Efektivitas Strategi Ta’bir Mushawwar dalam Pembelajaran Bahasa Arab di Madrasah Ibtidaiyah
Keywords:
Arabic; speaking skill; ta’bir mushawwar
Abstract
Speaking proficiency is one of the main skills in Arabic language learning, but fourth grade students of MI TPI Keramat face difficulties in assembling mufradat and practicing active conversation, mainly due to the lack of varied learning strategies. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of the ta'bir mushawwar strategy, which uses picture as a media to facilitate students in constructing sentences and telling stories, in improving Arabic speaking skills. With a quantitative approach and pre-experiment design, this study involved 18 students of class IV-C. Data were collected through tests, observations, and interviews, then analyzed descriptively and N-Gain test. The posttest average was 83.06 (very good category) with 88.9% completeness, and the N-Gain score was 0.6398 which showed effectiveness in the medium category. The ta'bir mushawwar strategy offers a solution in the form of a visual and hands-on learning approach that can significantly improve students' speaking skills and make learning more interesting and interactive.
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"""HMAC (Keyed-Hashing for Message Authentication) module.
Implements the HMAC algorithm as described by RFC 2104.
"""
import warnings as _warnings
try:
import _hashlib as _hashopenssl
except ImportError:
_hashopenssl = None
_openssl_md_meths = None
from _operator import _compare_digest as compare_digest
else:
_openssl_md_meths = frozenset(_hashopenssl.openssl_md_meth_names)
compare_digest = _hashopenssl.compare_digest
import hashlib as _hashlib
trans_5C = bytes((x ^ 0x5C) for x in range(256))
trans_36 = bytes((x ^ 0x36) for x in range(256))
# The size of the digests returned by HMAC depends on the underlying
# hashing module used. Use digest_size from the instance of HMAC instead.
digest_size = None
class HMAC:
"""RFC 2104 HMAC class. Also complies with RFC 4231.
This supports the API for Cryptographic Hash Functions (PEP 247).
"""
blocksize = 64 # 512-bit HMAC; can be changed in subclasses.
__slots__ = (
"_digest_cons", "_inner", "_outer", "block_size", "digest_size"
)
def __init__(self, key, msg=None, digestmod=''):
"""Create a new HMAC object.
key: bytes or buffer, key for the keyed hash object.
msg: bytes or buffer, Initial input for the hash or None.
digestmod: A hash name suitable for hashlib.new(). *OR*
A hashlib constructor returning a new hash object. *OR*
A module supporting PEP 247.
Required as of 3.8, despite its position after the optional
msg argument. Passing it as a keyword argument is
recommended, though not required for legacy API reasons.
"""
if not isinstance(key, (bytes, bytearray)):
raise TypeError("key: expected bytes or bytearray, but got %r" % type(key).__name__)
if not digestmod:
raise TypeError("Missing required parameter 'digestmod'.")
if callable(digestmod):
self._digest_cons = digestmod
elif isinstance(digestmod, str):
self._digest_cons = lambda d=b'': _hashlib.new(digestmod, d)
else:
self._digest_cons = lambda d=b'': digestmod.new(d)
self._outer = self._digest_cons()
self._inner = self._digest_cons()
self.digest_size = self._inner.digest_size
if hasattr(self._inner, 'block_size'):
blocksize = self._inner.block_size
if blocksize < 16:
_warnings.warn('block_size of %d seems too small; using our '
'default of %d.' % (blocksize, self.blocksize),
RuntimeWarning, 2)
blocksize = self.blocksize
else:
_warnings.warn('No block_size attribute on given digest object; '
'Assuming %d.' % (self.blocksize),
RuntimeWarning, 2)
blocksize = self.blocksize
# self.blocksize is the default blocksize. self.block_size is
# effective block size as well as the public API attribute.
self.block_size = blocksize
if len(key) > blocksize:
key = self._digest_cons(key).digest()
key = key.ljust(blocksize, b'\0')
self._outer.update(key.translate(trans_5C))
self._inner.update(key.translate(trans_36))
if msg is not None:
self.update(msg)
@property
def name(self):
return "hmac-" + self._inner.name
@property
def digest_cons(self):
return self._digest_cons
@property
def inner(self):
return self._inner
@property
def outer(self):
return self._outer
def update(self, msg):
"""Feed data from msg into this hashing object."""
self._inner.update(msg)
def copy(self):
"""Return a separate copy of this hashing object.
An update to this copy won't affect the original object.
"""
# Call __new__ directly to avoid the expensive __init__.
other = self.__class__.__new__(self.__class__)
other._digest_cons = self._digest_cons
other.digest_size = self.digest_size
other._inner = self._inner.copy()
other._outer = self._outer.copy()
return other
def _current(self):
"""Return a hash object for the current state.
To be used only internally with digest() and hexdigest().
"""
h = self._outer.copy()
h.update(self._inner.digest())
return h
def digest(self):
"""Return the hash value of this hashing object.
This returns the hmac value as bytes. The object is
not altered in any way by this function; you can continue
updating the object after calling this function.
"""
h = self._current()
return h.digest()
def hexdigest(self):
"""Like digest(), but returns a string of hexadecimal digits instead.
"""
h = self._current()
return h.hexdigest()
def new(key, msg=None, digestmod=''):
"""Create a new hashing object and return it.
key: bytes or buffer, The starting key for the hash.
msg: bytes or buffer, Initial input for the hash, or None.
digestmod: A hash name suitable for hashlib.new(). *OR*
A hashlib constructor returning a new hash object. *OR*
A module supporting PEP 247.
Required as of 3.8, despite its position after the optional
msg argument. Passing it as a keyword argument is
recommended, though not required for legacy API reasons.
You can now feed arbitrary bytes into the object using its update()
method, and can ask for the hash value at any time by calling its digest()
or hexdigest() methods.
"""
return HMAC(key, msg, digestmod)
def digest(key, msg, digest):
"""Fast inline implementation of HMAC.
key: bytes or buffer, The key for the keyed hash object.
msg: bytes or buffer, Input message.
digest: A hash name suitable for hashlib.new() for best performance. *OR*
A hashlib constructor returning a new hash object. *OR*
A module supporting PEP 247.
"""
if (_hashopenssl is not None and
isinstance(digest, str) and digest in _openssl_md_meths):
return _hashopenssl.hmac_digest(key, msg, digest)
if callable(digest):
digest_cons = digest
elif isinstance(digest, str):
digest_cons = lambda d=b'': _hashlib.new(digest, d)
else:
digest_cons = lambda d=b'': digest.new(d)
inner = digest_cons()
outer = digest_cons()
blocksize = getattr(inner, 'block_size', 64)
if len(key) > blocksize:
key = digest_cons(key).digest()
key = key + b'\x00' * (blocksize - len(key))
inner.update(key.translate(trans_36))
outer.update(key.translate(trans_5C))
inner.update(msg)
outer.update(inner.digest())
return outer.digest()
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