_SYS_UID - LAST_SYS_UID).\n"),$config{"first_system_uid"},$config{"last_system_uid"};
            dief (gtx("The user `%s' was not created.\n"),$new_name);
        }
        $new_gid = &first_avail_gid($config{"first_system_gid"},
	                            $config{"last_system_gid"});
	$ingroup_name = $new_name;
    }
    elsif (!defined($new_uid) && !$make_group_also) {
	$new_uid = &first_avail_uid($config{"first_system_uid"},
				   $config{"last_system_uid"});
        if ($new_uid == -1) {
	    print STDERR "$0: ";
	    printf STDERR gtx("No UID is available in the range %d-%d (FIRST_SYS_UID - LAST_SYS_UID).\n"),$config{"first_system_uid"},$config{"last_system_uid"};
	    dief (gtx("The user `%s' was not created.\n"),$new_name);
        }
        if (defined($new_gid)) { $ingroup_name = getgrgid($new_gid); }
	elsif ($ingroup_name) { $new_gid = getgrnam($ingroup_name); }
	else { dief (gtx("Internal error")); }
    }
    else {
	if (defined($new_gid)) { $ingroup_name = getgrgid($new_gid); }
	elsif ($ingroup_name) { $new_gid = getgrnam($ingroup_name); }
	elsif ($make_group_also){ $new_gid=$new_uid; $ingroup_name=$new_name; }
	else { dief (gtx("Internal error")); }
    }
    printf (gtx("Adding system user `%s' (UID %d) ...\n"),$new_name,$new_uid) if $verbose;

    &invalidate_nscd();
    # if we reach this point, and the group does already exist, we can use it.
    if ($make_group_also && !getgrnam($new_name)) {
	printf (gtx("Adding new group `%s' (GID %d) ...\n"),$new_name,$new_gid) if $verbose;
	$undogroup = $new_name;
       my $groupadd = &which('groupadd');
	&systemcall($groupadd, '-g', $new_gid, $new_name);
	&invalidate_nscd("group");
    }

    printf gtx("Adding new user `%s' (UID %d) with group `%s' ...\n"),$new_name,$new_uid,$ingroup_name
	if $verbose;
    $home_dir = $special_home || &homedir($new_name, $ingroup_name);
    $shell = $special_shell || '/usr/sbin/nologin';
    $undouser = $new_name;
    my $useradd = &which('useradd');
    &systemcall($useradd, '-d', $home_dir, '-g', $ingroup_name, '-s',
		$shell, '-u', $new_uid, $new_name);
    if(!$disabled_login) {
        my $usermod = &which('usermod');
        &systemcall($usermod, '-p', '*', $new_name);
    }
    my $chage = &which('chage');
    print "$chage -M 99999 $new_name\n" if ($verbose > 1);
    # do _not_ use systemcall() here, since systemcall() dies on
    # non-zero exit code and we need to do special handling here!
    if (system($chage, '-M', '99999', $new_name)) {
	if( ($?>>8) ne 15 ) {
	    &cleanup(sprintf((gtx("`%s' returned error code %d. Exiting.\n")), "$chage -M 99999 $new_name", $?>>8))
	      if ($?>>8);
	    &cleanup(sprintf((gtx("`%s' exited from signal %d. Exiting.\n")), "$chage -M 99999 $new_name", $?&255));
	} else {
            printf STDERR (gtx("%s failed with return code 15, shadow not enabled, password aging cannot be set. Continuing.\n"), $chage);
	}
    }
    &invalidate_nscd();

    if(defined($new_gecos)) {
	&ch_gecos($new_gecos);
    }
    create_homedir (0);

    exit RET_OK;
}


#############
## adduser ##
#############
if ($action eq "adduser") {
    if (!$ingroup_name && !defined($new_gid)) {
	if ($config{"usergroups"} =~  /yes/i) { $make_group_also = 1; }
	else { $new_gid = $config{"users_gid"}; }
    }
    check_user_group(0);
    $first_uid = $new_firstuid || $config{"first_uid"};
    $last_uid = $new_lastuid || $config{"last_uid"};
    printf (gtx("Adding user `%s' ...\n"),$new_name) if $verbose;

    if (!defined($new_uid) && $make_group_also) {
	$new_uid = &first_avail_uid($first_uid,
				   $last_uid);
				
        if ($new_uid == -1) {
	    print STDERR "$0: ";
            printf STDERR gtx("No UID/GID pair is available in the range %d-%d (FIRST_UID - LAST_UID).\n"),$first_uid,$last_uid;
	    dief (gtx("The user `%s' was not created.\n"),$new_name);
        }
	$new_gid = &first_avail_gid($config{"first_gid"}, 
	                            $config{"last_gid"});
	$ingroup_name = $new_name;
    }
    elsif (!defined($new_uid) && !$make_group_also) {
	$new_uid = &first_avail_uid($first_uid,
				   $last_uid);
	if ($new_uid == -1) {
	    print STDERR "$0: ";
	    printf STDERR gtx("No UID is available in the range %d-%d (FIRST_UID - LAST_UID).\n"),$config{"first_uid"},$config{"last_uid"};
            dief (gtx("The user `%s' was not created.\n"),$new_name);
        }
	if (defined($new_gid)) { $ingroup_name = getgrgid($new_gid); }
	elsif ($ingroup_name) { $new_gid = getgrnam($ingroup_name); }
	else { dief (gtx("Internal error")); }
    }
    else {
	if (defined($new_gid)) { $ingroup_name = getgrgid($new_gid); }
	elsif ($ingroup_name) { $new_gid = getgrnam($ingroup_name); }
	elsif ($make_group_also){ $new_gid=$new_uid; $ingroup_name=$new_name; }
	else { dief (gtx("Internal error")); }
    }

    &invalidate_nscd();
    if ($make_group_also) {
	printf (gtx("Adding new group `%s' (%d) ...\n"),$new_name,$new_gid) if $verbose;
	$undogroup = $new_name;
        my $groupadd = &which('groupadd');
	&systemcall($groupadd, '-g', $new_gid, $new_name);
	&invalidate_nscd();
    }

    printf gtx("Adding new user `%s' (%d) with group `%s' ...\n"),$new_name,$new_uid,$ingroup_name
	if $verbose;
    $home_dir = $special_home || &homedir($new_name, $ingroup_name);
	$shell = $special_shell || $config{"dshell"};
    $undouser = $new_name;
    my $useradd = &which('useradd');
    &systemcall($useradd, '-d', $home_dir, '-g', $ingroup_name, '-s',
		$shell, '-u', $new_uid, $new_name);
    &invalidate_nscd();

    create_homedir (1); # copy skeleton data

    # useradd without -p has left the account disabled (password string is '!')
    my $yesexpr = langinfo(YESEXPR());
    if ($ask_passwd) {
	for (;;) {
          my $passwd = &which('passwd');
	  # do _not_ use systemcall() here, since systemcall() dies on
	  # non-zero exit code and we need to do special handling here!
          system($passwd, $new_name);
	  my $ok = $?>>8;
	  if ($ok != 0) {
            my $answer;
            # hm, error, should we break now?
	    print (gtx("Permission denied\n")) if ($ok == 1);
	    print (gtx("invalid combination of options\n")) if ($ok == 2);
	    print (gtx("unexpected failure, nothing done\n")) if ($ok == 3);
	    print (gtx("unexpected failure, passwd file missing\n")) if ($ok == 4);
	    print (gtx("passwd file busy, try again\n")) if ($ok == 5);
	    print (gtx("invalid argument to option\n")) if ($ok == 6);
	    
	    # Translators: [y/N] has to be replaced by values defined in your
	    # locale.  You can see by running "locale noexpr" which regular
	    # expression will be checked to find positive answer.
	    print (gtx("Try again? [y/N] "));
	    chop ($answer=<STDIN>);
	    last if ($answer !~ m/$yesexpr/o);
	  }
	  else {
	    last; ## passwd ok
	  }
	}
    } else {
	if(!$disabled_login) {
           my $usermod = &which('usermod');
	    &systemcall($usermod, '-p', '*', $new_name);
	}
    }

    if (defined($new_gecos)) {
	&ch_gecos($new_gecos);
    }
    else {
	my $noexpr = langinfo(NOEXPR());
	for (;;) {
           my $chfn = &which('chfn');
	    &systemcall($chfn, $new_name);
	    # Translators: [y/N] has to be replaced by values defined in your
	    # locale.  You can see by running "locale yesexpr" which regular
	    # expression will be checked to find positive answer.
	    print (gtx("Is the information correct? [Y/n] "));
	    chop (my $answer=<STDIN>);
	    last if ($answer !~ m/$noexpr/o);
	}
    }

    if ( ( $add_extra_groups || $config{"add_extra_groups"} ) && defined($config{"extra_groups"}) ) {
        printf (gtx("Adding new user `%s' to extra groups ...\n"), $new_name);
        foreach my $newgrp ( split ' ', $config{"extra_groups"} ) {
            if (!defined getgrnam($newgrp)) {
                warnf (gtx("The group `%s' does not exist.\n"),$newgrp);
                next;
            }
            if (&user_is_member($new_name, $newgrp)) {
                printf gtx("The user `%s' is already a member of `%s'.\n"),
                        $new_name,$newgrp if $verbose;
                next;

            }

            printf gtx("Adding user `%s' to group `%s' ...\n"),$new_name,$newgrp
                if $verbose;
            &invalidate_nscd();
            my $gpasswd = &which('gpasswd');
            &systemcall($gpasswd, '-M',
                        join(',', get_group_members($newgrp), $new_name),
                        $newgrp);
            &invalidate_nscd();
        }
    }


    if ($config{"quotauser"}) {
	printf (gtx("Setting quota for user `%s' to values of user `%s' ...\n"), $new_name, $config{quotauser});
	my $edquota = &which('edquota');
	&systemcall($edquota, '-p', $config{quotauser}, $new_name);
    }

    &systemcall('/usr/local/sbin/adduser.local', $new_name, $new_uid,
		$new_gid, $home_dir) if (-x "/usr/local/sbin/adduser.local");
    
    exit RET_OK;
}

#
# we never go here
#


# calculate home directory
sub homedir {
    my $dir = $config{"dhome"};
    $dir .= '/' . $_[1] if ($config{"grouphomes"} =~ /yes/i);
    $dir .= '/' . substr($_[0],0,1) if ($config{"letterhomes"} =~ /yes/i);
    $dir .= '/' . $_[0];
    return $dir;
}


# create_homedir -- create the homedirectory
# parameter 
#   1: $copy_skeleton: 
#     if 0  -> don't copy the skeleton data
#     if 1  -> copy the files in /etc/skel to the newly created home directory
# return values:
#   none
sub create_homedir {
  my ($copy_skeleton) = @_;

  if ($no_create_home) {
      printf gtx("Not creating home directory `%s'.\n"), $home_dir if $verbose;
  }
  elsif (-e $home_dir) {
      printf gtx("The home directory `%s' already exists.  Not copying from `%s'.\n"),
      $home_dir,$config{skel} if $verbose && !$no_create_home;
      my @homedir_stat = stat($home_dir);
      my $home_uid = $homedir_stat[4];
      my $home_gid = $homedir_stat[5];
      if (($home_uid != $new_uid) || ($home_gid != $new_gid)) {
	  warnf gtx("Warning: The home directory `%s' does not belong to the user you are currently creating.\n"), $home_dir;
      }
      undef @homedir_stat; undef $home_uid; undef $home_gid;
  }
  else {
      printf gtx("Creating home directory `%s' ...\n"),$home_dir if $verbose;
      $undohome = $home_dir;
      &mktree($home_dir) || &cleanup(sprintf(gtx("Couldn't create home directory `%s': %s.\n"), $home_dir, $!));
      chown($new_uid, $new_gid, $home_dir)
	  || &cleanup("chown $new_uid:$new_gid $home_dir: $!\n");
      $dir_mode = get_dir_mode($make_group_also);
      chmod ($dir_mode, $home_dir) ||
	  &cleanup("chmod $dir_mode $home_dir: $!\n");

      if ($config{"skel"} && $copy_skeleton) {
	  printf gtx("Copying files from `%s' ...\n"),$config{skel} if $verbose;
	  open(my $FIND, "cd $config{skel}; find .  -print |")
	      || &cleanup(sprintf(gtx("fork for `find' failed: %s\n"), $!));
	  while (<$FIND>) {
	      chop;
	      next if ($_ eq ".");
	      next if ($_ =~ qr/$config{skel_ignore_regex}/ );
	      &copy_to_dir($config{"skel"}, $_, $home_dir, $new_uid,
			    $new_gid, ($config{"setgid_home"} =~ /yes/i));
	  }
      }
  }
}

# mktree: create a directory and all parent directories, we don't care about the rights and so on
# parameters:
#   tree: the path 
# return values:
#   none
sub mktree {
    my($tree) = @_;
    my($done, @path);
    my $default_dir_mode = 0755;

    $tree =~ s:^/*(.*)/*$:$1:; # chop off leading & trailing slashes
    @path = split(/\//, $tree);

    $done = "";
    while (@path) {
	$done .= '/' . shift(@path);
	-d $done || mkdir($done, $default_dir_mode) || return 0;
    }
    return 1;
}

# existing_user_ok: check if there's already a user present on the system which satisfies the requirements
# parameter:
#   new_name: the name of the user to check
#   new_uid : the UID of the user
# return values:
#   0 if the the user doesn't exist 
#   1 if the user already exists with the specified uid (or $new_uid wasn't specified)
#   2 if the user already exists, but $new_uid doesn't matches its uid 
sub existing_user_ok {
    my($new_name,$new_uid) = @_;
    my ($dummy1,$dummy2,$uid);
    if (($dummy1,$dummy2,$uid) = getpwnam($new_name)) {
	if( defined($new_uid) && $uid == $new_uid ) {
	    return 1;
	}
	if (! defined($new_uid)) { 
		return 1;
	}
        # TODO: do we really need this code? Range check shouldn't performed here
	if( $uid >= $config{"first_system_uid"} &&
	    $uid <= $config{"last_system_uid" } ) {
		return 2;
	}
    } else {
	return 0;
    }
}

# existing_group_ok: check if there's already a group which satiesfies the requirements
# parameter:
#   new_name: the name of the group
#   new_gid : the UID of the group
# return values:
#   0 if the group doesn't exist
#   1 if the group already exists with the specified gid (or $new_gid wasn't specified)
#   2 if the group already exists, but $new_gid doesn't match its gid 
#   3 if the group already exists inside the system range
sub existing_group_ok {
    my($new_name,$new_gid) = @_;
    my ($dummy1,$dummy2,$gid);
    if (($dummy1,$dummy2,$gid) = getgrnam($new_name)) {

        # TODO: is this check required? There shouldn't be any gid outside of our allowed range anyways ...
	if( $gid >= $config{"first_system_gid"} &&
	    $gid <= $config{"last_system_gid" } ) {
		return 3;
	}
	if (! defined($new_gid)) {
		return 1;
	}
        if ($gid == $new_gid) {
            return 1;
	} else {
            return 2;
        }
    } else {
	return 0;
    }
}



# check_user_group: ???
# parameters:
#   system: 0 if the user isn't a system user, 1 otherwise
# return values:
#   
sub check_user_group {
    my ($system) = @_;
    if( !$system || !existing_user_ok($new_name, $new_uid) ) {
	if( defined getpwnam($new_name) ) {
	    if( $system ) {
		dief (gtx("The user `%s' already exists, and is not a system user.\n"),$new_name);
	    } else {
		dief (gtx("The user `%s' already exists.\n"),$new_name);
	    }
	}
	dief (gtx("The UID %d is already in use.\n"),$new_uid)
	  if (defined($new_uid) && getpwuid($new_uid));
    }
    if ($make_group_also) {
	if( !$system || !existing_group_ok($new_name, $new_uid) ) {
	    dief (gtx("The group `%s' already exists.\n"),$new_name)
	      if (defined getgrnam($new_name));
	    dief (gtx("The GID %d is already in use.\n"),$new_uid)
	      if (defined($new_uid) && defined(getgrgid($new_uid)));
	}
    }
    else {
	dief (gtx("The group `%s' does not exist.\n"),$ingroup_name)
	    if ($ingroup_name && !defined(getgrnam($ingroup_name)));
	dief (gtx("The GID %d does not exist.\n"),$new_gid)
	    if (defined($new_gid) && !defined(getgrgid($new_gid)));
    }
}


# copy_to_dir :
# parameters:
#   fromdir
#   file
#   todir
#   newi
#   newg
#   sgiddir
# return values:
#   none
sub copy_to_dir {
    my($fromdir, $file, $todir, $newu, $newg, $sgiddir) = @_;

    if (-l "$fromdir/$file") {
	my $target=readlink("$fromdir/$file") or &cleanup("readlink: $!\n");
	my $curgid="$)";
	my $curuid="$>";
	my $error="";
	$)="$newg";
	$>="$newu";
	symlink("$target", "$todir/$file") or $error="$!";
        $>="$curuid";
        $)="$curgid";
	if( "$error" ne "" ) {
	    &cleanup("symlink: $!\n");
	}
	return;
    }
    elsif (-f "$fromdir/$file") {
	open (FILE, "$fromdir/$file") || &cleanup("open $fromdir/$file: $!");
	open (NEWFILE, ">$todir/$file") || &cleanup("open >$todir/$file: $!");

	(print NEWFILE <FILE>) || &cleanup("print $todir/$file: $!");
	close FILE;
	close(NEWFILE)  || &cleanup("close $todir/$file ");

    }
    elsif (-d "$fromdir/$file") {
	mkdir("$todir/$file", 700) || &cleanup("mkdir: $!");
    }
    else {
	&cleanup(sprintf((gtx("Cannot deal with %s.\nIt is not a dir, file, or symlink.\n")), "$fromdir/$file"));
    }
    
    chown($newu, $newg, "$todir/$file")
	|| &cleanup("chown $newu:$newg $todir/$file: $!\n");
    $perm = (stat("$fromdir/$file"))[2] & 07777;
    $perm |= 02000 if (-d "$fromdir/$file" && ($perm & 010) && $sgiddir);
    chmod($perm, "$todir/$file") || &cleanup("chmod $todir/$file: $!\n");
}
       

# checkname: perform some sanity checks
# parameters:
#   none
# return values:
#   none (exits on error)
sub checkname {
    my ($name) = @_;
    if ($name !~ /^[_.A-Za-z0-9][-\@_.A-Za-z0-9]*\$?$/) {
	printf STDERR
(gtx("%s: To avoid problems, the username should consist only of
letters, digits, underscores, periods, at signs and dashes, and not start with
a dash (as defined by IEEE Std 1003.1-2001). For compatibility with Samba
machine accounts \$ is also supported at the end of the username\n"), $0);
        exit RET_INVALID_CHARS_IN_NAME;;
    }
    if ($name !~ qr/$config{"name_regex"}/) {
      if ($allow_badname) {
	print (gtx("Allowing use of questionable username.\n")) if ($verbose);
      }
      else {
        printf STDERR
(gtx("%s: Please enter a username matching the regular expression configured
via the NAME_REGEX configuration variable.  Use the `--force-badname'
option to relax this check or reconfigure NAME_REGEX.\n"), $0);
        exit RET_INVALID_CHARS_IN_NAME;
      }
    }
}

# first_avail_uid: return the first available uid in given range
# parameters:
#   min, max: the range
# return values:
#   -1 if no free uid is available
#  otherwise the choosen uid
sub first_avail_uid {
    my ($min, $max) = @_;
    printf (gtx("Selecting UID from range %d to %d ...\n"),$min,$max) if ($verbose > 1);

    my $t = $min;
    while ($t <= $max) {
       return $t if (!defined(getpwuid($t)));
       $t++;
    }
    return -1; # nothing available
}

# first_avail_gid: return the first available gid in given range
# parameters:
#   min, max: the range
# return values:
#   -1 if no free gid is available
#   otherwise the choosen gid
sub first_avail_gid {
    my ($min, $max) = @_;
    printf (gtx("Selecting GID from range %d to %d ...\n"),$min,$max) if ($verbose > 1);

    my $t = $min;
    while ($t <= $max) {
       return $t if (!defined(getgrgid($t)));
       $t++;
    }
    return -1; # nothing available
}

sub ch_gecos {
    my $chfn = &which('chfn');
    my $gecos = shift;
    if($gecos =~ /,/)
      {
	  my($gecos_name,$gecos_room,$gecos_work,$gecos_home,$gecos_other)
	    = split(/,/,$gecos);

	  &systemcall($chfn, '-f', $gecos_name, '-r', $gecos_room, $new_name);
	  &systemcall($chfn,'-w',$gecos_work,$new_name)
	    if(defined($gecos_work));
	  &systemcall($chfn,'-h',$gecos_home,$new_name)
	    if(defined($gecos_home));
	  &systemcall($chfn,'-o',$gecos_other,$new_name)
	    if(defined($gecos_other));
      }
    else
      {
	  &systemcall($chfn, '-f', $gecos, $new_name);
      }
}

# user is member of group?
sub user_is_member {
    my($user, $group) = @_;
    for (split(/ /, (getgrnam($group))[3])) {
	return 1 if ($user eq $_);
    }
    return 0;
}


sub cleanup {
    my ($msg) = @_;
    printf (gtx("Stopped: %s\n"),$msg);
    if ($undohome) {
	printf (gtx("Removing directory `%s' ...\n"),$undohome);
	&systemcall('rm', '-rf', $undohome);
    }
    if ($undouser) {
	printf (gtx("Removing user `%s' ...\n"),$undouser);
	&systemcall('userdel', $undouser);
    }
    if ($undogroup) {
	printf (gtx("Removing group `%s' ...\n"),$undogroup);
	&systemcall('groupdel', $undogroup);
    }
    # do we need to invalidate the nscd cache here, too?
    exit RET_ADDUSER_ABORTED;
}

sub handler {
    my($sig) = @_;
    # Translators: the variable %s is INT, QUIT, or HUP.
    # Please do not insert a space character between SIG and %s.
    &cleanup(sprintf(gtx("Caught a SIG%s.\n"), $sig));
}
    

sub version {
    printf (gtx("adduser version %s\n\n"), $version);
    print gtx("Adds a user or group to the system.
  
Copyright (C) 1997, 1998, 1999 Guy Maor <maor\@debian.org>
Copyright (C) 1995 Ian Murdock <imurdock\@gnu.ai.mit.edu>,
                   Ted Hajek <tedhajek\@boombox.micro.umn.edu>
\n");
    print gtx(
"This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at
your option) any later version.

This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
General Public License, /usr/share/common-licenses/GPL, for more details.
");
}

sub usage {
    printf gtx(
"adduser [--home DIR] [--shell SHELL] [--no-create-home] [--uid ID]
[--firstuid ID] [--lastuid ID] [--gecos GECOS] [--ingroup GROUP | --gid ID]
[--disabled-password] [--disabled-login] [--add_extra_groups] USER
   Add a normal user

adduser --system [--home DIR] [--shell SHELL] [--no-create-home] [--uid ID]
[--gecos GECOS] [--group | --ingroup GROUP | --gid ID] [--disabled-password]
[--disabled-login] [--add_extra_groups] USER
   Add a system user

adduser --group [--gid ID] GROUP
addgroup [--gid ID] GROUP
   Add a user group

addgroup --system [--gid ID] GROUP
   Add a system group

adduser USER GROUP
   Add an existing user to an existing group

general options:
  --quiet | -q      don't give process information to stdout
  --force-badname   allow usernames which do not match the
                    NAME_REGEX configuration variable
  --help | -h       usage message
  --version | -v    version number and copyright
  --conf | -c FILE  use FILE as configuration file\n\n");
}

sub get_dir_mode
  {
      my $setgid = shift;
      # no longer make home directories setgid per default (closes: #64806)
      $setgid = 0 unless $config{"setgid_home"} =~  /yes/i;

      my $dir_mode = $config{"dir_mode"};
      if(!defined($dir_mode) || ! ($dir_mode =~ /[0-7]{3}/ ||
				   $dir_mode =~ /[0-7]{4}/))
	{
	    $dir_mode = $setgid ? 2755 : 0755;
	}
      else
	{
	    $dir_mode = $config{"dir_mode"};
	    if($setgid && (length($dir_mode) == 3 || $dir_mode =~ /^[0-1|4-5][0-7]{3}$/))
	      {
		  $dir_mode += 2000;
	      }
	}
      return oct($dir_mode);
  }

# Local Variables:
# mode:cperl
# cperl-indent-level:4
# End:

# vim:set ai et sts=4 sw=4 tw=0:
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