Efektivitas Strategi Ta’bir Mushawwar dalam Pembelajaran Bahasa Arab di Madrasah Ibtidaiyah
Keywords:
Arabic; speaking skill; ta’bir mushawwar
Abstract
Speaking proficiency is one of the main skills in Arabic language learning, but fourth grade students of MI TPI Keramat face difficulties in assembling mufradat and practicing active conversation, mainly due to the lack of varied learning strategies. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of the ta'bir mushawwar strategy, which uses picture as a media to facilitate students in constructing sentences and telling stories, in improving Arabic speaking skills. With a quantitative approach and pre-experiment design, this study involved 18 students of class IV-C. Data were collected through tests, observations, and interviews, then analyzed descriptively and N-Gain test. The posttest average was 83.06 (very good category) with 88.9% completeness, and the N-Gain score was 0.6398 which showed effectiveness in the medium category. The ta'bir mushawwar strategy offers a solution in the form of a visual and hands-on learning approach that can significantly improve students' speaking skills and make learning more interesting and interactive.
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#!/usr/bin/env python3
# portions copyright 2001, Autonomous Zones Industries, Inc., all rights...
# err... reserved and offered to the public under the terms of the
# Python 2.2 license.
# Author: Zooko O'Whielacronx
# http://zooko.com/
# mailto:zooko@zooko.com
#
# Copyright 2000, Mojam Media, Inc., all rights reserved.
# Author: Skip Montanaro
#
# Copyright 1999, Bioreason, Inc., all rights reserved.
# Author: Andrew Dalke
#
# Copyright 1995-1997, Automatrix, Inc., all rights reserved.
# Author: Skip Montanaro
#
# Copyright 1991-1995, Stichting Mathematisch Centrum, all rights reserved.
#
#
# Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this Python software and
# its associated documentation for any purpose without fee is hereby
# granted, provided that the above copyright notice appears in all copies,
# and that both that copyright notice and this permission notice appear in
# supporting documentation, and that the name of neither Automatrix,
# Bioreason or Mojam Media be used in advertising or publicity pertaining to
# distribution of the software without specific, written prior permission.
#
"""program/module to trace Python program or function execution
Sample use, command line:
trace.py -c -f counts --ignore-dir '$prefix' spam.py eggs
trace.py -t --ignore-dir '$prefix' spam.py eggs
trace.py --trackcalls spam.py eggs
Sample use, programmatically
import sys
# create a Trace object, telling it what to ignore, and whether to
# do tracing or line-counting or both.
tracer = trace.Trace(ignoredirs=[sys.base_prefix, sys.base_exec_prefix,],
trace=0, count=1)
# run the new command using the given tracer
tracer.run('main()')
# make a report, placing output in /tmp
r = tracer.results()
r.write_results(show_missing=True, coverdir="/tmp")
"""
__all__ = ['Trace', 'CoverageResults']
import linecache
import os
import sys
import sysconfig
import token
import tokenize
import inspect
import gc
import dis
import pickle
from time import monotonic as _time
import threading
PRAGMA_NOCOVER = "#pragma NO COVER"
class _Ignore:
def __init__(self, modules=None, dirs=None):
self._mods = set() if not modules else set(modules)
self._dirs = [] if not dirs else [os.path.normpath(d)
for d in dirs]
self._ignore = { '<string>': 1 }
def names(self, filename, modulename):
if modulename in self._ignore:
return self._ignore[modulename]
# haven't seen this one before, so see if the module name is
# on the ignore list.
if modulename in self._mods: # Identical names, so ignore
self._ignore[modulename] = 1
return 1
# check if the module is a proper submodule of something on
# the ignore list
for mod in self._mods:
# Need to take some care since ignoring
# "cmp" mustn't mean ignoring "cmpcache" but ignoring
# "Spam" must also mean ignoring "Spam.Eggs".
if modulename.startswith(mod + '.'):
self._ignore[modulename] = 1
return 1
# Now check that filename isn't in one of the directories
if filename is None:
# must be a built-in, so we must ignore
self._ignore[modulename] = 1
return 1
# Ignore a file when it contains one of the ignorable paths
for d in self._dirs:
# The '+ os.sep' is to ensure that d is a parent directory,
# as compared to cases like:
# d = "/usr/local"
# filename = "/usr/local.py"
# or
# d = "/usr/local.py"
# filename = "/usr/local.py"
if filename.startswith(d + os.sep):
self._ignore[modulename] = 1
return 1
# Tried the different ways, so we don't ignore this module
self._ignore[modulename] = 0
return 0
def _modname(path):
"""Return a plausible module name for the patch."""
base = os.path.basename(path)
filename, ext = os.path.splitext(base)
return filename
def _fullmodname(path):
"""Return a plausible module name for the path."""
# If the file 'path' is part of a package, then the filename isn't
# enough to uniquely identify it. Try to do the right thing by
# looking in sys.path for the longest matching prefix. We'll
# assume that the rest is the package name.
comparepath = os.path.normcase(path)
longest = ""
for dir in sys.path:
dir = os.path.normcase(dir)
if comparepath.startswith(dir) and comparepath[len(dir)] == os.sep:
if len(dir) > len(longest):
longest = dir
if longest:
base = path[len(longest) + 1:]
else:
base = path
# the drive letter is never part of the module name
drive, base = os.path.splitdrive(base)
base = base.replace(os.sep, ".")
if os.altsep:
base = base.replace(os.altsep, ".")
filename, ext = os.path.splitext(base)
return filename.lstrip(".")
class CoverageResults:
def __init__(self, counts=None, calledfuncs=None, infile=None,
callers=None, outfile=None):
self.counts = counts
if self.counts is None:
self.counts = {}
self.counter = self.counts.copy() # map (filename, lineno) to count
self.calledfuncs = calledfuncs
if self.calledfuncs is None:
self.calledfuncs = {}
self.calledfuncs = self.calledfuncs.copy()
self.callers = callers
if self.callers is None:
self.callers = {}
self.callers = self.callers.copy()
self.infile = infile
self.outfile = outfile
if self.infile:
# Try to merge existing counts file.
try:
with open(self.infile, 'rb') as f:
counts, calledfuncs, callers = pickle.load(f)
self.update(self.__class__(counts, calledfuncs, callers))
except (OSError, EOFError, ValueError) as err:
print(("Skipping counts file %r: %s"
% (self.infile, err)), file=sys.stderr)
def is_ignored_filename(self, filename):
"""Return True if the filename does not refer to a file
we want to have reported.
"""
return filename.startswith('<') and filename.endswith('>')
def update(self, other):
"""Merge in the data from another CoverageResults"""
counts = self.counts
calledfuncs = self.calledfuncs
callers = self.callers
other_counts = other.counts
other_calledfuncs = other.calledfuncs
other_callers = other.callers
for key in other_counts:
counts[key] = counts.get(key, 0) + other_counts[key]
for key in other_calledfuncs:
calledfuncs[key] = 1
for key in other_callers:
callers[key] = 1
def write_results(self, show_missing=True, summary=False, coverdir=None):
"""
Write the coverage results.
:param show_missing: Show lines that had no hits.
:param summary: Include coverage summary per module.
:param coverdir: If None, the results of each module are placed in its
directory, otherwise it is included in the directory
specified.
"""
if self.calledfuncs:
print()
print("functions called:")
calls = self.calledfuncs
for filename, modulename, funcname in sorted(calls):
print(("filename: %s, modulename: %s, funcname: %s"
% (filename, modulename, funcname)))
if self.callers:
print()
print("calling relationships:")
lastfile = lastcfile = ""
for ((pfile, pmod, pfunc), (cfile, cmod, cfunc)) \
in sorted(self.callers):
if pfile != lastfile:
print()
print("***", pfile, "***")
lastfile = pfile
lastcfile = ""
if cfile != pfile and lastcfile != cfile:
print(" -->", cfile)
lastcfile = cfile
print(" %s.%s -> %s.%s" % (pmod, pfunc, cmod, cfunc))
# turn the counts data ("(filename, lineno) = count") into something
# accessible on a per-file basis
per_file = {}
for filename, lineno in self.counts:
lines_hit = per_file[filename] = per_file.get(filename, {})
lines_hit[lineno] = self.counts[(filename, lineno)]
# accumulate summary info, if needed
sums = {}
for filename, count in per_file.items():
if self.is_ignored_filename(filename):
continue
if filename.endswith(".pyc"):
filename = filename[:-1]
if coverdir is None:
dir = os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(filename))
modulename = _modname(filename)
else:
dir = coverdir
if not os.path.exists(dir):
os.makedirs(dir)
modulename = _fullmodname(filename)
# If desired, get a list of the line numbers which represent
# executable content (returned as a dict for better lookup speed)
if show_missing:
lnotab = _find_executable_linenos(filename)
else:
lnotab = {}
source = linecache.getlines(filename)
coverpath = os.path.join(dir, modulename + ".cover")
with open(filename, 'rb') as fp:
encoding, _ = tokenize.detect_encoding(fp.readline)
n_hits, n_lines = self.write_results_file(coverpath, source,
lnotab, count, encoding)
if summary and n_lines:
percent = int(100 * n_hits / n_lines)
sums[modulename] = n_lines, percent, modulename, filename
if summary and sums:
print("lines cov% module (path)")
for m in sorted(sums):
n_lines, percent, modulename, filename = sums[m]
print("%5d %3d%% %s (%s)" % sums[m])
if self.outfile:
# try and store counts and module info into self.outfile
try:
with open(self.outfile, 'wb') as f:
pickle.dump((self.counts, self.calledfuncs, self.callers),
f, 1)
except OSError as err:
print("Can't save counts files because %s" % err, file=sys.stderr)
def write_results_file(self, path, lines, lnotab, lines_hit, encoding=None):
"""Return a coverage results file in path."""
# ``lnotab`` is a dict of executable lines, or a line number "table"
try:
outfile = open(path, "w", encoding=encoding)
except OSError as err:
print(("trace: Could not open %r for writing: %s "
"- skipping" % (path, err)), file=sys.stderr)
return 0, 0
n_lines = 0
n_hits = 0
with outfile:
for lineno, line in enumerate(lines, 1):
# do the blank/comment match to try to mark more lines
# (help the reader find stuff that hasn't been covered)
if lineno in lines_hit:
outfile.write("%5d: " % lines_hit[lineno])
n_hits += 1
n_lines += 1
elif lineno in lnotab and not PRAGMA_NOCOVER in line:
# Highlight never-executed lines, unless the line contains
# #pragma: NO COVER
outfile.write(">>>>>> ")
n_lines += 1
else:
outfile.write(" ")
outfile.write(line.expandtabs(8))
return n_hits, n_lines
def _find_lines_from_code(code, strs):
"""Return dict where keys are lines in the line number table."""
linenos = {}
for _, lineno in dis.findlinestarts(code):
if lineno not in strs:
linenos[lineno] = 1
return linenos
def _find_lines(code, strs):
"""Return lineno dict for all code objects reachable from code."""
# get all of the lineno information from the code of this scope level
linenos = _find_lines_from_code(code, strs)
# and check the constants for references to other code objects
for c in code.co_consts:
if inspect.iscode(c):
# find another code object, so recurse into it
linenos.update(_find_lines(c, strs))
return linenos
def _find_strings(filename, encoding=None):
"""Return a dict of possible docstring positions.
The dict maps line numbers to strings. There is an entry for
line that contains only a string or a part of a triple-quoted
string.
"""
d = {}
# If the first token is a string, then it's the module docstring.
# Add this special case so that the test in the loop passes.
prev_ttype = token.INDENT
with open(filename, encoding=encoding) as f:
tok = tokenize.generate_tokens(f.readline)
for ttype, tstr, start, end, line in tok:
if ttype == token.STRING:
if prev_ttype == token.INDENT:
sline, scol = start
eline, ecol = end
for i in range(sline, eline + 1):
d[i] = 1
prev_ttype = ttype
return d
def _find_executable_linenos(filename):
"""Return dict where keys are line numbers in the line number table."""
try:
with tokenize.open(filename) as f:
prog = f.read()
encoding = f.encoding
except OSError as err:
print(("Not printing coverage data for %r: %s"
% (filename, err)), file=sys.stderr)
return {}
code = compile(prog, filename, "exec")
strs = _find_strings(filename, encoding)
return _find_lines(code, strs)
class Trace:
def __init__(self, count=1, trace=1, countfuncs=0, countcallers=0,
ignoremods=(), ignoredirs=(), infile=None, outfile=None,
timing=False):
"""
@param count true iff it should count number of times each
line is executed
@param trace true iff it should print out each line that is
being counted
@param countfuncs true iff it should just output a list of
(filename, modulename, funcname,) for functions
that were called at least once; This overrides
`count' and `trace'
@param ignoremods a list of the names of modules to ignore
@param ignoredirs a list of the names of directories to ignore
all of the (recursive) contents of
@param infile file from which to read stored counts to be
added into the results
@param outfile file in which to write the results
@param timing true iff timing information be displayed
"""
self.infile = infile
self.outfile = outfile
self.ignore = _Ignore(ignoremods, ignoredirs)
self.counts = {} # keys are (filename, linenumber)
self.pathtobasename = {} # for memoizing os.path.basename
self.donothing = 0
self.trace = trace
self._calledfuncs = {}
self._callers = {}
self._caller_cache = {}
self.start_time = None
if timing:
self.start_time = _time()
if countcallers:
self.globaltrace = self.globaltrace_trackcallers
elif countfuncs:
self.globaltrace = self.globaltrace_countfuncs
elif trace and count:
self.globaltrace = self.globaltrace_lt
self.localtrace = self.localtrace_trace_and_count
elif trace:
self.globaltrace = self.globaltrace_lt
self.localtrace = self.localtrace_trace
elif count:
self.globaltrace = self.globaltrace_lt
self.localtrace = self.localtrace_count
else:
# Ahem -- do nothing? Okay.
self.donothing = 1
def run(self, cmd):
import __main__
dict = __main__.__dict__
self.runctx(cmd, dict, dict)
def runctx(self, cmd, globals=None, locals=None):
if globals is None: globals = {}
if locals is None: locals = {}
if not self.donothing:
threading.settrace(self.globaltrace)
sys.settrace(self.globaltrace)
try:
exec(cmd, globals, locals)
finally:
if not self.donothing:
sys.settrace(None)
threading.settrace(None)
def runfunc(self, func, /, *args, **kw):
result = None
if not self.donothing:
sys.settrace(self.globaltrace)
try:
result = func(*args, **kw)
finally:
if not self.donothing:
sys.settrace(None)
return result
def file_module_function_of(self, frame):
code = frame.f_code
filename = code.co_filename
if filename:
modulename = _modname(filename)
else:
modulename = None
funcname = code.co_name
clsname = None
if code in self._caller_cache:
if self._caller_cache[code] is not None:
clsname = self._caller_cache[code]
else:
self._caller_cache[code] = None
## use of gc.get_referrers() was suggested by Michael Hudson
# all functions which refer to this code object
funcs = [f for f in gc.get_referrers(code)
if inspect.isfunction(f)]
# require len(func) == 1 to avoid ambiguity caused by calls to
# new.function(): "In the face of ambiguity, refuse the
# temptation to guess."
if len(funcs) == 1:
dicts = [d for d in gc.get_referrers(funcs[0])
if isinstance(d, dict)]
if len(dicts) == 1:
classes = [c for c in gc.get_referrers(dicts[0])
if hasattr(c, "__bases__")]
if len(classes) == 1:
# ditto for new.classobj()
clsname = classes[0].__name__
# cache the result - assumption is that new.* is
# not called later to disturb this relationship
# _caller_cache could be flushed if functions in
# the new module get called.
self._caller_cache[code] = clsname
if clsname is not None:
funcname = "%s.%s" % (clsname, funcname)
return filename, modulename, funcname
def globaltrace_trackcallers(self, frame, why, arg):
"""Handler for call events.
Adds information about who called who to the self._callers dict.
"""
if why == 'call':
# XXX Should do a better job of identifying methods
this_func = self.file_module_function_of(frame)
parent_func = self.file_module_function_of(frame.f_back)
self._callers[(parent_func, this_func)] = 1
def globaltrace_countfuncs(self, frame, why, arg):
"""Handler for call events.
Adds (filename, modulename, funcname) to the self._calledfuncs dict.
"""
if why == 'call':
this_func = self.file_module_function_of(frame)
self._calledfuncs[this_func] = 1
def globaltrace_lt(self, frame, why, arg):
"""Handler for call events.
If the code block being entered is to be ignored, returns `None',
else returns self.localtrace.
"""
if why == 'call':
code = frame.f_code
filename = frame.f_globals.get('__file__', None)
if filename:
# XXX _modname() doesn't work right for packages, so
# the ignore support won't work right for packages
modulename = _modname(filename)
if modulename is not None:
ignore_it = self.ignore.names(filename, modulename)
if not ignore_it:
if self.trace:
print((" --- modulename: %s, funcname: %s"
% (modulename, code.co_name)))
return self.localtrace
else:
return None
def localtrace_trace_and_count(self, frame, why, arg):
if why == "line":
# record the file name and line number of every trace
filename = frame.f_code.co_filename
lineno = frame.f_lineno
key = filename, lineno
self.counts[key] = self.counts.get(key, 0) + 1
if self.start_time:
print('%.2f' % (_time() - self.start_time), end=' ')
bname = os.path.basename(filename)
print("%s(%d): %s" % (bname, lineno,
linecache.getline(filename, lineno)), end='')
return self.localtrace
def localtrace_trace(self, frame, why, arg):
if why == "line":
# record the file name and line number of every trace
filename = frame.f_code.co_filename
lineno = frame.f_lineno
if self.start_time:
print('%.2f' % (_time() - self.start_time), end=' ')
bname = os.path.basename(filename)
print("%s(%d): %s" % (bname, lineno,
linecache.getline(filename, lineno)), end='')
return self.localtrace
def localtrace_count(self, frame, why, arg):
if why == "line":
filename = frame.f_code.co_filename
lineno = frame.f_lineno
key = filename, lineno
self.counts[key] = self.counts.get(key, 0) + 1
return self.localtrace
def results(self):
return CoverageResults(self.counts, infile=self.infile,
outfile=self.outfile,
calledfuncs=self._calledfuncs,
callers=self._callers)
def main():
import argparse
parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
parser.add_argument('--version', action='version', version='trace 2.0')
grp = parser.add_argument_group('Main options',
'One of these (or --report) must be given')
grp.add_argument('-c', '--count', action='store_true',
help='Count the number of times each line is executed and write '
'the counts to <module>.cover for each module executed, in '
'the module\'s directory. See also --coverdir, --file, '
'--no-report below.')
grp.add_argument('-t', '--trace', action='store_true',
help='Print each line to sys.stdout before it is executed')
grp.add_argument('-l', '--listfuncs', action='store_true',
help='Keep track of which functions are executed at least once '
'and write the results to sys.stdout after the program exits. '
'Cannot be specified alongside --trace or --count.')
grp.add_argument('-T', '--trackcalls', action='store_true',
help='Keep track of caller/called pairs and write the results to '
'sys.stdout after the program exits.')
grp = parser.add_argument_group('Modifiers')
_grp = grp.add_mutually_exclusive_group()
_grp.add_argument('-r', '--report', action='store_true',
help='Generate a report from a counts file; does not execute any '
'code. --file must specify the results file to read, which '
'must have been created in a previous run with --count '
'--file=FILE')
_grp.add_argument('-R', '--no-report', action='store_true',
help='Do not generate the coverage report files. '
'Useful if you want to accumulate over several runs.')
grp.add_argument('-f', '--file',
help='File to accumulate counts over several runs')
grp.add_argument('-C', '--coverdir',
help='Directory where the report files go. The coverage report '
'for <package>.<module> will be written to file '
'<dir>/<package>/<module>.cover')
grp.add_argument('-m', '--missing', action='store_true',
help='Annotate executable lines that were not executed with '
'">>>>>> "')
grp.add_argument('-s', '--summary', action='store_true',
help='Write a brief summary for each file to sys.stdout. '
'Can only be used with --count or --report')
grp.add_argument('-g', '--timing', action='store_true',
help='Prefix each line with the time since the program started. '
'Only used while tracing')
grp = parser.add_argument_group('Filters',
'Can be specified multiple times')
grp.add_argument('--ignore-module', action='append', default=[],
help='Ignore the given module(s) and its submodules '
'(if it is a package). Accepts comma separated list of '
'module names.')
grp.add_argument('--ignore-dir', action='append', default=[],
help='Ignore files in the given directory '
'(multiple directories can be joined by os.pathsep).')
parser.add_argument('--module', action='store_true', default=False,
help='Trace a module. ')
parser.add_argument('progname', nargs='?',
help='file to run as main program')
parser.add_argument('arguments', nargs=argparse.REMAINDER,
help='arguments to the program')
opts = parser.parse_args()
if opts.ignore_dir:
_prefix = sysconfig.get_path("stdlib")
_exec_prefix = sysconfig.get_path("platstdlib")
def parse_ignore_dir(s):
s = os.path.expanduser(os.path.expandvars(s))
s = s.replace('$prefix', _prefix).replace('$exec_prefix', _exec_prefix)
return os.path.normpath(s)
opts.ignore_module = [mod.strip()
for i in opts.ignore_module for mod in i.split(',')]
opts.ignore_dir = [parse_ignore_dir(s)
for i in opts.ignore_dir for s in i.split(os.pathsep)]
if opts.report:
if not opts.file:
parser.error('-r/--report requires -f/--file')
results = CoverageResults(infile=opts.file, outfile=opts.file)
return results.write_results(opts.missing, opts.summary, opts.coverdir)
if not any([opts.trace, opts.count, opts.listfuncs, opts.trackcalls]):
parser.error('must specify one of --trace, --count, --report, '
'--listfuncs, or --trackcalls')
if opts.listfuncs and (opts.count or opts.trace):
parser.error('cannot specify both --listfuncs and (--trace or --count)')
if opts.summary and not opts.count:
parser.error('--summary can only be used with --count or --report')
if opts.progname is None:
parser.error('progname is missing: required with the main options')
t = Trace(opts.count, opts.trace, countfuncs=opts.listfuncs,
countcallers=opts.trackcalls, ignoremods=opts.ignore_module,
ignoredirs=opts.ignore_dir, infile=opts.file,
outfile=opts.file, timing=opts.timing)
try:
if opts.module:
import runpy
module_name = opts.progname
mod_name, mod_spec, code = runpy._get_module_details(module_name)
sys.argv = [code.co_filename, *opts.arguments]
globs = {
'__name__': '__main__',
'__file__': code.co_filename,
'__package__': mod_spec.parent,
'__loader__': mod_spec.loader,
'__spec__': mod_spec,
'__cached__': None,
}
else:
sys.argv = [opts.progname, *opts.arguments]
sys.path[0] = os.path.dirname(opts.progname)
with open(opts.progname, 'rb') as fp:
code = compile(fp.read(), opts.progname, 'exec')
# try to emulate __main__ namespace as much as possible
globs = {
'__file__': opts.progname,
'__name__': '__main__',
'__package__': None,
'__cached__': None,
}
t.runctx(code, globs, globs)
except OSError as err:
sys.exit("Cannot run file %r because: %s" % (sys.argv[0], err))
except SystemExit:
pass
results = t.results()
if not opts.no_report:
results.write_results(opts.missing, opts.summary, opts.coverdir)
if __name__=='__main__':
main()
Youez - 2016 - github.com/yon3zu
LinuXploit