Efektivitas Strategi Ta’bir Mushawwar dalam Pembelajaran Bahasa Arab di Madrasah Ibtidaiyah
Keywords:
Arabic; speaking skill; ta’bir mushawwar
Abstract
Speaking proficiency is one of the main skills in Arabic language learning, but fourth grade students of MI TPI Keramat face difficulties in assembling mufradat and practicing active conversation, mainly due to the lack of varied learning strategies. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of the ta'bir mushawwar strategy, which uses picture as a media to facilitate students in constructing sentences and telling stories, in improving Arabic speaking skills. With a quantitative approach and pre-experiment design, this study involved 18 students of class IV-C. Data were collected through tests, observations, and interviews, then analyzed descriptively and N-Gain test. The posttest average was 83.06 (very good category) with 88.9% completeness, and the N-Gain score was 0.6398 which showed effectiveness in the medium category. The ta'bir mushawwar strategy offers a solution in the form of a visual and hands-on learning approach that can significantly improve students' speaking skills and make learning more interesting and interactive.
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"""Routines to help recognizing sound files.
Function whathdr() recognizes various types of sound file headers.
It understands almost all headers that SOX can decode.
The return tuple contains the following items, in this order:
- file type (as SOX understands it)
- sampling rate (0 if unknown or hard to decode)
- number of channels (0 if unknown or hard to decode)
- number of frames in the file (-1 if unknown or hard to decode)
- number of bits/sample, or 'U' for U-LAW, or 'A' for A-LAW
If the file doesn't have a recognizable type, it returns None.
If the file can't be opened, OSError is raised.
To compute the total time, divide the number of frames by the
sampling rate (a frame contains a sample for each channel).
Function what() calls whathdr(). (It used to also use some
heuristics for raw data, but this doesn't work very well.)
Finally, the function test() is a simple main program that calls
what() for all files mentioned on the argument list. For directory
arguments it calls what() for all files in that directory. Default
argument is "." (testing all files in the current directory). The
option -r tells it to recurse down directories found inside
explicitly given directories.
"""
# The file structure is top-down except that the test program and its
# subroutine come last.
__all__ = ['what', 'whathdr']
from collections import namedtuple
SndHeaders = namedtuple('SndHeaders',
'filetype framerate nchannels nframes sampwidth')
SndHeaders.filetype.__doc__ = ("""The value for type indicates the data type
and will be one of the strings 'aifc', 'aiff', 'au','hcom',
'sndr', 'sndt', 'voc', 'wav', '8svx', 'sb', 'ub', or 'ul'.""")
SndHeaders.framerate.__doc__ = ("""The sampling_rate will be either the actual
value or 0 if unknown or difficult to decode.""")
SndHeaders.nchannels.__doc__ = ("""The number of channels or 0 if it cannot be
determined or if the value is difficult to decode.""")
SndHeaders.nframes.__doc__ = ("""The value for frames will be either the number
of frames or -1.""")
SndHeaders.sampwidth.__doc__ = ("""Either the sample size in bits or
'A' for A-LAW or 'U' for u-LAW.""")
def what(filename):
"""Guess the type of a sound file."""
res = whathdr(filename)
return res
def whathdr(filename):
"""Recognize sound headers."""
with open(filename, 'rb') as f:
h = f.read(512)
for tf in tests:
res = tf(h, f)
if res:
return SndHeaders(*res)
return None
#-----------------------------------#
# Subroutines per sound header type #
#-----------------------------------#
tests = []
def test_aifc(h, f):
import aifc
if not h.startswith(b'FORM'):
return None
if h[8:12] == b'AIFC':
fmt = 'aifc'
elif h[8:12] == b'AIFF':
fmt = 'aiff'
else:
return None
f.seek(0)
try:
a = aifc.open(f, 'r')
except (EOFError, aifc.Error):
return None
return (fmt, a.getframerate(), a.getnchannels(),
a.getnframes(), 8 * a.getsampwidth())
tests.append(test_aifc)
def test_au(h, f):
if h.startswith(b'.snd'):
func = get_long_be
elif h[:4] in (b'\0ds.', b'dns.'):
func = get_long_le
else:
return None
filetype = 'au'
hdr_size = func(h[4:8])
data_size = func(h[8:12])
encoding = func(h[12:16])
rate = func(h[16:20])
nchannels = func(h[20:24])
sample_size = 1 # default
if encoding == 1:
sample_bits = 'U'
elif encoding == 2:
sample_bits = 8
elif encoding == 3:
sample_bits = 16
sample_size = 2
else:
sample_bits = '?'
frame_size = sample_size * nchannels
if frame_size:
nframe = data_size / frame_size
else:
nframe = -1
return filetype, rate, nchannels, nframe, sample_bits
tests.append(test_au)
def test_hcom(h, f):
if h[65:69] != b'FSSD' or h[128:132] != b'HCOM':
return None
divisor = get_long_be(h[144:148])
if divisor:
rate = 22050 / divisor
else:
rate = 0
return 'hcom', rate, 1, -1, 8
tests.append(test_hcom)
def test_voc(h, f):
if not h.startswith(b'Creative Voice File\032'):
return None
sbseek = get_short_le(h[20:22])
rate = 0
if 0 <= sbseek < 500 and h[sbseek] == 1:
ratecode = 256 - h[sbseek+4]
if ratecode:
rate = int(1000000.0 / ratecode)
return 'voc', rate, 1, -1, 8
tests.append(test_voc)
def test_wav(h, f):
import wave
# 'RIFF' <len> 'WAVE' 'fmt ' <len>
if not h.startswith(b'RIFF') or h[8:12] != b'WAVE' or h[12:16] != b'fmt ':
return None
f.seek(0)
try:
w = wave.open(f, 'r')
except (EOFError, wave.Error):
return None
return ('wav', w.getframerate(), w.getnchannels(),
w.getnframes(), 8*w.getsampwidth())
tests.append(test_wav)
def test_8svx(h, f):
if not h.startswith(b'FORM') or h[8:12] != b'8SVX':
return None
# Should decode it to get #channels -- assume always 1
return '8svx', 0, 1, 0, 8
tests.append(test_8svx)
def test_sndt(h, f):
if h.startswith(b'SOUND'):
nsamples = get_long_le(h[8:12])
rate = get_short_le(h[20:22])
return 'sndt', rate, 1, nsamples, 8
tests.append(test_sndt)
def test_sndr(h, f):
if h.startswith(b'\0\0'):
rate = get_short_le(h[2:4])
if 4000 <= rate <= 25000:
return 'sndr', rate, 1, -1, 8
tests.append(test_sndr)
#-------------------------------------------#
# Subroutines to extract numbers from bytes #
#-------------------------------------------#
def get_long_be(b):
return (b[0] << 24) | (b[1] << 16) | (b[2] << 8) | b[3]
def get_long_le(b):
return (b[3] << 24) | (b[2] << 16) | (b[1] << 8) | b[0]
def get_short_be(b):
return (b[0] << 8) | b[1]
def get_short_le(b):
return (b[1] << 8) | b[0]
#--------------------#
# Small test program #
#--------------------#
def test():
import sys
recursive = 0
if sys.argv[1:] and sys.argv[1] == '-r':
del sys.argv[1:2]
recursive = 1
try:
if sys.argv[1:]:
testall(sys.argv[1:], recursive, 1)
else:
testall(['.'], recursive, 1)
except KeyboardInterrupt:
sys.stderr.write('\n[Interrupted]\n')
sys.exit(1)
def testall(list, recursive, toplevel):
import sys
import os
for filename in list:
if os.path.isdir(filename):
print(filename + '/:', end=' ')
if recursive or toplevel:
print('recursing down:')
import glob
names = glob.glob(os.path.join(glob.escape(filename), '*'))
testall(names, recursive, 0)
else:
print('*** directory (use -r) ***')
else:
print(filename + ':', end=' ')
sys.stdout.flush()
try:
print(what(filename))
except OSError:
print('*** not found ***')
if __name__ == '__main__':
test()
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