Efektivitas Strategi Ta’bir Mushawwar dalam Pembelajaran Bahasa Arab di Madrasah Ibtidaiyah
Keywords:
Arabic; speaking skill; ta’bir mushawwar
Abstract
Speaking proficiency is one of the main skills in Arabic language learning, but fourth grade students of MI TPI Keramat face difficulties in assembling mufradat and practicing active conversation, mainly due to the lack of varied learning strategies. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of the ta'bir mushawwar strategy, which uses picture as a media to facilitate students in constructing sentences and telling stories, in improving Arabic speaking skills. With a quantitative approach and pre-experiment design, this study involved 18 students of class IV-C. Data were collected through tests, observations, and interviews, then analyzed descriptively and N-Gain test. The posttest average was 83.06 (very good category) with 88.9% completeness, and the N-Gain score was 0.6398 which showed effectiveness in the medium category. The ta'bir mushawwar strategy offers a solution in the form of a visual and hands-on learning approach that can significantly improve students' speaking skills and make learning more interesting and interactive.
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"""Module/script to byte-compile all .py files to .pyc files.
When called as a script with arguments, this compiles the directories
given as arguments recursively; the -l option prevents it from
recursing into directories.
Without arguments, if compiles all modules on sys.path, without
recursing into subdirectories. (Even though it should do so for
packages -- for now, you'll have to deal with packages separately.)
See module py_compile for details of the actual byte-compilation.
"""
import os
import sys
import importlib.util
import py_compile
import struct
import filecmp
from functools import partial
from pathlib import Path
__all__ = ["compile_dir","compile_file","compile_path"]
def _walk_dir(dir, maxlevels, quiet=0):
if quiet < 2 and isinstance(dir, os.PathLike):
dir = os.fspath(dir)
if not quiet:
print('Listing {!r}...'.format(dir))
try:
names = os.listdir(dir)
except OSError:
if quiet < 2:
print("Can't list {!r}".format(dir))
names = []
names.sort()
for name in names:
if name == '__pycache__':
continue
fullname = os.path.join(dir, name)
if not os.path.isdir(fullname):
yield fullname
elif (maxlevels > 0 and name != os.curdir and name != os.pardir and
os.path.isdir(fullname) and not os.path.islink(fullname)):
yield from _walk_dir(fullname, maxlevels=maxlevels - 1,
quiet=quiet)
def compile_dir(dir, maxlevels=None, ddir=None, force=False,
rx=None, quiet=0, legacy=False, optimize=-1, workers=1,
invalidation_mode=None, *, stripdir=None,
prependdir=None, limit_sl_dest=None, hardlink_dupes=False):
"""Byte-compile all modules in the given directory tree.
Arguments (only dir is required):
dir: the directory to byte-compile
maxlevels: maximum recursion level (default `sys.getrecursionlimit()`)
ddir: the directory that will be prepended to the path to the
file as it is compiled into each byte-code file.
force: if True, force compilation, even if timestamps are up-to-date
quiet: full output with False or 0, errors only with 1,
no output with 2
legacy: if True, produce legacy pyc paths instead of PEP 3147 paths
optimize: int or list of optimization levels or -1 for level of
the interpreter. Multiple levels leads to multiple compiled
files each with one optimization level.
workers: maximum number of parallel workers
invalidation_mode: how the up-to-dateness of the pyc will be checked
stripdir: part of path to left-strip from source file path
prependdir: path to prepend to beginning of original file path, applied
after stripdir
limit_sl_dest: ignore symlinks if they are pointing outside of
the defined path
hardlink_dupes: hardlink duplicated pyc files
"""
ProcessPoolExecutor = None
if ddir is not None and (stripdir is not None or prependdir is not None):
raise ValueError(("Destination dir (ddir) cannot be used "
"in combination with stripdir or prependdir"))
if ddir is not None:
stripdir = dir
prependdir = ddir
ddir = None
if workers < 0:
raise ValueError('workers must be greater or equal to 0')
if workers != 1:
try:
# Only import when needed, as low resource platforms may
# fail to import it
from concurrent.futures import ProcessPoolExecutor
except ImportError:
workers = 1
if maxlevels is None:
maxlevels = sys.getrecursionlimit()
files = _walk_dir(dir, quiet=quiet, maxlevels=maxlevels)
success = True
if workers != 1 and ProcessPoolExecutor is not None:
# If workers == 0, let ProcessPoolExecutor choose
workers = workers or None
with ProcessPoolExecutor(max_workers=workers) as executor:
results = executor.map(partial(compile_file,
ddir=ddir, force=force,
rx=rx, quiet=quiet,
legacy=legacy,
optimize=optimize,
invalidation_mode=invalidation_mode,
stripdir=stripdir,
prependdir=prependdir,
limit_sl_dest=limit_sl_dest,
hardlink_dupes=hardlink_dupes),
files)
success = min(results, default=True)
else:
for file in files:
if not compile_file(file, ddir, force, rx, quiet,
legacy, optimize, invalidation_mode,
stripdir=stripdir, prependdir=prependdir,
limit_sl_dest=limit_sl_dest,
hardlink_dupes=hardlink_dupes):
success = False
return success
def compile_file(fullname, ddir=None, force=False, rx=None, quiet=0,
legacy=False, optimize=-1,
invalidation_mode=None, *, stripdir=None, prependdir=None,
limit_sl_dest=None, hardlink_dupes=False):
"""Byte-compile one file.
Arguments (only fullname is required):
fullname: the file to byte-compile
ddir: if given, the directory name compiled in to the
byte-code file.
force: if True, force compilation, even if timestamps are up-to-date
quiet: full output with False or 0, errors only with 1,
no output with 2
legacy: if True, produce legacy pyc paths instead of PEP 3147 paths
optimize: int or list of optimization levels or -1 for level of
the interpreter. Multiple levels leads to multiple compiled
files each with one optimization level.
invalidation_mode: how the up-to-dateness of the pyc will be checked
stripdir: part of path to left-strip from source file path
prependdir: path to prepend to beginning of original file path, applied
after stripdir
limit_sl_dest: ignore symlinks if they are pointing outside of
the defined path.
hardlink_dupes: hardlink duplicated pyc files
"""
if ddir is not None and (stripdir is not None or prependdir is not None):
raise ValueError(("Destination dir (ddir) cannot be used "
"in combination with stripdir or prependdir"))
success = True
if quiet < 2 and isinstance(fullname, os.PathLike):
fullname = os.fspath(fullname)
name = os.path.basename(fullname)
dfile = None
if ddir is not None:
dfile = os.path.join(ddir, name)
if stripdir is not None:
fullname_parts = fullname.split(os.path.sep)
stripdir_parts = stripdir.split(os.path.sep)
ddir_parts = list(fullname_parts)
for spart, opart in zip(stripdir_parts, fullname_parts):
if spart == opart:
ddir_parts.remove(spart)
dfile = os.path.join(*ddir_parts)
if prependdir is not None:
if dfile is None:
dfile = os.path.join(prependdir, fullname)
else:
dfile = os.path.join(prependdir, dfile)
if isinstance(optimize, int):
optimize = [optimize]
# Use set() to remove duplicates.
# Use sorted() to create pyc files in a deterministic order.
optimize = sorted(set(optimize))
if hardlink_dupes and len(optimize) < 2:
raise ValueError("Hardlinking of duplicated bytecode makes sense "
"only for more than one optimization level")
if rx is not None:
mo = rx.search(fullname)
if mo:
return success
if limit_sl_dest is not None and os.path.islink(fullname):
if Path(limit_sl_dest).resolve() not in Path(fullname).resolve().parents:
return success
opt_cfiles = {}
if os.path.isfile(fullname):
for opt_level in optimize:
if legacy:
opt_cfiles[opt_level] = fullname + 'c'
else:
if opt_level >= 0:
opt = opt_level if opt_level >= 1 else ''
cfile = (importlib.util.cache_from_source(
fullname, optimization=opt))
opt_cfiles[opt_level] = cfile
else:
cfile = importlib.util.cache_from_source(fullname)
opt_cfiles[opt_level] = cfile
head, tail = name[:-3], name[-3:]
if tail == '.py':
if not force:
try:
mtime = int(os.stat(fullname).st_mtime)
expect = struct.pack('<4sll', importlib.util.MAGIC_NUMBER,
0, mtime)
for cfile in opt_cfiles.values():
with open(cfile, 'rb') as chandle:
actual = chandle.read(12)
if expect != actual:
break
else:
return success
except OSError:
pass
if not quiet:
print('Compiling {!r}...'.format(fullname))
try:
for index, opt_level in enumerate(optimize):
cfile = opt_cfiles[opt_level]
ok = py_compile.compile(fullname, cfile, dfile, True,
optimize=opt_level,
invalidation_mode=invalidation_mode)
if index > 0 and hardlink_dupes:
previous_cfile = opt_cfiles[optimize[index - 1]]
if filecmp.cmp(cfile, previous_cfile, shallow=False):
os.unlink(cfile)
os.link(previous_cfile, cfile)
except py_compile.PyCompileError as err:
success = False
if quiet >= 2:
return success
elif quiet:
print('*** Error compiling {!r}...'.format(fullname))
else:
print('*** ', end='')
# escape non-printable characters in msg
msg = err.msg.encode(sys.stdout.encoding,
errors='backslashreplace')
msg = msg.decode(sys.stdout.encoding)
print(msg)
except (SyntaxError, UnicodeError, OSError) as e:
success = False
if quiet >= 2:
return success
elif quiet:
print('*** Error compiling {!r}...'.format(fullname))
else:
print('*** ', end='')
print(e.__class__.__name__ + ':', e)
else:
if ok == 0:
success = False
return success
def compile_path(skip_curdir=1, maxlevels=0, force=False, quiet=0,
legacy=False, optimize=-1,
invalidation_mode=None):
"""Byte-compile all module on sys.path.
Arguments (all optional):
skip_curdir: if true, skip current directory (default True)
maxlevels: max recursion level (default 0)
force: as for compile_dir() (default False)
quiet: as for compile_dir() (default 0)
legacy: as for compile_dir() (default False)
optimize: as for compile_dir() (default -1)
invalidation_mode: as for compiler_dir()
"""
success = True
for dir in sys.path:
if (not dir or dir == os.curdir) and skip_curdir:
if quiet < 2:
print('Skipping current directory')
else:
success = success and compile_dir(
dir,
maxlevels,
None,
force,
quiet=quiet,
legacy=legacy,
optimize=optimize,
invalidation_mode=invalidation_mode,
)
return success
def main():
"""Script main program."""
import argparse
parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
description='Utilities to support installing Python libraries.')
parser.add_argument('-l', action='store_const', const=0,
default=None, dest='maxlevels',
help="don't recurse into subdirectories")
parser.add_argument('-r', type=int, dest='recursion',
help=('control the maximum recursion level. '
'if `-l` and `-r` options are specified, '
'then `-r` takes precedence.'))
parser.add_argument('-f', action='store_true', dest='force',
help='force rebuild even if timestamps are up to date')
parser.add_argument('-q', action='count', dest='quiet', default=0,
help='output only error messages; -qq will suppress '
'the error messages as well.')
parser.add_argument('-b', action='store_true', dest='legacy',
help='use legacy (pre-PEP3147) compiled file locations')
parser.add_argument('-d', metavar='DESTDIR', dest='ddir', default=None,
help=('directory to prepend to file paths for use in '
'compile-time tracebacks and in runtime '
'tracebacks in cases where the source file is '
'unavailable'))
parser.add_argument('-s', metavar='STRIPDIR', dest='stripdir',
default=None,
help=('part of path to left-strip from path '
'to source file - for example buildroot. '
'`-d` and `-s` options cannot be '
'specified together.'))
parser.add_argument('-p', metavar='PREPENDDIR', dest='prependdir',
default=None,
help=('path to add as prefix to path '
'to source file - for example / to make '
'it absolute when some part is removed '
'by `-s` option. '
'`-d` and `-p` options cannot be '
'specified together.'))
parser.add_argument('-x', metavar='REGEXP', dest='rx', default=None,
help=('skip files matching the regular expression; '
'the regexp is searched for in the full path '
'of each file considered for compilation'))
parser.add_argument('-i', metavar='FILE', dest='flist',
help=('add all the files and directories listed in '
'FILE to the list considered for compilation; '
'if "-", names are read from stdin'))
parser.add_argument('compile_dest', metavar='FILE|DIR', nargs='*',
help=('zero or more file and directory names '
'to compile; if no arguments given, defaults '
'to the equivalent of -l sys.path'))
parser.add_argument('-j', '--workers', default=1,
type=int, help='Run compileall concurrently')
invalidation_modes = [mode.name.lower().replace('_', '-')
for mode in py_compile.PycInvalidationMode]
parser.add_argument('--invalidation-mode',
choices=sorted(invalidation_modes),
help=('set .pyc invalidation mode; defaults to '
'"checked-hash" if the SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH '
'environment variable is set, and '
'"timestamp" otherwise.'))
parser.add_argument('-o', action='append', type=int, dest='opt_levels',
help=('Optimization levels to run compilation with.'
'Default is -1 which uses optimization level of'
'Python interpreter itself (specified by -O).'))
parser.add_argument('-e', metavar='DIR', dest='limit_sl_dest',
help='Ignore symlinks pointing outsite of the DIR')
parser.add_argument('--hardlink-dupes', action='store_true',
dest='hardlink_dupes',
help='Hardlink duplicated pyc files')
args = parser.parse_args()
compile_dests = args.compile_dest
if args.rx:
import re
args.rx = re.compile(args.rx)
if args.limit_sl_dest == "":
args.limit_sl_dest = None
if args.recursion is not None:
maxlevels = args.recursion
else:
maxlevels = args.maxlevels
if args.opt_levels is None:
args.opt_levels = [-1]
if len(args.opt_levels) == 1 and args.hardlink_dupes:
parser.error(("Hardlinking of duplicated bytecode makes sense "
"only for more than one optimization level."))
if args.ddir is not None and (
args.stripdir is not None or args.prependdir is not None
):
parser.error("-d cannot be used in combination with -s or -p")
# if flist is provided then load it
if args.flist:
try:
with (sys.stdin if args.flist=='-' else open(args.flist)) as f:
for line in f:
compile_dests.append(line.strip())
except OSError:
if args.quiet < 2:
print("Error reading file list {}".format(args.flist))
return False
if args.invalidation_mode:
ivl_mode = args.invalidation_mode.replace('-', '_').upper()
invalidation_mode = py_compile.PycInvalidationMode[ivl_mode]
else:
invalidation_mode = None
success = True
try:
if compile_dests:
for dest in compile_dests:
if os.path.isfile(dest):
if not compile_file(dest, args.ddir, args.force, args.rx,
args.quiet, args.legacy,
invalidation_mode=invalidation_mode,
stripdir=args.stripdir,
prependdir=args.prependdir,
optimize=args.opt_levels,
limit_sl_dest=args.limit_sl_dest,
hardlink_dupes=args.hardlink_dupes):
success = False
else:
if not compile_dir(dest, maxlevels, args.ddir,
args.force, args.rx, args.quiet,
args.legacy, workers=args.workers,
invalidation_mode=invalidation_mode,
stripdir=args.stripdir,
prependdir=args.prependdir,
optimize=args.opt_levels,
limit_sl_dest=args.limit_sl_dest,
hardlink_dupes=args.hardlink_dupes):
success = False
return success
else:
return compile_path(legacy=args.legacy, force=args.force,
quiet=args.quiet,
invalidation_mode=invalidation_mode)
except KeyboardInterrupt:
if args.quiet < 2:
print("\n[interrupted]")
return False
return True
if __name__ == '__main__':
exit_status = int(not main())
sys.exit(exit_status)
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