Efektivitas Strategi Ta’bir Mushawwar dalam Pembelajaran Bahasa Arab di Madrasah Ibtidaiyah
Keywords:
Arabic; speaking skill; ta’bir mushawwar
Abstract
Speaking proficiency is one of the main skills in Arabic language learning, but fourth grade students of MI TPI Keramat face difficulties in assembling mufradat and practicing active conversation, mainly due to the lack of varied learning strategies. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of the ta'bir mushawwar strategy, which uses picture as a media to facilitate students in constructing sentences and telling stories, in improving Arabic speaking skills. With a quantitative approach and pre-experiment design, this study involved 18 students of class IV-C. Data were collected through tests, observations, and interviews, then analyzed descriptively and N-Gain test. The posttest average was 83.06 (very good category) with 88.9% completeness, and the N-Gain score was 0.6398 which showed effectiveness in the medium category. The ta'bir mushawwar strategy offers a solution in the form of a visual and hands-on learning approach that can significantly improve students' speaking skills and make learning more interesting and interactive.
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# Wrapper module for _ssl, providing some additional facilities
# implemented in Python. Written by Bill Janssen.
"""This module provides some more Pythonic support for SSL.
Object types:
SSLSocket -- subtype of socket.socket which does SSL over the socket
Exceptions:
SSLError -- exception raised for I/O errors
Functions:
cert_time_to_seconds -- convert time string used for certificate
notBefore and notAfter functions to integer
seconds past the Epoch (the time values
returned from time.time())
fetch_server_certificate (HOST, PORT) -- fetch the certificate provided
by the server running on HOST at port PORT. No
validation of the certificate is performed.
Integer constants:
SSL_ERROR_ZERO_RETURN
SSL_ERROR_WANT_READ
SSL_ERROR_WANT_WRITE
SSL_ERROR_WANT_X509_LOOKUP
SSL_ERROR_SYSCALL
SSL_ERROR_SSL
SSL_ERROR_WANT_CONNECT
SSL_ERROR_EOF
SSL_ERROR_INVALID_ERROR_CODE
The following group define certificate requirements that one side is
allowing/requiring from the other side:
CERT_NONE - no certificates from the other side are required (or will
be looked at if provided)
CERT_OPTIONAL - certificates are not required, but if provided will be
validated, and if validation fails, the connection will
also fail
CERT_REQUIRED - certificates are required, and will be validated, and
if validation fails, the connection will also fail
The following constants identify various SSL protocol variants:
PROTOCOL_SSLv2
PROTOCOL_SSLv3
PROTOCOL_SSLv23
PROTOCOL_TLS
PROTOCOL_TLS_CLIENT
PROTOCOL_TLS_SERVER
PROTOCOL_TLSv1
PROTOCOL_TLSv1_1
PROTOCOL_TLSv1_2
The following constants identify various SSL alert message descriptions as per
http://www.iana.org/assignments/tls-parameters/tls-parameters.xml#tls-parameters-6
ALERT_DESCRIPTION_CLOSE_NOTIFY
ALERT_DESCRIPTION_UNEXPECTED_MESSAGE
ALERT_DESCRIPTION_BAD_RECORD_MAC
ALERT_DESCRIPTION_RECORD_OVERFLOW
ALERT_DESCRIPTION_DECOMPRESSION_FAILURE
ALERT_DESCRIPTION_HANDSHAKE_FAILURE
ALERT_DESCRIPTION_BAD_CERTIFICATE
ALERT_DESCRIPTION_UNSUPPORTED_CERTIFICATE
ALERT_DESCRIPTION_CERTIFICATE_REVOKED
ALERT_DESCRIPTION_CERTIFICATE_EXPIRED
ALERT_DESCRIPTION_CERTIFICATE_UNKNOWN
ALERT_DESCRIPTION_ILLEGAL_PARAMETER
ALERT_DESCRIPTION_UNKNOWN_CA
ALERT_DESCRIPTION_ACCESS_DENIED
ALERT_DESCRIPTION_DECODE_ERROR
ALERT_DESCRIPTION_DECRYPT_ERROR
ALERT_DESCRIPTION_PROTOCOL_VERSION
ALERT_DESCRIPTION_INSUFFICIENT_SECURITY
ALERT_DESCRIPTION_INTERNAL_ERROR
ALERT_DESCRIPTION_USER_CANCELLED
ALERT_DESCRIPTION_NO_RENEGOTIATION
ALERT_DESCRIPTION_UNSUPPORTED_EXTENSION
ALERT_DESCRIPTION_CERTIFICATE_UNOBTAINABLE
ALERT_DESCRIPTION_UNRECOGNIZED_NAME
ALERT_DESCRIPTION_BAD_CERTIFICATE_STATUS_RESPONSE
ALERT_DESCRIPTION_BAD_CERTIFICATE_HASH_VALUE
ALERT_DESCRIPTION_UNKNOWN_PSK_IDENTITY
"""
import sys
import os
from collections import namedtuple
from enum import Enum as _Enum, IntEnum as _IntEnum, IntFlag as _IntFlag
import _ssl # if we can't import it, let the error propagate
from _ssl import OPENSSL_VERSION_NUMBER, OPENSSL_VERSION_INFO, OPENSSL_VERSION
from _ssl import _SSLContext, MemoryBIO, SSLSession
from _ssl import (
SSLError, SSLZeroReturnError, SSLWantReadError, SSLWantWriteError,
SSLSyscallError, SSLEOFError, SSLCertVerificationError
)
from _ssl import txt2obj as _txt2obj, nid2obj as _nid2obj
from _ssl import RAND_status, RAND_add, RAND_bytes, RAND_pseudo_bytes
try:
from _ssl import RAND_egd
except ImportError:
# LibreSSL does not provide RAND_egd
pass
from _ssl import (
HAS_SNI, HAS_ECDH, HAS_NPN, HAS_ALPN, HAS_SSLv2, HAS_SSLv3, HAS_TLSv1,
HAS_TLSv1_1, HAS_TLSv1_2, HAS_TLSv1_3
)
from _ssl import _DEFAULT_CIPHERS, _OPENSSL_API_VERSION
_IntEnum._convert_(
'_SSLMethod', __name__,
lambda name: name.startswith('PROTOCOL_') and name != 'PROTOCOL_SSLv23',
source=_ssl)
_IntFlag._convert_(
'Options', __name__,
lambda name: name.startswith('OP_'),
source=_ssl)
_IntEnum._convert_(
'AlertDescription', __name__,
lambda name: name.startswith('ALERT_DESCRIPTION_'),
source=_ssl)
_IntEnum._convert_(
'SSLErrorNumber', __name__,
lambda name: name.startswith('SSL_ERROR_'),
source=_ssl)
_IntFlag._convert_(
'VerifyFlags', __name__,
lambda name: name.startswith('VERIFY_'),
source=_ssl)
_IntEnum._convert_(
'VerifyMode', __name__,
lambda name: name.startswith('CERT_'),
source=_ssl)
PROTOCOL_SSLv23 = _SSLMethod.PROTOCOL_SSLv23 = _SSLMethod.PROTOCOL_TLS
_PROTOCOL_NAMES = {value: name for name, value in _SSLMethod.__members__.items()}
_SSLv2_IF_EXISTS = getattr(_SSLMethod, 'PROTOCOL_SSLv2', None)
class TLSVersion(_IntEnum):
MINIMUM_SUPPORTED = _ssl.PROTO_MINIMUM_SUPPORTED
SSLv3 = _ssl.PROTO_SSLv3
TLSv1 = _ssl.PROTO_TLSv1
TLSv1_1 = _ssl.PROTO_TLSv1_1
TLSv1_2 = _ssl.PROTO_TLSv1_2
TLSv1_3 = _ssl.PROTO_TLSv1_3
MAXIMUM_SUPPORTED = _ssl.PROTO_MAXIMUM_SUPPORTED
class _TLSContentType(_IntEnum):
"""Content types (record layer)
See RFC 8446, section B.1
"""
CHANGE_CIPHER_SPEC = 20
ALERT = 21
HANDSHAKE = 22
APPLICATION_DATA = 23
# pseudo content types
HEADER = 0x100
INNER_CONTENT_TYPE = 0x101
class _TLSAlertType(_IntEnum):
"""Alert types for TLSContentType.ALERT messages
See RFC 8466, section B.2
"""
CLOSE_NOTIFY = 0
UNEXPECTED_MESSAGE = 10
BAD_RECORD_MAC = 20
DECRYPTION_FAILED = 21
RECORD_OVERFLOW = 22
DECOMPRESSION_FAILURE = 30
HANDSHAKE_FAILURE = 40
NO_CERTIFICATE = 41
BAD_CERTIFICATE = 42
UNSUPPORTED_CERTIFICATE = 43
CERTIFICATE_REVOKED = 44
CERTIFICATE_EXPIRED = 45
CERTIFICATE_UNKNOWN = 46
ILLEGAL_PARAMETER = 47
UNKNOWN_CA = 48
ACCESS_DENIED = 49
DECODE_ERROR = 50
DECRYPT_ERROR = 51
EXPORT_RESTRICTION = 60
PROTOCOL_VERSION = 70
INSUFFICIENT_SECURITY = 71
INTERNAL_ERROR = 80
INAPPROPRIATE_FALLBACK = 86
USER_CANCELED = 90
NO_RENEGOTIATION = 100
MISSING_EXTENSION = 109
UNSUPPORTED_EXTENSION = 110
CERTIFICATE_UNOBTAINABLE = 111
UNRECOGNIZED_NAME = 112
BAD_CERTIFICATE_STATUS_RESPONSE = 113
BAD_CERTIFICATE_HASH_VALUE = 114
UNKNOWN_PSK_IDENTITY = 115
CERTIFICATE_REQUIRED = 116
NO_APPLICATION_PROTOCOL = 120
class _TLSMessageType(_IntEnum):
"""Message types (handshake protocol)
See RFC 8446, section B.3
"""
HELLO_REQUEST = 0
CLIENT_HELLO = 1
SERVER_HELLO = 2
HELLO_VERIFY_REQUEST = 3
NEWSESSION_TICKET = 4
END_OF_EARLY_DATA = 5
HELLO_RETRY_REQUEST = 6
ENCRYPTED_EXTENSIONS = 8
CERTIFICATE = 11
SERVER_KEY_EXCHANGE = 12
CERTIFICATE_REQUEST = 13
SERVER_DONE = 14
CERTIFICATE_VERIFY = 15
CLIENT_KEY_EXCHANGE = 16
FINISHED = 20
CERTIFICATE_URL = 21
CERTIFICATE_STATUS = 22
SUPPLEMENTAL_DATA = 23
KEY_UPDATE = 24
NEXT_PROTO = 67
MESSAGE_HASH = 254
CHANGE_CIPHER_SPEC = 0x0101
if sys.platform == "win32":
from _ssl import enum_certificates, enum_crls
from socket import socket, SOCK_STREAM, create_connection
from socket import SOL_SOCKET, SO_TYPE
import socket as _socket
import base64 # for DER-to-PEM translation
import errno
import warnings
socket_error = OSError # keep that public name in module namespace
CHANNEL_BINDING_TYPES = ['tls-unique']
HAS_NEVER_CHECK_COMMON_NAME = hasattr(_ssl, 'HOSTFLAG_NEVER_CHECK_SUBJECT')
_RESTRICTED_SERVER_CIPHERS = _DEFAULT_CIPHERS
CertificateError = SSLCertVerificationError
def _dnsname_match(dn, hostname):
"""Matching according to RFC 6125, section 6.4.3
- Hostnames are compared lower case.
- For IDNA, both dn and hostname must be encoded as IDN A-label (ACE).
- Partial wildcards like 'www*.example.org', multiple wildcards, sole
wildcard or wildcards in labels other then the left-most label are not
supported and a CertificateError is raised.
- A wildcard must match at least one character.
"""
if not dn:
return False
wildcards = dn.count('*')
# speed up common case w/o wildcards
if not wildcards:
return dn.lower() == hostname.lower()
if wildcards > 1:
raise CertificateError(
"too many wildcards in certificate DNS name: {!r}.".format(dn))
dn_leftmost, sep, dn_remainder = dn.partition('.')
if '*' in dn_remainder:
# Only match wildcard in leftmost segment.
raise CertificateError(
"wildcard can only be present in the leftmost label: "
"{!r}.".format(dn))
if not sep:
# no right side
raise CertificateError(
"sole wildcard without additional labels are not support: "
"{!r}.".format(dn))
if dn_leftmost != '*':
# no partial wildcard matching
raise CertificateError(
"partial wildcards in leftmost label are not supported: "
"{!r}.".format(dn))
hostname_leftmost, sep, hostname_remainder = hostname.partition('.')
if not hostname_leftmost or not sep:
# wildcard must match at least one char
return False
return dn_remainder.lower() == hostname_remainder.lower()
def _inet_paton(ipname):
"""Try to convert an IP address to packed binary form
Supports IPv4 addresses on all platforms and IPv6 on platforms with IPv6
support.
"""
# inet_aton() also accepts strings like '1', '127.1', some also trailing
# data like '127.0.0.1 whatever'.
try:
addr = _socket.inet_aton(ipname)
except OSError:
# not an IPv4 address
pass
else:
if _socket.inet_ntoa(addr) == ipname:
# only accept injective ipnames
return addr
else:
# refuse for short IPv4 notation and additional trailing data
raise ValueError(
"{!r} is not a quad-dotted IPv4 address.".format(ipname)
)
try:
return _socket.inet_pton(_socket.AF_INET6, ipname)
except OSError:
raise ValueError("{!r} is neither an IPv4 nor an IP6 "
"address.".format(ipname))
except AttributeError:
# AF_INET6 not available
pass
raise ValueError("{!r} is not an IPv4 address.".format(ipname))
def _ipaddress_match(cert_ipaddress, host_ip):
"""Exact matching of IP addresses.
RFC 6125 explicitly doesn't define an algorithm for this
(section 1.7.2 - "Out of Scope").
"""
# OpenSSL may add a trailing newline to a subjectAltName's IP address,
# commonly woth IPv6 addresses. Strip off trailing \n.
ip = _inet_paton(cert_ipaddress.rstrip())
return ip == host_ip
def match_hostname(cert, hostname):
"""Verify that *cert* (in decoded format as returned by
SSLSocket.getpeercert()) matches the *hostname*. RFC 2818 and RFC 6125
rules are followed.
The function matches IP addresses rather than dNSNames if hostname is a
valid ipaddress string. IPv4 addresses are supported on all platforms.
IPv6 addresses are supported on platforms with IPv6 support (AF_INET6
and inet_pton).
CertificateError is raised on failure. On success, the function
returns nothing.
"""
if not cert:
raise ValueError("empty or no certificate, match_hostname needs a "
"SSL socket or SSL context with either "
"CERT_OPTIONAL or CERT_REQUIRED")
try:
host_ip = _inet_paton(hostname)
except ValueError:
# Not an IP address (common case)
host_ip = None
dnsnames = []
san = cert.get('subjectAltName', ())
for key, value in san:
if key == 'DNS':
if host_ip is None and _dnsname_match(value, hostname):
return
dnsnames.append(value)
elif key == 'IP Address':
if host_ip is not None and _ipaddress_match(value, host_ip):
return
dnsnames.append(value)
if not dnsnames:
# The subject is only checked when there is no dNSName entry
# in subjectAltName
for sub in cert.get('subject', ()):
for key, value in sub:
# XXX according to RFC 2818, the most specific Common Name
# must be used.
if key == 'commonName':
if _dnsname_match(value, hostname):
return
dnsnames.append(value)
if len(dnsnames) > 1:
raise CertificateError("hostname %r "
"doesn't match either of %s"
% (hostname, ', '.join(map(repr, dnsnames))))
elif len(dnsnames) == 1:
raise CertificateError("hostname %r "
"doesn't match %r"
% (hostname, dnsnames[0]))
else:
raise CertificateError("no appropriate commonName or "
"subjectAltName fields were found")
DefaultVerifyPaths = namedtuple("DefaultVerifyPaths",
"cafile capath openssl_cafile_env openssl_cafile openssl_capath_env "
"openssl_capath")
def get_default_verify_paths():
"""Return paths to default cafile and capath.
"""
parts = _ssl.get_default_verify_paths()
# environment vars shadow paths
cafile = os.environ.get(parts[0], parts[1])
capath = os.environ.get(parts[2], parts[3])
return DefaultVerifyPaths(cafile if os.path.isfile(cafile) else None,
capath if os.path.isdir(capath) else None,
*parts)
class _ASN1Object(namedtuple("_ASN1Object", "nid shortname longname oid")):
"""ASN.1 object identifier lookup
"""
__slots__ = ()
def __new__(cls, oid):
return super().__new__(cls, *_txt2obj(oid, name=False))
@classmethod
def fromnid(cls, nid):
"""Create _ASN1Object from OpenSSL numeric ID
"""
return super().__new__(cls, *_nid2obj(nid))
@classmethod
def fromname(cls, name):
"""Create _ASN1Object from short name, long name or OID
"""
return super().__new__(cls, *_txt2obj(name, name=True))
class Purpose(_ASN1Object, _Enum):
"""SSLContext purpose flags with X509v3 Extended Key Usage objects
"""
SERVER_AUTH = '1.3.6.1.5.5.7.3.1'
CLIENT_AUTH = '1.3.6.1.5.5.7.3.2'
class SSLContext(_SSLContext):
"""An SSLContext holds various SSL-related configuration options and
data, such as certificates and possibly a private key."""
_windows_cert_stores = ("CA", "ROOT")
sslsocket_class = None # SSLSocket is assigned later.
sslobject_class = None # SSLObject is assigned later.
def __new__(cls, protocol=PROTOCOL_TLS, *args, **kwargs):
self = _SSLContext.__new__(cls, protocol)
return self
def _encode_hostname(self, hostname):
if hostname is None:
return None
elif isinstance(hostname, str):
return hostname.encode('idna').decode('ascii')
else:
return hostname.decode('ascii')
def wrap_socket(self, sock, server_side=False,
do_handshake_on_connect=True,
suppress_ragged_eofs=True,
server_hostname=None, session=None):
# SSLSocket class handles server_hostname encoding before it calls
# ctx._wrap_socket()
return self.sslsocket_class._create(
sock=sock,
server_side=server_side,
do_handshake_on_connect=do_handshake_on_connect,
suppress_ragged_eofs=suppress_ragged_eofs,
server_hostname=server_hostname,
context=self,
session=session
)
def wrap_bio(self, incoming, outgoing, server_side=False,
server_hostname=None, session=None):
# Need to encode server_hostname here because _wrap_bio() can only
# handle ASCII str.
return self.sslobject_class._create(
incoming, outgoing, server_side=server_side,
server_hostname=self._encode_hostname(server_hostname),
session=session, context=self,
)
def set_npn_protocols(self, npn_protocols):
protos = bytearray()
for protocol in npn_protocols:
b = bytes(protocol, 'ascii')
if len(b) == 0 or len(b) > 255:
raise SSLError('NPN protocols must be 1 to 255 in length')
protos.append(len(b))
protos.extend(b)
self._set_npn_protocols(protos)
def set_servername_callback(self, server_name_callback):
if server_name_callback is None:
self.sni_callback = None
else:
if not callable(server_name_callback):
raise TypeError("not a callable object")
def shim_cb(sslobj, servername, sslctx):
servername = self._encode_hostname(servername)
return server_name_callback(sslobj, servername, sslctx)
self.sni_callback = shim_cb
def set_alpn_protocols(self, alpn_protocols):
protos = bytearray()
for protocol in alpn_protocols:
b = bytes(protocol, 'ascii')
if len(b) == 0 or len(b) > 255:
raise SSLError('ALPN protocols must be 1 to 255 in length')
protos.append(len(b))
protos.extend(b)
self._set_alpn_protocols(protos)
def _load_windows_store_certs(self, storename, purpose):
certs = bytearray()
try:
for cert, encoding, trust in enum_certificates(storename):
# CA certs are never PKCS#7 encoded
if encoding == "x509_asn":
if trust is True or purpose.oid in trust:
certs.extend(cert)
except PermissionError:
warnings.warn("unable to enumerate Windows certificate store")
if certs:
self.load_verify_locations(cadata=certs)
return certs
def load_default_certs(self, purpose=Purpose.SERVER_AUTH):
if not isinstance(purpose, _ASN1Object):
raise TypeError(purpose)
if sys.platform == "win32":
for storename in self._windows_cert_stores:
self._load_windows_store_certs(storename, purpose)
self.set_default_verify_paths()
if hasattr(_SSLContext, 'minimum_version'):
@property
def minimum_version(self):
return TLSVersion(super().minimum_version)
@minimum_version.setter
def minimum_version(self, value):
if value == TLSVersion.SSLv3:
self.options &= ~Options.OP_NO_SSLv3
super(SSLContext, SSLContext).minimum_version.__set__(self, value)
@property
def maximum_version(self):
return TLSVersion(super().maximum_version)
@maximum_version.setter
def maximum_version(self, value):
super(SSLContext, SSLContext).maximum_version.__set__(self, value)
@property
def options(self):
return Options(super().options)
@options.setter
def options(self, value):
super(SSLContext, SSLContext).options.__set__(self, value)
if hasattr(_ssl, 'HOSTFLAG_NEVER_CHECK_SUBJECT'):
@property
def hostname_checks_common_name(self):
ncs = self._host_flags & _ssl.HOSTFLAG_NEVER_CHECK_SUBJECT
return ncs != _ssl.HOSTFLAG_NEVER_CHECK_SUBJECT
@hostname_checks_common_name.setter
def hostname_checks_common_name(self, value):
if value:
self._host_flags &= ~_ssl.HOSTFLAG_NEVER_CHECK_SUBJECT
else:
self._host_flags |= _ssl.HOSTFLAG_NEVER_CHECK_SUBJECT
else:
@property
def hostname_checks_common_name(self):
return True
@property
def _msg_callback(self):
"""TLS message callback
The message callback provides a debugging hook to analyze TLS
connections. The callback is called for any TLS protocol message
(header, handshake, alert, and more), but not for application data.
Due to technical limitations, the callback can't be used to filter
traffic or to abort a connection. Any exception raised in the
callback is delayed until the handshake, read, or write operation
has been performed.
def msg_cb(conn, direction, version, content_type, msg_type, data):
pass
conn
:class:`SSLSocket` or :class:`SSLObject` instance
direction
``read`` or ``write``
version
:class:`TLSVersion` enum member or int for unknown version. For a
frame header, it's the header version.
content_type
:class:`_TLSContentType` enum member or int for unsupported
content type.
msg_type
Either a :class:`_TLSContentType` enum number for a header
message, a :class:`_TLSAlertType` enum member for an alert
message, a :class:`_TLSMessageType` enum member for other
messages, or int for unsupported message types.
data
Raw, decrypted message content as bytes
"""
inner = super()._msg_callback
if inner is not None:
return inner.user_function
else:
return None
@_msg_callback.setter
def _msg_callback(self, callback):
if callback is None:
super(SSLContext, SSLContext)._msg_callback.__set__(self, None)
return
if not hasattr(callback, '__call__'):
raise TypeError(f"{callback} is not callable.")
def inner(conn, direction, version, content_type, msg_type, data):
try:
version = TLSVersion(version)
except ValueError:
pass
try:
content_type = _TLSContentType(content_type)
except ValueError:
pass
if content_type == _TLSContentType.HEADER:
msg_enum = _TLSContentType
elif content_type == _TLSContentType.ALERT:
msg_enum = _TLSAlertType
else:
msg_enum = _TLSMessageType
try:
msg_type = msg_enum(msg_type)
except ValueError:
pass
return callback(conn, direction, version,
content_type, msg_type, data)
inner.user_function = callback
super(SSLContext, SSLContext)._msg_callback.__set__(self, inner)
@property
def protocol(self):
return _SSLMethod(super().protocol)
@property
def verify_flags(self):
return VerifyFlags(super().verify_flags)
@verify_flags.setter
def verify_flags(self, value):
super(SSLContext, SSLContext).verify_flags.__set__(self, value)
@property
def verify_mode(self):
value = super().verify_mode
try:
return VerifyMode(value)
except ValueError:
return value
@verify_mode.setter
def verify_mode(self, value):
super(SSLContext, SSLContext).verify_mode.__set__(self, value)
def create_default_context(purpose=Purpose.SERVER_AUTH, *, cafile=None,
capath=None, cadata=None):
"""Create a SSLContext object with default settings.
NOTE: The protocol and settings may change anytime without prior
deprecation. The values represent a fair balance between maximum
compatibility and security.
"""
if not isinstance(purpose, _ASN1Object):
raise TypeError(purpose)
# SSLContext sets OP_NO_SSLv2, OP_NO_SSLv3, OP_NO_COMPRESSION,
# OP_CIPHER_SERVER_PREFERENCE, OP_SINGLE_DH_USE and OP_SINGLE_ECDH_USE
# by default.
context = SSLContext(PROTOCOL_TLS)
if purpose == Purpose.SERVER_AUTH:
# verify certs and host name in client mode
context.verify_mode = CERT_REQUIRED
context.check_hostname = True
if cafile or capath or cadata:
context.load_verify_locations(cafile, capath, cadata)
elif context.verify_mode != CERT_NONE:
# no explicit cafile, capath or cadata but the verify mode is
# CERT_OPTIONAL or CERT_REQUIRED. Let's try to load default system
# root CA certificates for the given purpose. This may fail silently.
context.load_default_certs(purpose)
# OpenSSL 1.1.1 keylog file
if hasattr(context, 'keylog_filename'):
keylogfile = os.environ.get('SSLKEYLOGFILE')
if keylogfile and not sys.flags.ignore_environment:
context.keylog_filename = keylogfile
return context
def _create_unverified_context(protocol=PROTOCOL_TLS, *, cert_reqs=CERT_NONE,
check_hostname=False, purpose=Purpose.SERVER_AUTH,
certfile=None, keyfile=None,
cafile=None, capath=None, cadata=None):
"""Create a SSLContext object for Python stdlib modules
All Python stdlib modules shall use this function to create SSLContext
objects in order to keep common settings in one place. The configuration
is less restrict than create_default_context()'s to increase backward
compatibility.
"""
if not isinstance(purpose, _ASN1Object):
raise TypeError(purpose)
# SSLContext sets OP_NO_SSLv2, OP_NO_SSLv3, OP_NO_COMPRESSION,
# OP_CIPHER_SERVER_PREFERENCE, OP_SINGLE_DH_USE and OP_SINGLE_ECDH_USE
# by default.
context = SSLContext(protocol)
if not check_hostname:
context.check_hostname = False
if cert_reqs is not None:
context.verify_mode = cert_reqs
if check_hostname:
context.check_hostname = True
if keyfile and not certfile:
raise ValueError("certfile must be specified")
if certfile or keyfile:
context.load_cert_chain(certfile, keyfile)
# load CA root certs
if cafile or capath or cadata:
context.load_verify_locations(cafile, capath, cadata)
elif context.verify_mode != CERT_NONE:
# no explicit cafile, capath or cadata but the verify mode is
# CERT_OPTIONAL or CERT_REQUIRED. Let's try to load default system
# root CA certificates for the given purpose. This may fail silently.
context.load_default_certs(purpose)
# OpenSSL 1.1.1 keylog file
if hasattr(context, 'keylog_filename'):
keylogfile = os.environ.get('SSLKEYLOGFILE')
if keylogfile and not sys.flags.ignore_environment:
context.keylog_filename = keylogfile
return context
# Used by http.client if no context is explicitly passed.
_create_default_https_context = create_default_context
# Backwards compatibility alias, even though it's not a public name.
_create_stdlib_context = _create_unverified_context
class SSLObject:
"""This class implements an interface on top of a low-level SSL object as
implemented by OpenSSL. This object captures the state of an SSL connection
but does not provide any network IO itself. IO needs to be performed
through separate "BIO" objects which are OpenSSL's IO abstraction layer.
This class does not have a public constructor. Instances are returned by
``SSLContext.wrap_bio``. This class is typically used by framework authors
that want to implement asynchronous IO for SSL through memory buffers.
When compared to ``SSLSocket``, this object lacks the following features:
* Any form of network IO, including methods such as ``recv`` and ``send``.
* The ``do_handshake_on_connect`` and ``suppress_ragged_eofs`` machinery.
"""
def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
raise TypeError(
f"{self.__class__.__name__} does not have a public "
f"constructor. Instances are returned by SSLContext.wrap_bio()."
)
@classmethod
def _create(cls, incoming, outgoing, server_side=False,
server_hostname=None, session=None, context=None):
self = cls.__new__(cls)
sslobj = context._wrap_bio(
incoming, outgoing, server_side=server_side,
server_hostname=server_hostname,
owner=self, session=session
)
self._sslobj = sslobj
return self
@property
def context(self):
"""The SSLContext that is currently in use."""
return self._sslobj.context
@context.setter
def context(self, ctx):
self._sslobj.context = ctx
@property
def session(self):
"""The SSLSession for client socket."""
return self._sslobj.session
@session.setter
def session(self, session):
self._sslobj.session = session
@property
def session_reused(self):
"""Was the client session reused during handshake"""
return self._sslobj.session_reused
@property
def server_side(self):
"""Whether this is a server-side socket."""
return self._sslobj.server_side
@property
def server_hostname(self):
"""The currently set server hostname (for SNI), or ``None`` if no
server hostname is set."""
return self._sslobj.server_hostname
def read(self, len=1024, buffer=None):
"""Read up to 'len' bytes from the SSL object and return them.
If 'buffer' is provided, read into this buffer and return the number of
bytes read.
"""
if buffer is not None:
v = self._sslobj.read(len, buffer)
else:
v = self._sslobj.read(len)
return v
def write(self, data):
"""Write 'data' to the SSL object and return the number of bytes
written.
The 'data' argument must support the buffer interface.
"""
return self._sslobj.write(data)
def getpeercert(self, binary_form=False):
"""Returns a formatted version of the data in the certificate provided
by the other end of the SSL channel.
Return None if no certificate was provided, {} if a certificate was
provided, but not validated.
"""
return self._sslobj.getpeercert(binary_form)
def selected_npn_protocol(self):
"""Return the currently selected NPN protocol as a string, or ``None``
if a next protocol was not negotiated or if NPN is not supported by one
of the peers."""
if _ssl.HAS_NPN:
return self._sslobj.selected_npn_protocol()
def selected_alpn_protocol(self):
"""Return the currently selected ALPN protocol as a string, or ``None``
if a next protocol was not negotiated or if ALPN is not supported by one
of the peers."""
if _ssl.HAS_ALPN:
return self._sslobj.selected_alpn_protocol()
def cipher(self):
"""Return the currently selected cipher as a 3-tuple ``(name,
ssl_version, secret_bits)``."""
return self._sslobj.cipher()
def shared_ciphers(self):
"""Return a list of ciphers shared by the client during the handshake or
None if this is not a valid server connection.
"""
return self._sslobj.shared_ciphers()
def compression(self):
"""Return the current compression algorithm in use, or ``None`` if
compression was not negotiated or not supported by one of the peers."""
return self._sslobj.compression()
def pending(self):
"""Return the number of bytes that can be read immediately."""
return self._sslobj.pending()
def do_handshake(self):
"""Start the SSL/TLS handshake."""
self._sslobj.do_handshake()
def unwrap(self):
"""Start the SSL shutdown handshake."""
return self._sslobj.shutdown()
def get_channel_binding(self, cb_type="tls-unique"):
"""Get channel binding data for current connection. Raise ValueError
if the requested `cb_type` is not supported. Return bytes of the data
or None if the data is not available (e.g. before the handshake)."""
return self._sslobj.get_channel_binding(cb_type)
def version(self):
"""Return a string identifying the protocol version used by the
current SSL channel. """
return self._sslobj.version()
def verify_client_post_handshake(self):
return self._sslobj.verify_client_post_handshake()
def _sslcopydoc(func):
"""Copy docstring from SSLObject to SSLSocket"""
func.__doc__ = getattr(SSLObject, func.__name__).__doc__
return func
class SSLSocket(socket):
"""This class implements a subtype of socket.socket that wraps
the underlying OS socket in an SSL context when necessary, and
provides read and write methods over that channel. """
def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
raise TypeError(
f"{self.__class__.__name__} does not have a public "
f"constructor. Instances are returned by "
f"SSLContext.wrap_socket()."
)
@classmethod
def _create(cls, sock, server_side=False, do_handshake_on_connect=True,
suppress_ragged_eofs=True, server_hostname=None,
context=None, session=None):
if sock.getsockopt(SOL_SOCKET, SO_TYPE) != SOCK_STREAM:
raise NotImplementedError("only stream sockets are supported")
if server_side:
if server_hostname:
raise ValueError("server_hostname can only be specified "
"in client mode")
if session is not None:
raise ValueError("session can only be specified in "
"client mode")
if context.check_hostname and not server_hostname:
raise ValueError("check_hostname requires server_hostname")
kwargs = dict(
family=sock.family, type=sock.type, proto=sock.proto,
fileno=sock.fileno()
)
self = cls.__new__(cls, **kwargs)
super(SSLSocket, self).__init__(**kwargs)
self.settimeout(sock.gettimeout())
sock.detach()
self._context = context
self._session = session
self._closed = False
self._sslobj = None
self.server_side = server_side
self.server_hostname = context._encode_hostname(server_hostname)
self.do_handshake_on_connect = do_handshake_on_connect
self.suppress_ragged_eofs = suppress_ragged_eofs
# See if we are connected
try:
self.getpeername()
except OSError as e:
if e.errno != errno.ENOTCONN:
raise
connected = False
else:
connected = True
self._connected = connected
if connected:
# create the SSL object
try:
self._sslobj = self._context._wrap_socket(
self, server_side, self.server_hostname,
owner=self, session=self._session,
)
if do_handshake_on_connect:
timeout = self.gettimeout()
if timeout == 0.0:
# non-blocking
raise ValueError("do_handshake_on_connect should not be specified for non-blocking sockets")
self.do_handshake()
except (OSError, ValueError):
self.close()
raise
return self
@property
@_sslcopydoc
def context(self):
return self._context
@context.setter
def context(self, ctx):
self._context = ctx
self._sslobj.context = ctx
@property
@_sslcopydoc
def session(self):
if self._sslobj is not None:
return self._sslobj.session
@session.setter
def session(self, session):
self._session = session
if self._sslobj is not None:
self._sslobj.session = session
@property
@_sslcopydoc
def session_reused(self):
if self._sslobj is not None:
return self._sslobj.session_reused
def dup(self):
raise NotImplementedError("Can't dup() %s instances" %
self.__class__.__name__)
def _checkClosed(self, msg=None):
# raise an exception here if you wish to check for spurious closes
pass
def _check_connected(self):
if not self._connected:
# getpeername() will raise ENOTCONN if the socket is really
# not connected; note that we can be connected even without
# _connected being set, e.g. if connect() first returned
# EAGAIN.
self.getpeername()
def read(self, len=1024, buffer=None):
"""Read up to LEN bytes and return them.
Return zero-length string on EOF."""
self._checkClosed()
if self._sslobj is None:
raise ValueError("Read on closed or unwrapped SSL socket.")
try:
if buffer is not None:
return self._sslobj.read(len, buffer)
else:
return self._sslobj.read(len)
except SSLError as x:
if x.args[0] == SSL_ERROR_EOF and self.suppress_ragged_eofs:
if buffer is not None:
return 0
else:
return b''
else:
raise
def write(self, data):
"""Write DATA to the underlying SSL channel. Returns
number of bytes of DATA actually transmitted."""
self._checkClosed()
if self._sslobj is None:
raise ValueError("Write on closed or unwrapped SSL socket.")
return self._sslobj.write(data)
@_sslcopydoc
def getpeercert(self, binary_form=False):
self._checkClosed()
self._check_connected()
return self._sslobj.getpeercert(binary_form)
@_sslcopydoc
def selected_npn_protocol(self):
self._checkClosed()
if self._sslobj is None or not _ssl.HAS_NPN:
return None
else:
return self._sslobj.selected_npn_protocol()
@_sslcopydoc
def selected_alpn_protocol(self):
self._checkClosed()
if self._sslobj is None or not _ssl.HAS_ALPN:
return None
else:
return self._sslobj.selected_alpn_protocol()
@_sslcopydoc
def cipher(self):
self._checkClosed()
if self._sslobj is None:
return None
else:
return self._sslobj.cipher()
@_sslcopydoc
def shared_ciphers(self):
self._checkClosed()
if self._sslobj is None:
return None
else:
return self._sslobj.shared_ciphers()
@_sslcopydoc
def compression(self):
self._checkClosed()
if self._sslobj is None:
return None
else:
return self._sslobj.compression()
def send(self, data, flags=0):
self._checkClosed()
if self._sslobj is not None:
if flags != 0:
raise ValueError(
"non-zero flags not allowed in calls to send() on %s" %
self.__class__)
return self._sslobj.write(data)
else:
return super().send(data, flags)
def sendto(self, data, flags_or_addr, addr=None):
self._checkClosed()
if self._sslobj is not None:
raise ValueError("sendto not allowed on instances of %s" %
self.__class__)
elif addr is None:
return super().sendto(data, flags_or_addr)
else:
return super().sendto(data, flags_or_addr, addr)
def sendmsg(self, *args, **kwargs):
# Ensure programs don't send data unencrypted if they try to
# use this method.
raise NotImplementedError("sendmsg not allowed on instances of %s" %
self.__class__)
def sendall(self, data, flags=0):
self._checkClosed()
if self._sslobj is not None:
if flags != 0:
raise ValueError(
"non-zero flags not allowed in calls to sendall() on %s" %
self.__class__)
count = 0
with memoryview(data) as view, view.cast("B") as byte_view:
amount = len(byte_view)
while count < amount:
v = self.send(byte_view[count:])
count += v
else:
return super().sendall(data, flags)
def sendfile(self, file, offset=0, count=None):
"""Send a file, possibly by using os.sendfile() if this is a
clear-text socket. Return the total number of bytes sent.
"""
if self._sslobj is not None:
return self._sendfile_use_send(file, offset, count)
else:
# os.sendfile() works with plain sockets only
return super().sendfile(file, offset, count)
def recv(self, buflen=1024, flags=0):
self._checkClosed()
if self._sslobj is not None:
if flags != 0:
raise ValueError(
"non-zero flags not allowed in calls to recv() on %s" %
self.__class__)
return self.read(buflen)
else:
return super().recv(buflen, flags)
def recv_into(self, buffer, nbytes=None, flags=0):
self._checkClosed()
if buffer and (nbytes is None):
nbytes = len(buffer)
elif nbytes is None:
nbytes = 1024
if self._sslobj is not None:
if flags != 0:
raise ValueError(
"non-zero flags not allowed in calls to recv_into() on %s" %
self.__class__)
return self.read(nbytes, buffer)
else:
return super().recv_into(buffer, nbytes, flags)
def recvfrom(self, buflen=1024, flags=0):
self._checkClosed()
if self._sslobj is not None:
raise ValueError("recvfrom not allowed on instances of %s" %
self.__class__)
else:
return super().recvfrom(buflen, flags)
def recvfrom_into(self, buffer, nbytes=None, flags=0):
self._checkClosed()
if self._sslobj is not None:
raise ValueError("recvfrom_into not allowed on instances of %s" %
self.__class__)
else:
return super().recvfrom_into(buffer, nbytes, flags)
def recvmsg(self, *args, **kwargs):
raise NotImplementedError("recvmsg not allowed on instances of %s" %
self.__class__)
def recvmsg_into(self, *args, **kwargs):
raise NotImplementedError("recvmsg_into not allowed on instances of "
"%s" % self.__class__)
@_sslcopydoc
def pending(self):
self._checkClosed()
if self._sslobj is not None:
return self._sslobj.pending()
else:
return 0
def shutdown(self, how):
self._checkClosed()
self._sslobj = None
super().shutdown(how)
@_sslcopydoc
def unwrap(self):
if self._sslobj:
s = self._sslobj.shutdown()
self._sslobj = None
return s
else:
raise ValueError("No SSL wrapper around " + str(self))
@_sslcopydoc
def verify_client_post_handshake(self):
if self._sslobj:
return self._sslobj.verify_client_post_handshake()
else:
raise ValueError("No SSL wrapper around " + str(self))
def _real_close(self):
self._sslobj = None
super()._real_close()
@_sslcopydoc
def do_handshake(self, block=False):
self._check_connected()
timeout = self.gettimeout()
try:
if timeout == 0.0 and block:
self.settimeout(None)
self._sslobj.do_handshake()
finally:
self.settimeout(timeout)
def _real_connect(self, addr, connect_ex):
if self.server_side:
raise ValueError("can't connect in server-side mode")
# Here we assume that the socket is client-side, and not
# connected at the time of the call. We connect it, then wrap it.
if self._connected or self._sslobj is not None:
raise ValueError("attempt to connect already-connected SSLSocket!")
self._sslobj = self.context._wrap_socket(
self, False, self.server_hostname,
owner=self, session=self._session
)
try:
if connect_ex:
rc = super().connect_ex(addr)
else:
rc = None
super().connect(addr)
if not rc:
self._connected = True
if self.do_handshake_on_connect:
self.do_handshake()
return rc
except (OSError, ValueError):
self._sslobj = None
raise
def connect(self, addr):
"""Connects to remote ADDR, and then wraps the connection in
an SSL channel."""
self._real_connect(addr, False)
def connect_ex(self, addr):
"""Connects to remote ADDR, and then wraps the connection in
an SSL channel."""
return self._real_connect(addr, True)
def accept(self):
"""Accepts a new connection from a remote client, and returns
a tuple containing that new connection wrapped with a server-side
SSL channel, and the address of the remote client."""
newsock, addr = super().accept()
newsock = self.context.wrap_socket(newsock,
do_handshake_on_connect=self.do_handshake_on_connect,
suppress_ragged_eofs=self.suppress_ragged_eofs,
server_side=True)
return newsock, addr
@_sslcopydoc
def get_channel_binding(self, cb_type="tls-unique"):
if self._sslobj is not None:
return self._sslobj.get_channel_binding(cb_type)
else:
if cb_type not in CHANNEL_BINDING_TYPES:
raise ValueError(
"{0} channel binding type not implemented".format(cb_type)
)
return None
@_sslcopydoc
def version(self):
if self._sslobj is not None:
return self._sslobj.version()
else:
return None
# Python does not support forward declaration of types.
SSLContext.sslsocket_class = SSLSocket
SSLContext.sslobject_class = SSLObject
def wrap_socket(sock, keyfile=None, certfile=None,
server_side=False, cert_reqs=CERT_NONE,
ssl_version=PROTOCOL_TLS, ca_certs=None,
do_handshake_on_connect=True,
suppress_ragged_eofs=True,
ciphers=None):
if server_side and not certfile:
raise ValueError("certfile must be specified for server-side "
"operations")
if keyfile and not certfile:
raise ValueError("certfile must be specified")
context = SSLContext(ssl_version)
context.verify_mode = cert_reqs
if ca_certs:
context.load_verify_locations(ca_certs)
if certfile:
context.load_cert_chain(certfile, keyfile)
if ciphers:
context.set_ciphers(ciphers)
return context.wrap_socket(
sock=sock, server_side=server_side,
do_handshake_on_connect=do_handshake_on_connect,
suppress_ragged_eofs=suppress_ragged_eofs
)
# some utility functions
def cert_time_to_seconds(cert_time):
"""Return the time in seconds since the Epoch, given the timestring
representing the "notBefore" or "notAfter" date from a certificate
in ``"%b %d %H:%M:%S %Y %Z"`` strptime format (C locale).
"notBefore" or "notAfter" dates must use UTC (RFC 5280).
Month is one of: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
UTC should be specified as GMT (see ASN1_TIME_print())
"""
from time import strptime
from calendar import timegm
months = (
"Jan","Feb","Mar","Apr","May","Jun",
"Jul","Aug","Sep","Oct","Nov","Dec"
)
time_format = ' %d %H:%M:%S %Y GMT' # NOTE: no month, fixed GMT
try:
month_number = months.index(cert_time[:3].title()) + 1
except ValueError:
raise ValueError('time data %r does not match '
'format "%%b%s"' % (cert_time, time_format))
else:
# found valid month
tt = strptime(cert_time[3:], time_format)
# return an integer, the previous mktime()-based implementation
# returned a float (fractional seconds are always zero here).
return timegm((tt[0], month_number) + tt[2:6])
PEM_HEADER = "-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----"
PEM_FOOTER = "-----END CERTIFICATE-----"
def DER_cert_to_PEM_cert(der_cert_bytes):
"""Takes a certificate in binary DER format and returns the
PEM version of it as a string."""
f = str(base64.standard_b64encode(der_cert_bytes), 'ASCII', 'strict')
ss = [PEM_HEADER]
ss += [f[i:i+64] for i in range(0, len(f), 64)]
ss.append(PEM_FOOTER + '\n')
return '\n'.join(ss)
def PEM_cert_to_DER_cert(pem_cert_string):
"""Takes a certificate in ASCII PEM format and returns the
DER-encoded version of it as a byte sequence"""
if not pem_cert_string.startswith(PEM_HEADER):
raise ValueError("Invalid PEM encoding; must start with %s"
% PEM_HEADER)
if not pem_cert_string.strip().endswith(PEM_FOOTER):
raise ValueError("Invalid PEM encoding; must end with %s"
% PEM_FOOTER)
d = pem_cert_string.strip()[len(PEM_HEADER):-len(PEM_FOOTER)]
return base64.decodebytes(d.encode('ASCII', 'strict'))
def get_server_certificate(addr, ssl_version=PROTOCOL_TLS, ca_certs=None):
"""Retrieve the certificate from the server at the specified address,
and return it as a PEM-encoded string.
If 'ca_certs' is specified, validate the server cert against it.
If 'ssl_version' is specified, use it in the connection attempt."""
host, port = addr
if ca_certs is not None:
cert_reqs = CERT_REQUIRED
else:
cert_reqs = CERT_NONE
context = _create_stdlib_context(ssl_version,
cert_reqs=cert_reqs,
cafile=ca_certs)
with create_connection(addr) as sock:
with context.wrap_socket(sock) as sslsock:
dercert = sslsock.getpeercert(True)
return DER_cert_to_PEM_cert(dercert)
def get_protocol_name(protocol_code):
return _PROTOCOL_NAMES.get(protocol_code, '<unknown>')
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