Efektivitas Strategi Ta’bir Mushawwar dalam  Pembelajaran Bahasa Arab di Madrasah Ibtidaiyah

Nuur Mahmudah; Khairunnisa

doi:10.37850/ibtida'.v5i2.817

Nuur Mahmudah Universitas Islam Negeri Antasari Banjarmasin
Khairunnisa Universitas Islam Negeri Antasari Banjarmasin

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37850/ibtida'.v5i2.817

Keywords: Arabic; speaking skill; ta’bir mushawwar

Abstract

Speaking proficiency is one of the main skills in Arabic language learning, but fourth grade students of MI TPI Keramat face difficulties in assembling mufradat and practicing active conversation, mainly due to the lack of varied learning strategies. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of the ta'bir mushawwar strategy, which uses picture as a media to facilitate students in constructing sentences and telling stories, in improving Arabic speaking skills. With a quantitative approach and pre-experiment design, this study involved 18 students of class IV-C. Data were collected through tests, observations, and interviews, then analyzed descriptively and N-Gain test. The posttest average was 83.06 (very good category) with 88.9% completeness, and the N-Gain score was 0.6398 which showed effectiveness in the medium category. The ta'bir mushawwar strategy offers a solution in the form of a visual and hands-on learning approach that can significantly improve students' speaking skills and make learning more interesting and interactive.

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#!/bin/bash

# Overlord management of snapd for package manager actions.
# Implements actions that would be invoked in %pre(un) actions for snapd.
# Derived from the snapd.postrm scriptlet used in the Ubuntu packaging for
# snapd.

set -e
set +x

SNAP_MOUNT_DIR="/snap"

show_help() {
    exec cat <<'EOF'
Usage: snap-mgmt.sh [OPTIONS]

A simple script to cleanup snap installations.

optional arguments:
  --help                           Show this help message and exit
  --snap-mount-dir=<path>          Provide a path to be used as $SNAP_MOUNT_DIR
  --purge                          Purge all data from $SNAP_MOUNT_DIR
EOF
}

SNAP_UNIT_PREFIX="$(systemd-escape -p ${SNAP_MOUNT_DIR})"

systemctl_stop() {
    unit="$1"
    if systemctl is-active -q "$unit"; then
        echo "Stopping $unit"
        systemctl stop -q "$unit" || true
    fi
}

purge() {
    # shellcheck disable=SC1091
    distribution=$(. /etc/os-release; echo "${ID}-${VERSION_ID}")

    if [ "$distribution" = "ubuntu-14.04" ]; then
        # snap.mount.service is a trusty thing
        systemctl_stop snap.mount.service
    fi

    # Undo any bind mounts to ${SNAP_MOUNT_DIR} or /var/snap done by parallel
    # installs or LP:#1668659
    for mp in "$SNAP_MOUNT_DIR" /var/snap; do
        if grep -q " $mp $mp" /proc/self/mountinfo; then
            umount -l "$mp" || true
        fi
    done

    units=$(systemctl list-unit-files --no-legend --full | grep -vF snap.mount.service || true)
    # *.snap mount points
    mounts=$(echo "$units" | grep "^${SNAP_UNIT_PREFIX}[-.].*\\.mount" | cut -f1 -d ' ')
    # services from snaps
    services=$(echo "$units" | grep '^snap\..*\.service' | cut -f1 -d ' ')
    for unit in $services $mounts; do
        # ensure its really a snap mount unit or systemd unit
        if ! grep -q 'What=/var/lib/snapd/snaps/' "/etc/systemd/system/$unit" && ! grep -q 'X-Snappy=yes' "/etc/systemd/system/$unit"; then
            echo "Skipping non-snapd systemd unit $unit"
            continue
        fi

        echo "Stopping $unit"
        systemctl_stop "$unit"

        if echo "$unit" | grep -q '.*\.mount' ; then
            # Transform ${SNAP_MOUNT_DIR}/core/3440 -> core/3440 removing any
            # extra / preceding snap name, eg:
            #  /var/lib/snapd/snap/core/3440  -> core/3440
            #  /snap/core/3440                -> core/3440
            #  /snap/core//3440               -> core/3440
            # NOTE: we could have used `systemctl show $unit -p Where --value`
            # but systemd 204 shipped with Ubuntu 14.04 does not support this
            snap_rev=$(systemctl show "$unit" -p Where | sed -e 's#Where=##' -e "s#$SNAP_MOUNT_DIR##" -e 's#^/*##')
            snap=$(echo "$snap_rev" |cut -f1 -d/)
            rev=$(echo "$snap_rev" |cut -f2 -d/)
            if [ -n "$snap" ]; then
                echo "Removing snap $snap"
                # aliases
                if [ -d "${SNAP_MOUNT_DIR}/bin" ]; then
                    find "${SNAP_MOUNT_DIR}/bin" -maxdepth 1 -lname "$snap" -delete
                    find "${SNAP_MOUNT_DIR}/bin" -maxdepth 1 -lname "$snap.*" -delete
                fi
                # generated binaries
                rm -f "${SNAP_MOUNT_DIR}/bin/$snap"
                rm -f "${SNAP_MOUNT_DIR}/bin/$snap".*
                # snap mount dir
                umount -l "${SNAP_MOUNT_DIR}/$snap/$rev" 2> /dev/null || true
                rm -rf "${SNAP_MOUNT_DIR:?}/$snap/$rev"
                rm -f "${SNAP_MOUNT_DIR}/$snap/current"
                # snap data dir
                rm -rf "/var/snap/$snap/$rev"
                rm -rf "/var/snap/$snap/common"
                rm -f "/var/snap/$snap/current"
                # opportunistic remove (may fail if there are still revisions left)
                for d in "${SNAP_MOUNT_DIR}/$snap" "/var/snap/$snap"; do
                    if [ -d "$d" ]; then
                        rmdir --ignore-fail-on-non-empty "$d"
                    fi
                done
                # udev rules
                find /etc/udev/rules.d -name "*-snap.${snap}.rules" -execdir rm -f "{}" \;
                # dbus policy files
                if [ -d /etc/dbus-1/system.d ]; then
                    find /etc/dbus-1/system.d -name "snap.${snap}.*.conf" -execdir rm -f "{}" \;
                fi
                # modules
                rm -f "/etc/modules-load.d/snap.${snap}.conf"
                # timer and socket units
                find /etc/systemd/system -name "snap.${snap}.*.timer" -o -name "snap.${snap}.*.socket" | while read -r f; do
                    systemctl_stop "$(basename "$f")"
                    rm -f "$f"
                done
                # user services, sockets, and timers - we make no attempt to stop any of them.
                # TODO: ask snapd to ask each snapd.session-agent.service to stop snaps
                # user-session services and stop itself.
                find /etc/systemd/user -name "snap.${snap}.*.timer" -o -name "snap.${snap}.*.socket" -o -name "snap.${snap}.*.service" | while read -r f; do
                    rm -f "$f"
                done
            fi
        fi

        echo "Removing $unit"
        rm -f "/etc/systemd/system/$unit"
        rm -f "/etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/$unit"
    done

    # snapd session-agent
    rm -f /etc/systemd/user/snapd.session-agent.socket
    rm -f /etc/systemd/user/snapd.session-agent.service
    rm -f /etc/systemd/user/sockets.target.wants/snapd.session-agent.socket

    # dbus activation configuration
    rm -f /etc/dbus-1/session.d/snapd.session-services.conf
    rm -f /etc/dbus-1/system.d/snapd.system-services.conf

    echo "Discarding preserved snap namespaces"
    # opportunistic as those might not be actually mounted
    if [ -d /run/snapd/ns ]; then
        if [ "$(find /run/snapd/ns/ -name "*.mnt" | wc -l)" -gt 0 ]; then
            for mnt in /run/snapd/ns/*.mnt; do
                umount -l "$mnt" || true
                rm -f "$mnt"
            done
        fi
        find /run/snapd/ns/ \( -name '*.fstab' -o -name '*.user-fstab' -o -name '*.info' \) -delete
        umount -l /run/snapd/ns/ || true
    fi

    echo "Removing downloaded snaps"
    rm -rf /var/lib/snapd/snaps/*

    echo "Removing features exported from snapd to helper tools"
    rm -rf /var/lib/snapd/features

    echo "Final directory cleanup"
    rm -rf "${SNAP_MOUNT_DIR}"
    rm -rf /var/snap

    echo "Removing leftover snap shared state data"
    rm -rf /var/lib/snapd/dbus-1/services/*
    rm -rf /var/lib/snapd/dbus-1/system-services/*
    rm -rf /var/lib/snapd/desktop/applications/*
    rm -rf /var/lib/snapd/seccomp/bpf/*
    rm -rf /var/lib/snapd/device/*
    rm -rf /var/lib/snapd/assertions/*
    rm -rf /var/lib/snapd/cookie/*
    rm -rf /var/lib/snapd/cache/*
    rm -rf /var/lib/snapd/mount/*
    rm -rf /var/lib/snapd/sequence/*
    rm -rf /var/lib/snapd/apparmor/*
    rm -rf /var/lib/snapd/inhibit/*
    rm -f /var/lib/snapd/state.json
    rm -f /var/lib/snapd/system-key

    echo "Removing snapd catalog cache"
    rm -rf /var/cache/snapd/*

    if test -d /etc/apparmor.d; then
        # Remove auto-generated rules for snap-confine from the 'core' snap
        echo "Removing extra snap-confine apparmor rules"
        # shellcheck disable=SC2046
        rm -f /etc/apparmor.d/$(echo "$SNAP_UNIT_PREFIX" | tr '-' '.').core.*.usr.lib.snapd.snap-confine
    fi
}

while [ -n "$1" ]; do
    case "$1" in
        --help)
            show_help
            exit
            ;;
        --snap-mount-dir=*)
            SNAP_MOUNT_DIR=${1#*=}
            SNAP_UNIT_PREFIX=$(systemd-escape -p "$SNAP_MOUNT_DIR")
            shift
            ;;
        --purge)
            purge
            shift
            ;;
        *)
            echo "Unknown command: $1"
            exit 1
            ;;
    esac
done

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