Efektivitas Strategi Ta’bir Mushawwar dalam Pembelajaran Bahasa Arab di Madrasah Ibtidaiyah
Keywords:
Arabic; speaking skill; ta’bir mushawwar
Abstract
Speaking proficiency is one of the main skills in Arabic language learning, but fourth grade students of MI TPI Keramat face difficulties in assembling mufradat and practicing active conversation, mainly due to the lack of varied learning strategies. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of the ta'bir mushawwar strategy, which uses picture as a media to facilitate students in constructing sentences and telling stories, in improving Arabic speaking skills. With a quantitative approach and pre-experiment design, this study involved 18 students of class IV-C. Data were collected through tests, observations, and interviews, then analyzed descriptively and N-Gain test. The posttest average was 83.06 (very good category) with 88.9% completeness, and the N-Gain score was 0.6398 which showed effectiveness in the medium category. The ta'bir mushawwar strategy offers a solution in the form of a visual and hands-on learning approach that can significantly improve students' speaking skills and make learning more interesting and interactive.
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"""An object-oriented interface to .netrc files."""
# Module and documentation by Eric S. Raymond, 21 Dec 1998
import os, shlex, stat
__all__ = ["netrc", "NetrcParseError"]
class NetrcParseError(Exception):
"""Exception raised on syntax errors in the .netrc file."""
def __init__(self, msg, filename=None, lineno=None):
self.filename = filename
self.lineno = lineno
self.msg = msg
Exception.__init__(self, msg)
def __str__(self):
return "%s (%s, line %s)" % (self.msg, self.filename, self.lineno)
class netrc:
def __init__(self, file=None):
default_netrc = file is None
if file is None:
file = os.path.join(os.path.expanduser("~"), ".netrc")
self.hosts = {}
self.macros = {}
with open(file) as fp:
self._parse(file, fp, default_netrc)
def _parse(self, file, fp, default_netrc):
lexer = shlex.shlex(fp)
lexer.wordchars += r"""!"#$%&'()*+,-./:;<=>?@[\]^_`{|}~"""
lexer.commenters = lexer.commenters.replace('#', '')
while 1:
# Look for a machine, default, or macdef top-level keyword
saved_lineno = lexer.lineno
toplevel = tt = lexer.get_token()
if not tt:
break
elif tt[0] == '#':
if lexer.lineno == saved_lineno and len(tt) == 1:
lexer.instream.readline()
continue
elif tt == 'machine':
entryname = lexer.get_token()
elif tt == 'default':
entryname = 'default'
elif tt == 'macdef': # Just skip to end of macdefs
entryname = lexer.get_token()
self.macros[entryname] = []
lexer.whitespace = ' \t'
while 1:
line = lexer.instream.readline()
if not line or line == '\012':
lexer.whitespace = ' \t\r\n'
break
self.macros[entryname].append(line)
continue
else:
raise NetrcParseError(
"bad toplevel token %r" % tt, file, lexer.lineno)
# We're looking at start of an entry for a named machine or default.
login = ''
account = password = None
self.hosts[entryname] = {}
while 1:
tt = lexer.get_token()
if (tt.startswith('#') or
tt in {'', 'machine', 'default', 'macdef'}):
if password:
self.hosts[entryname] = (login, account, password)
lexer.push_token(tt)
break
else:
raise NetrcParseError(
"malformed %s entry %s terminated by %s"
% (toplevel, entryname, repr(tt)),
file, lexer.lineno)
elif tt == 'login' or tt == 'user':
login = lexer.get_token()
elif tt == 'account':
account = lexer.get_token()
elif tt == 'password':
if os.name == 'posix' and default_netrc:
prop = os.fstat(fp.fileno())
if prop.st_uid != os.getuid():
import pwd
try:
fowner = pwd.getpwuid(prop.st_uid)[0]
except KeyError:
fowner = 'uid %s' % prop.st_uid
try:
user = pwd.getpwuid(os.getuid())[0]
except KeyError:
user = 'uid %s' % os.getuid()
raise NetrcParseError(
("~/.netrc file owner (%s) does not match"
" current user (%s)") % (fowner, user),
file, lexer.lineno)
if (prop.st_mode & (stat.S_IRWXG | stat.S_IRWXO)):
raise NetrcParseError(
"~/.netrc access too permissive: access"
" permissions must restrict access to only"
" the owner", file, lexer.lineno)
password = lexer.get_token()
else:
raise NetrcParseError("bad follower token %r" % tt,
file, lexer.lineno)
def authenticators(self, host):
"""Return a (user, account, password) tuple for given host."""
if host in self.hosts:
return self.hosts[host]
elif 'default' in self.hosts:
return self.hosts['default']
else:
return None
def __repr__(self):
"""Dump the class data in the format of a .netrc file."""
rep = ""
for host in self.hosts.keys():
attrs = self.hosts[host]
rep += f"machine {host}\n\tlogin {attrs[0]}\n"
if attrs[1]:
rep += f"\taccount {attrs[1]}\n"
rep += f"\tpassword {attrs[2]}\n"
for macro in self.macros.keys():
rep += f"macdef {macro}\n"
for line in self.macros[macro]:
rep += line
rep += "\n"
return rep
if __name__ == '__main__':
print(netrc())
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