Efektivitas Strategi Ta’bir Mushawwar dalam  Pembelajaran Bahasa Arab di Madrasah Ibtidaiyah

Nuur Mahmudah; Khairunnisa

doi:10.37850/ibtida'.v5i2.817

Nuur Mahmudah Universitas Islam Negeri Antasari Banjarmasin
Khairunnisa Universitas Islam Negeri Antasari Banjarmasin

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37850/ibtida'.v5i2.817

Keywords: Arabic; speaking skill; ta’bir mushawwar

Abstract

Speaking proficiency is one of the main skills in Arabic language learning, but fourth grade students of MI TPI Keramat face difficulties in assembling mufradat and practicing active conversation, mainly due to the lack of varied learning strategies. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of the ta'bir mushawwar strategy, which uses picture as a media to facilitate students in constructing sentences and telling stories, in improving Arabic speaking skills. With a quantitative approach and pre-experiment design, this study involved 18 students of class IV-C. Data were collected through tests, observations, and interviews, then analyzed descriptively and N-Gain test. The posttest average was 83.06 (very good category) with 88.9% completeness, and the N-Gain score was 0.6398 which showed effectiveness in the medium category. The ta'bir mushawwar strategy offers a solution in the form of a visual and hands-on learning approach that can significantly improve students' speaking skills and make learning more interesting and interactive.

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#!/bin/sh
#
# ufw-init-functions: functions used by ufw-init and distribution initscripts
#
# Copyright 2008-2015 Canonical Ltd.
#
#    This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
#    it under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 3,
#    as published by the Free Software Foundation.
#
#    This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
#    but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
#    MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
#    GNU General Public License for more details.
#
#    You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
#    along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
#
set -e

PATH="/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin"

for s in "${DATA_DIR}/etc/default/ufw" "${DATA_DIR}/etc/ufw/ufw.conf" ; do
    if [ -s "$s" ]; then
        . "$s"
    else
        echo "Could not find $s (aborting)"
        exit 1
    fi
done

RULES_PATH="${DATA_DIR}/etc/ufw"
USER_PATH="${DATA_DIR}/etc/ufw"

flush_builtins() {
    error=""
    execs="iptables"
    if ip6tables -L INPUT -n >/dev/null 2>&1; then
        execs="$execs ip6tables"
    fi

    for exe in $execs
    do
        $exe -F || error="yes"
        $exe -X || error="yes"
        $exe -P INPUT ACCEPT || error="yes"
        $exe -P OUTPUT ACCEPT || error="yes"
        $exe -P FORWARD ACCEPT || error="yes"

        # now handle the mangle table
        if $exe -t mangle -L -n >/dev/null 2>&1; then
            for i in INPUT OUTPUT FORWARD PREROUTING POSTROUTING ; do
                $exe -t mangle -F $i || error="yes"
                $exe -t mangle -P $i ACCEPT || error="yes"
            done
        fi
    done

    # now handle the nat table
    if iptables -t nat -L -n >/dev/null 2>&1; then
        for i in OUTPUT PREROUTING POSTROUTING ; do
            iptables -t nat -F $i || error="yes"
            iptables -t nat -P $i ACCEPT || error="yes"
        done
    fi

    if [ "$error" = "yes" ]; then
        return 1
    fi
}

chains_command() {
    flag="$1"
    type=""
    exe="iptables"
    if [ "$2" = "6" ]; then
        type="$2"
        exe="ip6tables"
    fi

    for c in ufw$type-logging-deny ufw$type-logging-allow ufw$type-not-local ufw$type-user-logging-input ufw$type-user-limit-accept ufw$type-user-limit ufw$type-skip-to-policy-input ufw$type-reject-input ufw$type-after-logging-input ufw$type-after-input ufw$type-user-input ufw$type-before-input ufw$type-before-logging-input ufw$type-skip-to-policy-forward ufw$type-reject-forward ufw$type-after-logging-forward ufw$type-after-forward ufw$type-user-logging-forward ufw$type-user-forward ufw$type-before-forward ufw$type-before-logging-forward ufw$type-track-forward ufw$type-track-output ufw$type-track-input ufw$type-skip-to-policy-output ufw$type-reject-output ufw$type-after-logging-output ufw$type-after-output ufw$type-user-logging-output ufw$type-user-output ufw$type-before-output ufw$type-before-logging-output; do
        if [ "$UFW_INIT_DEBUG" = "yes" ]; then
            echo "$exe $flag $c" >&2
            $exe $flag $c || true
        else
            $exe $flag $c 2>/dev/null || true
        fi
    done
}

delete_chains() {
    chains_command -F $1
    chains_command -Z $1

    # Delete the secondary chains to reduce clutter, but keep the primary ones
    # so that the primary chains don't leave the built-in chains just to come
    # back later in a different place. This means that some (empty) chains will
    # linger until the next boot after disabling ufw.
    for c in ufw$type-logging-deny ufw$type-logging-allow ufw$type-not-local ufw$type-user-logging-input ufw$type-user-logging-output ufw$type-user-logging-forward ufw$type-user-limit-accept ufw$type-user-limit ufw$type-user-input ufw$type-user-forward ufw$type-user-output ufw$type-skip-to-policy-input ufw$type-skip-to-policy-output ufw$type-skip-to-policy-forward ; do
        if [ "$UFW_INIT_DEBUG" = "yes" ]; then
            echo "$exe $flag $c" >&2
            $exe -X $c || true
        else
            $exe -X $c 2>/dev/null || true
        fi
    done
}

ufw_start() {
    out=""
    if [ "$ENABLED" = "yes" ] || [ "$ENABLED" = "YES" ]; then
        if iptables -L ufw-user-input -n >/dev/null 2>&1 ; then
            echo "Firewall already started, use 'force-reload'"
            return 0
        fi
        for m in $IPT_MODULES
        do
            modprobe $m || true
        done

        if [ "$MANAGE_BUILTINS" = "yes" ]; then
            flush_builtins
        fi

        if [ -x "$RULES_PATH/before.init" ]; then
            if ! "$RULES_PATH/before.init" start ; then
                error="yes"
                out="${out}\n'$RULES_PATH/before.init start' exited with error"
            fi
        fi

        execs="iptables"

        # IPv6 setup
        if [ "$IPV6" = "yes" ] || [ "$IPV6" = "YES" ]; then
            if ip6tables -L INPUT -n >/dev/null 2>&1; then
                execs="$execs ip6tables"
            else
                out="${out}\nProblem loading ipv6 (skipping)"
            fi
        else
            if ip6tables -L INPUT -n >/dev/null 2>&1; then
                # IPv6 support disabled but available in the kernel, so
                # default DROP and accept all on loopback
                delete_chains 6 || error="yes"

                printf "*filter\n"\
":INPUT DROP [0:0]\n"\
":FORWARD DROP [0:0]\n"\
":OUTPUT DROP [0:0]\n"\
"-A INPUT -i lo -j ACCEPT\n"\
"-A OUTPUT -o lo -j ACCEPT\n"\
"COMMIT\n" | ip6tables-restore || error="yes"

                if [ "$error" = "yes" ]; then
                    out="${out}\nProblem loading ipv6 (skipping)"
                fi
            fi
        fi

        for exe in $execs
        do
            type=""
            if [ "$exe" = "ip6tables" ]; then
                type="6"
            fi
            BEFORE_RULES="$RULES_PATH/before${type}.rules"
            AFTER_RULES="$RULES_PATH/after${type}.rules"
            USER_RULES="$USER_PATH/user${type}.rules"

            # set the default policy
            input_pol="$DEFAULT_INPUT_POLICY"
            if [ "$DEFAULT_INPUT_POLICY" = "REJECT" ]; then
                input_pol="DROP"
            fi

            output_pol="$DEFAULT_OUTPUT_POLICY"
            if [ "$DEFAULT_OUTPUT_POLICY" = "REJECT" ]; then
                output_pol="DROP"
            fi

            forward_pol="$DEFAULT_FORWARD_POLICY"
            if [ "$DEFAULT_FORWARD_POLICY" = "REJECT" ]; then
                forward_pol="DROP"
            fi

            printf "*filter\n"\
"# builtin chains\n"\
":INPUT %s [0:0]\n"\
":FORWARD %s [0:0]\n"\
":OUTPUT %s [0:0]\n"\
"COMMIT\n" $input_pol $forward_pol $output_pol | $exe-restore -n || error="yes"

            # flush the chains (if they exist)
            if $exe -L ufw${type}-before-logging-input -n >/dev/null 2>&1 ; then
                delete_chains $type || error="yes"
            else
                # setup all the primary chains
                printf "*filter\n"\
"# primary chains\n"\
":ufw${type}-before-logging-input - [0:0]\n"\
":ufw${type}-before-logging-output - [0:0]\n"\
":ufw${type}-before-logging-forward - [0:0]\n"\
":ufw${type}-before-input - [0:0]\n"\
":ufw${type}-before-output - [0:0]\n"\
":ufw${type}-before-forward - [0:0]\n"\
":ufw${type}-after-input - [0:0]\n"\
":ufw${type}-after-output - [0:0]\n"\
":ufw${type}-after-forward - [0:0]\n"\
":ufw${type}-after-logging-input - [0:0]\n"\
":ufw${type}-after-logging-output - [0:0]\n"\
":ufw${type}-after-logging-forward - [0:0]\n"\
":ufw${type}-reject-input - [0:0]\n"\
":ufw${type}-reject-output - [0:0]\n"\
":ufw${type}-reject-forward - [0:0]\n"\
":ufw${type}-track-input - [0:0]\n"\
":ufw${type}-track-output - [0:0]\n"\
":ufw${type}-track-forward - [0:0]\n"\
"\n"\
"-A INPUT -j ufw${type}-before-logging-input\n"\
"-A INPUT -j ufw${type}-before-input\n"\
"-A INPUT -j ufw${type}-after-input\n"\
"-A INPUT -j ufw${type}-after-logging-input\n"\
"-A INPUT -j ufw${type}-reject-input\n"\
"-A INPUT -j ufw${type}-track-input\n"\
"\n"\
"-A OUTPUT -j ufw${type}-before-logging-output\n"\
"-A OUTPUT -j ufw${type}-before-output\n"\
"-A OUTPUT -j ufw${type}-after-output\n"\
"-A OUTPUT -j ufw${type}-after-logging-output\n"\
"-A OUTPUT -j ufw${type}-reject-output\n"\
"-A OUTPUT -j ufw${type}-track-output\n"\
"\n"\
"-A FORWARD -j ufw${type}-before-logging-forward\n"\
"-A FORWARD -j ufw${type}-before-forward\n"\
"-A FORWARD -j ufw${type}-after-forward\n"\
"-A FORWARD -j ufw${type}-after-logging-forward\n"\
"-A FORWARD -j ufw${type}-reject-forward\n"\
"-A FORWARD -j ufw${type}-track-forward\n"\
"COMMIT\n" | $exe-restore -n || error="yes"
            fi

            # add reject policy
            if [ "$DEFAULT_INPUT_POLICY" = "REJECT" ]; then
                printf "*filter\n"\
"-A ufw${type}-reject-input -j REJECT\n"\
"COMMIT\n" | $exe-restore -n || error="yes"
            fi
            if [ "$DEFAULT_OUTPUT_POLICY" = "REJECT" ]; then
                printf "*filter\n"\
"-A ufw${type}-reject-output -j REJECT\n"\
"COMMIT\n" | $exe-restore -n || error="yes"
            fi
            if [ "$DEFAULT_FORWARD_POLICY" = "REJECT" ]; then
                printf "*filter\n"\
"-A ufw${type}-reject-forward -j REJECT\n"\
"COMMIT\n" | $exe-restore -n || error="yes"
            fi

            # add tracking policy
            if [ "$DEFAULT_INPUT_POLICY" = "ACCEPT" ]; then
                printf "*filter\n"\
"-A ufw${type}-track-input -p tcp -m conntrack --ctstate NEW -j ACCEPT\n"\
"-A ufw${type}-track-input -p udp -m conntrack --ctstate NEW -j ACCEPT\n"\
"COMMIT\n" | $exe-restore -n || error="yes"
            fi

            if [ "$DEFAULT_OUTPUT_POLICY" = "ACCEPT" ]; then
                printf "*filter\n"\
"-A ufw${type}-track-output -p tcp -m conntrack --ctstate NEW -j ACCEPT\n"\
"-A ufw${type}-track-output -p udp -m conntrack --ctstate NEW -j ACCEPT\n"\
"COMMIT\n" | $exe-restore -n || error="yes"
            fi

            if [ "$DEFAULT_FORWARD_POLICY" = "ACCEPT" ]; then
                printf "*filter\n"\
"-A ufw${type}-track-forward -p tcp -m conntrack --ctstate NEW -j ACCEPT\n"\
"-A ufw${type}-track-forward -p udp -m conntrack --ctstate NEW -j ACCEPT\n"\
"COMMIT\n" | $exe-restore -n || error="yes"
            fi

            # now setup the secondary 'logging-deny' chains
            if ! $exe -L ufw${type}-logging-deny -n >/dev/null 2>&1 ; then
                printf "*filter\n"\
":ufw${type}-logging-deny - [0:0]\n"\
":ufw${type}-logging-allow - [0:0]\n"\
"COMMIT\n" | $exe-restore -n || error="yes"
            fi

            # now setup the secondary 'skip to policy' chains
            if ! $exe -L ufw${type}-skip-to-policy-input -n >/dev/null 2>&1 ; then
                printf "*filter\n"\
":ufw${type}-skip-to-policy-input - [0:0]\n"\
":ufw${type}-skip-to-policy-output - [0:0]\n"\
":ufw${type}-skip-to-policy-forward - [0:0]\n"\
"-A ufw${type}-skip-to-policy-input -j %s\n"\
"-A ufw${type}-skip-to-policy-output -j %s\n"\
"-A ufw${type}-skip-to-policy-forward -j %s\n"\
"COMMIT\n" $DEFAULT_INPUT_POLICY $DEFAULT_OUTPUT_POLICY $DEFAULT_FORWARD_POLICY | $exe-restore -n || error="yes"
            fi

            # now ip[6]tables-restore before*.rules. This resets the following
            # chains:
            #   ufw-before-input
            #   ufw-before-output
            #   ufw-before-forward
            #
            # and sets the following:
            #   ufw-not-local
            if [ -s "$BEFORE_RULES" ]; then
                if ! $exe-restore -n < "$BEFORE_RULES" ; then
                    out="${out}\nProblem running '$BEFORE_RULES'"
                    error="yes"
                fi
            else
                out="${out}\nCouldn't find '$BEFORE_RULES'"
                error="yes"
            fi

            # now ip[6]tables-restore after*.rules. This resets the following
            # chains:
            #   ufw-after-input
            #   ufw-after-output
            #   ufw-after-forward
            if [ -s "$AFTER_RULES" ]; then
                if ! $exe-restore -n < "$AFTER_RULES" ; then
                    out="${out}\nProblem running '$AFTER_RULES'"
                    error="yes"
                fi
            else
                out="${out}\nCouldn't find '$AFTER_RULES'"
                error="yes"
            fi

            # user chains
            if [ -s "$USER_RULES" ]; then
                # setup the secondary 'user' chains
                if ! $exe -L ufw${type}-user-input -n >/dev/null 2>&1 ; then
                    printf "*filter\n"\
":ufw${type}-user-input - [0:0]\n"\
":ufw${type}-user-output - [0:0]\n"\
":ufw${type}-user-forward - [0:0]\n"\
":ufw${type}-user-logging-input - [0:0]\n"\
":ufw${type}-user-logging-output - [0:0]\n"\
":ufw${type}-user-logging-forward - [0:0]\n"\
":ufw${type}-user-limit - [0:0]\n"\
":ufw${type}-user-limit-accept - [0:0]\n"\
"COMMIT\n" | $exe-restore -n || error="yes"
                fi

                # now ip[6]tables-restore user*.rules. This resets the following
                # chains:
                #   ufw-before-logging-input
                #   ufw-before-logging-output
                #   ufw-before-logging-forward
                #   ufw-after-logging-input
                #   ufw-after-logging-output
                #   ufw-after-logging-forward
                #   ufw-logging-deny
                #   ufw-logging-allow
                #   ufw-after-input
                #   ufw-after-output
                #   ufw-after-forward
                #   ufw-user-limit
                #   ufw-user-limit-accept
                if ! $exe-restore -n < "$USER_RULES" ; then
                    out="${out}\nProblem running '$USER_RULES'"
                    error="yes"
                fi

                # now hooks these into the primary chains
                printf "*filter\n"\
"-A ufw${type}-before-input -j ufw${type}-user-input\n"\
"-A ufw${type}-before-output -j ufw${type}-user-output\n"\
"-A ufw${type}-before-forward -j ufw${type}-user-forward\n"\
"COMMIT\n" | $exe-restore -n || error="yes"
            else
                out="${out}\nCouldn't find '$USER_RULES'"
                error="yes"
            fi
        done

        if [ ! -z "$IPT_SYSCTL" ] && [ -s "$IPT_SYSCTL" ]; then
            sysctl -e -q -p $IPT_SYSCTL || true
        fi

        if [ -x "$RULES_PATH/after.init" ]; then
            if ! "$RULES_PATH/after.init" start ; then
                error="yes"
                out="${out}\n'$RULES_PATH/after.init start' exited with error"
            fi
        fi

        if [ "$error" = "yes" ]; then
            /bin/echo -e "$out"
            return 1
        fi
    else
        out="Skip starting firewall: ufw (not enabled)"
    fi
    if [ ! -z "$out" ]; then
        /bin/echo -e "$out"
    fi
}

ufw_stop() {
    if [ "$1" != "--force" ] && [ "$ENABLED" != "yes" ] && [ "$ENABLED" != "YES" ]; then
        echo "Skip stopping firewall: ufw (not enabled)"
        return 0
    fi

    error=""

    if [ -x "$RULES_PATH/before.init" ]; then
        if ! "$RULES_PATH/before.init" stop ; then
            error="yes"
            out="${out}\n'$RULES_PATH/before.init stop' exited with error"
        fi
    fi

    # If we manage the builtins, just return
    if [ "$MANAGE_BUILTINS" = "yes" ]; then
        flush_builtins || error="yes"
        if [ -x "$RULES_PATH/after.init" ]; then
            "$RULES_PATH/after.init" stop || error="yes"
        fi
        if [ "$error" = "yes" ]; then
            return 1
        fi
        return 0
    fi

    execs="iptables"
    if ip6tables -L INPUT -n >/dev/null 2>&1; then
        execs="$execs ip6tables"
    fi

    for exe in $execs
    do
        type=""
        if [ "$exe" = "ip6tables" ]; then
            type="6"
        fi
        delete_chains $type || error="yes"
        $exe -P INPUT ACCEPT || error="yes"
        $exe -P OUTPUT ACCEPT || error="yes"
        $exe -P FORWARD ACCEPT || error="yes"
    done

    if [ -x "$RULES_PATH/after.init" ]; then
        if ! "$RULES_PATH/after.init" stop ; then
            error="yes"
        fi
    fi

    if [ "$error" = "yes" ]; then
        return 1
    fi
    return 0
}

ufw_reload() {
    if [ "$ENABLED" = "yes" ] || [ "$ENABLED" = "YES" ]; then
        if [ -x "$RULES_PATH/before.init" ]; then
            "$RULES_PATH/before.init" stop || return 1
        fi
        ufw_stop || return "$?"
        if [ -x "$RULES_PATH/after.init" ]; then
            "$RULES_PATH/after.init" stop || return 1
        fi

        if [ -x "$RULES_PATH/before.init" ]; then
            "$RULES_PATH/before.init" start || return 1
        fi
        ufw_start || return "$?"
        if [ -x "$RULES_PATH/after.init" ]; then
            "$RULES_PATH/after.init" start || return 1
        fi
    else
        echo "Skipping $1 (not enabled)"
    fi
    return 0
}

ufw_status() {
    err=""
    iptables -L ufw-user-input -n >/dev/null 2>&1 || {
        echo "Firewall is not running"
        return 3
    }

    if [ "$IPV6" = "yes" ] || [ "$IPV6" = "YES" ]; then
        ip6tables -L ufw6-user-input -n >/dev/null 2>&1 || {
            # unknown state: ipv4 ok, but ipv6 isn't
            echo "Firewall in inconsistent state (IPv6 enabled but not running)"
            return 4
        }
    fi

    echo "Firewall is running"
    return 0
}

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