Efektivitas Strategi Ta’bir Mushawwar dalam Pembelajaran Bahasa Arab di Madrasah Ibtidaiyah
Keywords:
Arabic; speaking skill; ta’bir mushawwar
Abstract
Speaking proficiency is one of the main skills in Arabic language learning, but fourth grade students of MI TPI Keramat face difficulties in assembling mufradat and practicing active conversation, mainly due to the lack of varied learning strategies. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of the ta'bir mushawwar strategy, which uses picture as a media to facilitate students in constructing sentences and telling stories, in improving Arabic speaking skills. With a quantitative approach and pre-experiment design, this study involved 18 students of class IV-C. Data were collected through tests, observations, and interviews, then analyzed descriptively and N-Gain test. The posttest average was 83.06 (very good category) with 88.9% completeness, and the N-Gain score was 0.6398 which showed effectiveness in the medium category. The ta'bir mushawwar strategy offers a solution in the form of a visual and hands-on learning approach that can significantly improve students' speaking skills and make learning more interesting and interactive.
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"""A generally useful event scheduler class.
Each instance of this class manages its own queue.
No multi-threading is implied; you are supposed to hack that
yourself, or use a single instance per application.
Each instance is parametrized with two functions, one that is
supposed to return the current time, one that is supposed to
implement a delay. You can implement real-time scheduling by
substituting time and sleep from built-in module time, or you can
implement simulated time by writing your own functions. This can
also be used to integrate scheduling with STDWIN events; the delay
function is allowed to modify the queue. Time can be expressed as
integers or floating point numbers, as long as it is consistent.
Events are specified by tuples (time, priority, action, argument, kwargs).
As in UNIX, lower priority numbers mean higher priority; in this
way the queue can be maintained as a priority queue. Execution of the
event means calling the action function, passing it the argument
sequence in "argument" (remember that in Python, multiple function
arguments are be packed in a sequence) and keyword parameters in "kwargs".
The action function may be an instance method so it
has another way to reference private data (besides global variables).
"""
import time
import heapq
from collections import namedtuple
import threading
from time import monotonic as _time
__all__ = ["scheduler"]
class Event(namedtuple('Event', 'time, priority, action, argument, kwargs')):
__slots__ = []
def __eq__(s, o): return (s.time, s.priority) == (o.time, o.priority)
def __lt__(s, o): return (s.time, s.priority) < (o.time, o.priority)
def __le__(s, o): return (s.time, s.priority) <= (o.time, o.priority)
def __gt__(s, o): return (s.time, s.priority) > (o.time, o.priority)
def __ge__(s, o): return (s.time, s.priority) >= (o.time, o.priority)
Event.time.__doc__ = ('''Numeric type compatible with the return value of the
timefunc function passed to the constructor.''')
Event.priority.__doc__ = ('''Events scheduled for the same time will be executed
in the order of their priority.''')
Event.action.__doc__ = ('''Executing the event means executing
action(*argument, **kwargs)''')
Event.argument.__doc__ = ('''argument is a sequence holding the positional
arguments for the action.''')
Event.kwargs.__doc__ = ('''kwargs is a dictionary holding the keyword
arguments for the action.''')
_sentinel = object()
class scheduler:
def __init__(self, timefunc=_time, delayfunc=time.sleep):
"""Initialize a new instance, passing the time and delay
functions"""
self._queue = []
self._lock = threading.RLock()
self.timefunc = timefunc
self.delayfunc = delayfunc
def enterabs(self, time, priority, action, argument=(), kwargs=_sentinel):
"""Enter a new event in the queue at an absolute time.
Returns an ID for the event which can be used to remove it,
if necessary.
"""
if kwargs is _sentinel:
kwargs = {}
event = Event(time, priority, action, argument, kwargs)
with self._lock:
heapq.heappush(self._queue, event)
return event # The ID
def enter(self, delay, priority, action, argument=(), kwargs=_sentinel):
"""A variant that specifies the time as a relative time.
This is actually the more commonly used interface.
"""
time = self.timefunc() + delay
return self.enterabs(time, priority, action, argument, kwargs)
def cancel(self, event):
"""Remove an event from the queue.
This must be presented the ID as returned by enter().
If the event is not in the queue, this raises ValueError.
"""
with self._lock:
self._queue.remove(event)
heapq.heapify(self._queue)
def empty(self):
"""Check whether the queue is empty."""
with self._lock:
return not self._queue
def run(self, blocking=True):
"""Execute events until the queue is empty.
If blocking is False executes the scheduled events due to
expire soonest (if any) and then return the deadline of the
next scheduled call in the scheduler.
When there is a positive delay until the first event, the
delay function is called and the event is left in the queue;
otherwise, the event is removed from the queue and executed
(its action function is called, passing it the argument). If
the delay function returns prematurely, it is simply
restarted.
It is legal for both the delay function and the action
function to modify the queue or to raise an exception;
exceptions are not caught but the scheduler's state remains
well-defined so run() may be called again.
A questionable hack is added to allow other threads to run:
just after an event is executed, a delay of 0 is executed, to
avoid monopolizing the CPU when other threads are also
runnable.
"""
# localize variable access to minimize overhead
# and to improve thread safety
lock = self._lock
q = self._queue
delayfunc = self.delayfunc
timefunc = self.timefunc
pop = heapq.heappop
while True:
with lock:
if not q:
break
time, priority, action, argument, kwargs = q[0]
now = timefunc()
if time > now:
delay = True
else:
delay = False
pop(q)
if delay:
if not blocking:
return time - now
delayfunc(time - now)
else:
action(*argument, **kwargs)
delayfunc(0) # Let other threads run
@property
def queue(self):
"""An ordered list of upcoming events.
Events are named tuples with fields for:
time, priority, action, arguments, kwargs
"""
# Use heapq to sort the queue rather than using 'sorted(self._queue)'.
# With heapq, two events scheduled at the same time will show in
# the actual order they would be retrieved.
with self._lock:
events = self._queue[:]
return list(map(heapq.heappop, [events]*len(events)))
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