Efektivitas Strategi Ta’bir Mushawwar dalam  Pembelajaran Bahasa Arab di Madrasah Ibtidaiyah

Nuur Mahmudah; Khairunnisa

doi:10.37850/ibtida'.v5i2.817

Nuur Mahmudah Universitas Islam Negeri Antasari Banjarmasin
Khairunnisa Universitas Islam Negeri Antasari Banjarmasin

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37850/ibtida'.v5i2.817

Keywords: Arabic; speaking skill; ta’bir mushawwar

Abstract

Speaking proficiency is one of the main skills in Arabic language learning, but fourth grade students of MI TPI Keramat face difficulties in assembling mufradat and practicing active conversation, mainly due to the lack of varied learning strategies. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of the ta'bir mushawwar strategy, which uses picture as a media to facilitate students in constructing sentences and telling stories, in improving Arabic speaking skills. With a quantitative approach and pre-experiment design, this study involved 18 students of class IV-C. Data were collected through tests, observations, and interviews, then analyzed descriptively and N-Gain test. The posttest average was 83.06 (very good category) with 88.9% completeness, and the N-Gain score was 0.6398 which showed effectiveness in the medium category. The ta'bir mushawwar strategy offers a solution in the form of a visual and hands-on learning approach that can significantly improve students' speaking skills and make learning more interesting and interactive.

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Current File : /sbin/a2enmod

#!/usr/bin/perl -w
#
# a2enmod by Stefan Fritsch <sf@debian.org>
# Licensed under Apache License 2.0
#
# The coding style is "perltidy -pbp"

use strict;
use Cwd 'realpath';
use File::Spec;
use File::Basename;
use File::Path;
use Getopt::Long;
use 5.014;
no if $] >= 5.017011, warnings => 'experimental::smartmatch';

my $quiet;
my $force;
my $maintmode;
my $purge;

Getopt::Long::Configure('bundling');
GetOptions(
    'quiet|q'     => \$quiet,
    'force|f'     => \$force,
    'maintmode|m' => \$maintmode,
    'purge|p'     => \$purge
) or exit 2;

my $basename = basename($0);
$basename =~ /^a2(en|dis)(mod|site|conf)((?:-.+)?)$/
    or die "$basename call name unknown\n";
my $act        = $1;
my $obj        = $2;
my $dir_suffix = $3;

my @essential_module_list = qw(alias auth_basic authn_file authz_host
    authz_user autoindex deflate dir env filter logio mime negotiation
    setenvif unixd version watchdog);
my $env_file = $ENV{APACHE_ENVVARS};
if (! $env_file) {
    if ($ENV{APACHE_CONFDIR}) {
        $env_file = "$ENV{APACHE_CONFDIR}/envvars";
    }
    else {
        $env_file = "/etc/apache2$dir_suffix/envvars";
    }
}
$ENV{LANG} = 'C';
read_env_file($env_file);

$act .= 'able';
my ( $name, $dir, $sffx, $reload );
if ( $obj eq 'mod' ) {
    $obj    = 'module';
    $dir    = 'mods';
    $sffx   = '.load';
    $reload = 'restart';
}
elsif ( $obj eq 'conf' ) {
    $obj    = 'conf';
    $dir    = 'conf';
    $sffx   = '.conf';
    $reload = 'reload';
}
else {
    $dir    = 'sites';
    $sffx   = '.conf';
    $reload = 'reload';
}
$name = ucfirst($obj);

my $confdir = $ENV{APACHE_CONFDIR} || "/etc/apache2$dir_suffix";
my $availdir = $ENV{ uc("APACHE_${dir}_AVAILABLE") }
    || "$confdir/$dir-available";
my $enabldir = $ENV{ uc("APACHE_${dir}_ENABLED") } || "$confdir/$dir-enabled";
my $statedir = $ENV{ uc("APACHE_STATE_DIRECTORY") } || "/var/lib/apache2";

$statedir .= "/$obj";

my $choicedir = $act eq 'enable' ? $availdir : $enabldir;
my $linkdir = File::Spec->abs2rel( $availdir, $enabldir );

my $request_reload = 0;
my $request_htcacheclean;
my $htc = "apache-htcacheclean$dir_suffix";
my $htc_service = "apache-htcacheclean";  # Service name for systemd
my $apache_service = "apache2";
if (defined($dir_suffix) and $dir_suffix ne '') {
    # Uses '@instance.service' suffix instead of '-instance' suffix
    my $service_suffix = '@' . substr($dir_suffix, 1) . '.service';
    $htc_service .= $service_suffix;
    $apache_service .= $service_suffix;
}
my $rc = 0;

if ( !scalar @ARGV ) {
    my @choices = myglob('*');
    print "Your choices are: @choices\n";
    print "Which ${obj}(s) do you want to $act (wildcards ok)?\n";
    my $input = <>;
    @ARGV = split /\s+/, $input;

}

my @objs;
foreach my $arg (@ARGV) {
    $arg =~ s/${sffx}$//;
    my @glob = myglob($arg);
    if ( !@glob ) {
        error("No $obj found matching $arg!\n");
        $rc = 1;
    }
    else {
        push @objs, @glob;
    }
}

foreach my $acton (@objs) {
    doit($acton) or $rc = 1;
}

my $htcstart = "";
my $apache_reload = "";
my $cmd = ($act eq "enable") ? "start" : "stop";
if (is_systemd()) {
    $htcstart = "  systemctl $cmd $htc_service\n";
    $apache_reload = "  systemctl $reload $apache_service\n";
} else {
    $htcstart = "  service $htc $cmd\n";
    $apache_reload = "  service apache2$dir_suffix $reload\n";
}
info(  "To activate the new configuration, you need to run:\n"
     . $apache_reload
     . ($request_htcacheclean ? $htcstart : "")
) if $request_reload;

exit($rc);

##############################################################################

sub myglob {
    my $arg = shift;

    my @glob = map {
        s{^$choicedir/}{};
        s{$sffx$}{};
        $_
    } glob("$choicedir/$arg$sffx");

    return @glob;
}

sub doit {
    my $acton = shift;

    my ( $conftgt, $conflink );
    if ( $obj eq 'module' ) {
        if ( $act eq 'enable' && $acton eq 'cgi' && threaded() ) {
            print
                "Your MPM seems to be threaded. Selecting cgid instead of cgi.\n";
            $acton = 'cgid';
        }

        $conftgt = "$availdir/$acton.conf";
        if ( -e $conftgt ) {
            $conflink = "$enabldir/$acton.conf";
        }
    }

    my $tgt  = "$availdir/$acton$sffx";
    my $link = "$enabldir/$acton$sffx";

    if ( !-e $tgt ) {
        if ( -l $link && !-e $link ) {
            if ( $act eq 'disable' ) {
                info("removing dangling symlink $link\n");
                unlink($link);

                # force a .conf path. It may exist as dangling link, too
                $conflink = "$enabldir/$acton.conf";

                if ( -l $conflink && !-e $conflink ) {
                    info("removing dangling symlink $conflink\n");
                    unlink($conflink);
                }

                return 1;
            }
            else {
                error("$link is a dangling symlink!\n");
            }
        }

        if ( $purge ) {
            switch_marker( $obj, $act, $acton );
            # exit silently, we are purging anyway
            return 1;
        }

        error("$name $acton does not exist!\n");
        return 0;
    }

    # handle module dependencies
    if ( $obj eq 'module' ) {
        if ( $act eq 'enable' ) {
            my @depends = get_deps("$availdir/$acton.load");
            do_deps( $acton, @depends ) or return 0;

            my @conflicts = get_deps( "$availdir/$acton.load", "Conflicts" );
            check_conflicts( $acton, @conflicts ) or return 0;
        }
        else {
            my @depending;
            foreach my $d ( glob("$enabldir/*.load") ) {
                my @deps = get_deps($d);
                if ( is_in( $acton, @deps ) ) {
                    $d =~ m,/([^/]+).load$,;
                    push @depending, $1;
                }
            }
            if ( scalar @depending ) {
                if ($force) {
                    do_deps( $acton, @depending ) or return 0;
                }
                else {
                    error(
                        "The following modules depend on $acton ",
                        "and need to be disabled first: @depending\n"
                    );
                    return 0;
                }
            }
        }
    }
    elsif ( $act eq 'enable' ) {
        my @depends = get_deps("$availdir/$acton$sffx");
        warn_deps( $acton, @depends ) or return 0;
    }

    if ( $act eq 'enable' ) {
        my $check = check_link( $tgt, $link );
        if ( $check eq 'ok' ) {
            if ($conflink) {

                # handle .conf file
                my $confcheck = check_link( $conftgt, $conflink );
                if ( $confcheck eq 'ok' ) {
                    info("$name $acton already enabled\n");
                    return 1;
                }
                elsif ( $confcheck eq 'missing' ) {
                    print "Enabling config file $acton.conf.\n";
                    add_link( $conftgt, $conflink ) or return 0;
                }
                else {
                    error(
                        "Config file $acton.conf not properly enabled: $confcheck\n"
                    );
                    return 0;
                }
            }
            else {
                info("$name $acton already enabled\n");
                return 1;
            }
        }
        elsif ( $check eq 'missing' ) {
            if ($conflink) {

                # handle .conf file
                my $confcheck = check_link( $conftgt, $conflink );
                if ( $confcheck eq 'missing' ) {
                    add_link( $conftgt, $conflink ) or return 0;
                }
                elsif ( $confcheck ne 'ok' ) {
                    error(
                        "Config file $acton.conf not properly enabled: $confcheck\n"
                    );
                    return 0;
                }
            }

            print "Enabling $obj $acton.\n";
            special_module_handling($acton);
            return add_link( $tgt, $link )
                && switch_marker( $obj, $act, $acton );
        }
        else {
            error("$name $acton not properly enabled: $check\n");
            return 0;
        }
    }
    else {
        if ( -e $link || -l $link ) {
            special_module_handling($acton);
            if ($obj eq 'module' && grep {$_ eq $acton} @essential_module_list) {
                  $force || essential_module_handling($acton);
            }
            remove_link($link);
            if ( $conflink && -e $conflink ) {
                remove_link($conflink);
            }
            switch_marker( $obj, $act, $acton );
            print "$name $acton disabled.\n";
        }
        elsif ( $conflink && -e $conflink ) {
            print "Disabling stale config file $acton.conf.\n";
            remove_link($conflink);
        }
        else {
            info("$name $acton already disabled\n");
            if ( $purge ) {
                switch_marker( $obj, $act, $acton );
            }
            return 1;
        }
    }

    return 1;
}

sub get_deps {
    my $file = shift;
    my $type = shift || "Depends";

    my $fd;
    if ( !open( $fd, '<', $file ) ) {
        error("Can't open $file: $!");
        return;
    }
    my $line;
    while ( defined( $line = <$fd> ) ) {
        chomp $line;
        if ( $line =~ /^# $type:\s+(.*?)\s*$/ ) {
            my $deps = $1;
            return split( /[\n\s]+/, $deps );
        }

        # only check until the first non-empty non-comment line
        last if ( $line !~ /^\s*(?:#.*)?$/ );
    }
    return;
}

sub do_deps {
    my $acton = shift;
    foreach my $d (@_) {
        info("Considering dependency $d for $acton:\n");
        if ( !doit($d) ) {
            error("Could not $act dependency $d for $acton, aborting\n");
            return 0;
        }
    }
    return 1;
}

sub warn_deps {
    my $acton = shift;
    my $modsenabldir = $ENV{APACHE_MODS_ENABLED} || "$confdir/mods-enabled";
    foreach my $d (@_) {
        info("Checking dependency $d for $acton:\n");
        if ( !-e "$modsenabldir/$d.load" ) {
            warning(
                "Module $d is not enabled, but $acton depends on it, aborting\n"
            );
            return 0;
        }
    }
    return 1;
}

sub check_conflicts {
    my $acton    = shift;
    my $haderror = 0;
    foreach my $d (@_) {
        info("Considering conflict $d for $acton:\n");

        my $tgt  = "$availdir/$d$sffx";
        my $link = "$enabldir/$d$sffx";

        my $confcheck = check_link( $tgt, $link );
        if ( $confcheck eq 'ok' ) {
            error(
                "Module $d is enabled - cannot proceed due to conflicts. It needs to be disabled first!\n"
            );

            # Don't return immediately, there could be several conflicts
            $haderror++;
        }
    }

    if ($haderror) {
        return 0;
    }

    return 1;
}

sub add_link {
    my ( $tgt, $link ) = @_;

    # create relative link
    if ( !symlink( File::Spec->abs2rel( $tgt, dirname($link) ), $link ) ) {
        die("Could not create $link: $!\n");
    }
    $request_reload = 1;
    return 1;
}

sub check_link {
    my ( $tgt, $link ) = @_;

    if ( !-e $link ) {
        if ( -l $link ) {

            # points to nowhere
            info("Removing dangling link $link");
            unlink($link) or die "Could not remove $link\n";
        }
        return 'missing';
    }

    if ( -e $link && !-l $link ) {
        return "$link is a real file, not touching it";
    }
    if ( realpath($link) ne realpath($tgt) ) {
        return "$link exists but does not point to $tgt, not touching it";
    }
    return 'ok';
}

sub remove_link {
    my ($link) = @_;

    if ( -l $link ) {
        unlink($link) or die "Could not remove $link: $!\n";
    }
    elsif ( -e $link ) {
        error("$link is not a symbolic link, not deleting\n");
        return 0;
    }
    $request_reload = 1;
    return 1;
}

sub threaded {
    my $result = "";
    $result = qx{/usr/sbin/apache2ctl -V | grep 'threaded'}
        if -x '/usr/sbin/apache2ctl';
    if ( $? != 0 ) {

        # config doesn't work
        if ( -e "$enabldir/mpm_prefork.load" )
        {
            return 0;
        }
        elsif (-e "$enabldir/mpm_worker.load"
            || -e "$enabldir/mpm_event.load" )
        {
            return 1;
        }
        else {
            error("Can't determine enabled MPM");

            # do what user requested
            return 0;
        }
    }
    if ( $result =~ / no/ ) {
        return 0;
    }
    elsif ( $result =~ / yes/ ) {
        return 1;
    }
    else {
        die("Can't parse output from apache2ctl -V:\n$result\n");
    }
}

sub info {
    print @_ if !$quiet;
}

sub error {
    print STDERR 'ERROR: ', @_;
}

sub warning {
    print STDERR 'WARNING: ', @_;
}

sub is_in {
    my $needle = shift;
    foreach my $e (@_) {
        return 1 if $needle eq $e;
    }
    return 0;
}

sub read_env_file {
    my $file = shift;

    -r $file or return;
    my @lines = qx{env - sh -c '. $file && env'};
    if ($?) {
        die "Could not read $file\n";
    }

    foreach my $l (@lines) {
        chomp $l;
        $l =~ /^(.*)?=(.*)$/ or die "Could not parse $file\n";
        $ENV{$1} = $2;
    }
}

sub switch_marker {
    die('usage: switch_marker([module|site|conf], [enable|disable], $name)')
        if @_ != 3;
    my $which = shift;
    my $what  = shift;
    my $name  = shift;

    my $mode = "admin";
    $mode = "maint" if $maintmode;

    #print("switch_marker $which $what $name\n");
    # TODO: get rid of the magic string(s)
    my $state_marker_dir = "$statedir/$what" . "d" . "_by_$mode";
    my $state_marker     = "$state_marker_dir/$name";
    if ( !-d $state_marker_dir ) {
        File::Path::mkpath("$state_marker_dir")
            || error(
            "Failed to create marker directory: '$state_marker_dir'\n");
    }

    # XXX: swap find with perl alternative
    my @markers = qx{find "$statedir" -type f -a -name "$name"};
    chomp(@markers);
    foreach (@markers) {
        unless ( unlink $_ ) {
            error("Failed to remove old marker '$_'!\n") && return 0;
        }
    }
    unless ($purge) {
        qx{touch "$state_marker"};
        if ( $? != 0 ) {
            error("Failed to create marker '$state_marker'!\n") && return 0;
        }
        return 1;
    }
}

sub essential_module_handling {
    my $module = shift;

    print "WARNING: The following essential module will be disabled.\n";
    print "This might result in unexpected behavior and should NOT be done\n";
    print "unless you know exactly what you are doing!\n $module\n\n";
    print "To continue type in the phrase 'Yes, do as I say!' or retry by passing '-f': ";
    my $input = <STDIN>;
    chomp($input);
    if ($input ne 'Yes, do as I say!') {
        print("Aborting\n");
        exit(1)
    }
}

sub special_module_handling {
    my $acton = shift;

    if ($obj ne 'module') {
        return;
    }

    given ($acton) {
        when ('ssl') {
            if ( $act eq 'enable' ) {
                info(  "See /usr/share/doc/apache2/README.Debian.gz on "
                     . "how to configure SSL and create self-signed "
                     . "certificates.\n"
                );
            }
        }
        when ('cache_disk') {
            $request_htcacheclean = 1;
            my $verb = "\u$act";
            my $command;
            $verb =~ s/e$/ing/;
            if (-d "/run/systemd" and -x "/bin/systemctl") {
                info("$verb external service $htc_service\n");
                $command = "systemctl $act $htc_service";
            } else {
                info("$verb external service $htc\n");
                $command = "update-rc.d $htc $act";
            }
            my $res = system($command);
            if ($res == 0) {
                info("The service will be started on next reboot.\n")
                    if $act eq 'enable';
            }
            else {
                warning("'$command' failed\n");
            }

        }
    }
}

sub is_systemd
{
    my $init = readlink("/proc/1/exe") || "";
    return scalar $init =~ /systemd/;
}

# vim: syntax=perl sw=4 sts=4 sr et

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