Efektivitas Strategi Ta’bir Mushawwar dalam Pembelajaran Bahasa Arab di Madrasah Ibtidaiyah
Keywords:
Arabic; speaking skill; ta’bir mushawwar
Abstract
Speaking proficiency is one of the main skills in Arabic language learning, but fourth grade students of MI TPI Keramat face difficulties in assembling mufradat and practicing active conversation, mainly due to the lack of varied learning strategies. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of the ta'bir mushawwar strategy, which uses picture as a media to facilitate students in constructing sentences and telling stories, in improving Arabic speaking skills. With a quantitative approach and pre-experiment design, this study involved 18 students of class IV-C. Data were collected through tests, observations, and interviews, then analyzed descriptively and N-Gain test. The posttest average was 83.06 (very good category) with 88.9% completeness, and the N-Gain score was 0.6398 which showed effectiveness in the medium category. The ta'bir mushawwar strategy offers a solution in the form of a visual and hands-on learning approach that can significantly improve students' speaking skills and make learning more interesting and interactive.
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"""Macintosh binhex compression/decompression.
easy interface:
binhex(inputfilename, outputfilename)
hexbin(inputfilename, outputfilename)
"""
#
# Jack Jansen, CWI, August 1995.
#
# The module is supposed to be as compatible as possible. Especially the
# easy interface should work "as expected" on any platform.
# XXXX Note: currently, textfiles appear in mac-form on all platforms.
# We seem to lack a simple character-translate in python.
# (we should probably use ISO-Latin-1 on all but the mac platform).
# XXXX The simple routines are too simple: they expect to hold the complete
# files in-core. Should be fixed.
# XXXX It would be nice to handle AppleDouble format on unix
# (for servers serving macs).
# XXXX I don't understand what happens when you get 0x90 times the same byte on
# input. The resulting code (xx 90 90) would appear to be interpreted as an
# escaped *value* of 0x90. All coders I've seen appear to ignore this nicety...
#
import binascii
import contextlib
import io
import os
import struct
import warnings
warnings.warn('the binhex module is deprecated', DeprecationWarning,
stacklevel=2)
__all__ = ["binhex","hexbin","Error"]
class Error(Exception):
pass
# States (what have we written)
_DID_HEADER = 0
_DID_DATA = 1
# Various constants
REASONABLY_LARGE = 32768 # Minimal amount we pass the rle-coder
LINELEN = 64
RUNCHAR = b"\x90"
#
# This code is no longer byte-order dependent
class FInfo:
def __init__(self):
self.Type = '????'
self.Creator = '????'
self.Flags = 0
def getfileinfo(name):
finfo = FInfo()
with io.open(name, 'rb') as fp:
# Quick check for textfile
data = fp.read(512)
if 0 not in data:
finfo.Type = 'TEXT'
fp.seek(0, 2)
dsize = fp.tell()
dir, file = os.path.split(name)
file = file.replace(':', '-', 1)
return file, finfo, dsize, 0
class openrsrc:
def __init__(self, *args):
pass
def read(self, *args):
return b''
def write(self, *args):
pass
def close(self):
pass
# DeprecationWarning is already emitted on "import binhex". There is no need
# to repeat the warning at each call to deprecated binascii functions.
@contextlib.contextmanager
def _ignore_deprecation_warning():
with warnings.catch_warnings():
warnings.filterwarnings('ignore', '', DeprecationWarning)
yield
class _Hqxcoderengine:
"""Write data to the coder in 3-byte chunks"""
def __init__(self, ofp):
self.ofp = ofp
self.data = b''
self.hqxdata = b''
self.linelen = LINELEN - 1
def write(self, data):
self.data = self.data + data
datalen = len(self.data)
todo = (datalen // 3) * 3
data = self.data[:todo]
self.data = self.data[todo:]
if not data:
return
with _ignore_deprecation_warning():
self.hqxdata = self.hqxdata + binascii.b2a_hqx(data)
self._flush(0)
def _flush(self, force):
first = 0
while first <= len(self.hqxdata) - self.linelen:
last = first + self.linelen
self.ofp.write(self.hqxdata[first:last] + b'\r')
self.linelen = LINELEN
first = last
self.hqxdata = self.hqxdata[first:]
if force:
self.ofp.write(self.hqxdata + b':\r')
def close(self):
if self.data:
with _ignore_deprecation_warning():
self.hqxdata = self.hqxdata + binascii.b2a_hqx(self.data)
self._flush(1)
self.ofp.close()
del self.ofp
class _Rlecoderengine:
"""Write data to the RLE-coder in suitably large chunks"""
def __init__(self, ofp):
self.ofp = ofp
self.data = b''
def write(self, data):
self.data = self.data + data
if len(self.data) < REASONABLY_LARGE:
return
with _ignore_deprecation_warning():
rledata = binascii.rlecode_hqx(self.data)
self.ofp.write(rledata)
self.data = b''
def close(self):
if self.data:
with _ignore_deprecation_warning():
rledata = binascii.rlecode_hqx(self.data)
self.ofp.write(rledata)
self.ofp.close()
del self.ofp
class BinHex:
def __init__(self, name_finfo_dlen_rlen, ofp):
name, finfo, dlen, rlen = name_finfo_dlen_rlen
close_on_error = False
if isinstance(ofp, str):
ofname = ofp
ofp = io.open(ofname, 'wb')
close_on_error = True
try:
ofp.write(b'(This file must be converted with BinHex 4.0)\r\r:')
hqxer = _Hqxcoderengine(ofp)
self.ofp = _Rlecoderengine(hqxer)
self.crc = 0
if finfo is None:
finfo = FInfo()
self.dlen = dlen
self.rlen = rlen
self._writeinfo(name, finfo)
self.state = _DID_HEADER
except:
if close_on_error:
ofp.close()
raise
def _writeinfo(self, name, finfo):
nl = len(name)
if nl > 63:
raise Error('Filename too long')
d = bytes([nl]) + name.encode("latin-1") + b'\0'
tp, cr = finfo.Type, finfo.Creator
if isinstance(tp, str):
tp = tp.encode("latin-1")
if isinstance(cr, str):
cr = cr.encode("latin-1")
d2 = tp + cr
# Force all structs to be packed with big-endian
d3 = struct.pack('>h', finfo.Flags)
d4 = struct.pack('>ii', self.dlen, self.rlen)
info = d + d2 + d3 + d4
self._write(info)
self._writecrc()
def _write(self, data):
self.crc = binascii.crc_hqx(data, self.crc)
self.ofp.write(data)
def _writecrc(self):
# XXXX Should this be here??
# self.crc = binascii.crc_hqx('\0\0', self.crc)
if self.crc < 0:
fmt = '>h'
else:
fmt = '>H'
self.ofp.write(struct.pack(fmt, self.crc))
self.crc = 0
def write(self, data):
if self.state != _DID_HEADER:
raise Error('Writing data at the wrong time')
self.dlen = self.dlen - len(data)
self._write(data)
def close_data(self):
if self.dlen != 0:
raise Error('Incorrect data size, diff=%r' % (self.rlen,))
self._writecrc()
self.state = _DID_DATA
def write_rsrc(self, data):
if self.state < _DID_DATA:
self.close_data()
if self.state != _DID_DATA:
raise Error('Writing resource data at the wrong time')
self.rlen = self.rlen - len(data)
self._write(data)
def close(self):
if self.state is None:
return
try:
if self.state < _DID_DATA:
self.close_data()
if self.state != _DID_DATA:
raise Error('Close at the wrong time')
if self.rlen != 0:
raise Error("Incorrect resource-datasize, diff=%r" % (self.rlen,))
self._writecrc()
finally:
self.state = None
ofp = self.ofp
del self.ofp
ofp.close()
def binhex(inp, out):
"""binhex(infilename, outfilename): create binhex-encoded copy of a file"""
finfo = getfileinfo(inp)
ofp = BinHex(finfo, out)
with io.open(inp, 'rb') as ifp:
# XXXX Do textfile translation on non-mac systems
while True:
d = ifp.read(128000)
if not d: break
ofp.write(d)
ofp.close_data()
ifp = openrsrc(inp, 'rb')
while True:
d = ifp.read(128000)
if not d: break
ofp.write_rsrc(d)
ofp.close()
ifp.close()
class _Hqxdecoderengine:
"""Read data via the decoder in 4-byte chunks"""
def __init__(self, ifp):
self.ifp = ifp
self.eof = 0
def read(self, totalwtd):
"""Read at least wtd bytes (or until EOF)"""
decdata = b''
wtd = totalwtd
#
# The loop here is convoluted, since we don't really now how
# much to decode: there may be newlines in the incoming data.
while wtd > 0:
if self.eof: return decdata
wtd = ((wtd + 2) // 3) * 4
data = self.ifp.read(wtd)
#
# Next problem: there may not be a complete number of
# bytes in what we pass to a2b. Solve by yet another
# loop.
#
while True:
try:
with _ignore_deprecation_warning():
decdatacur, self.eof = binascii.a2b_hqx(data)
break
except binascii.Incomplete:
pass
newdata = self.ifp.read(1)
if not newdata:
raise Error('Premature EOF on binhex file')
data = data + newdata
decdata = decdata + decdatacur
wtd = totalwtd - len(decdata)
if not decdata and not self.eof:
raise Error('Premature EOF on binhex file')
return decdata
def close(self):
self.ifp.close()
class _Rledecoderengine:
"""Read data via the RLE-coder"""
def __init__(self, ifp):
self.ifp = ifp
self.pre_buffer = b''
self.post_buffer = b''
self.eof = 0
def read(self, wtd):
if wtd > len(self.post_buffer):
self._fill(wtd - len(self.post_buffer))
rv = self.post_buffer[:wtd]
self.post_buffer = self.post_buffer[wtd:]
return rv
def _fill(self, wtd):
self.pre_buffer = self.pre_buffer + self.ifp.read(wtd + 4)
if self.ifp.eof:
with _ignore_deprecation_warning():
self.post_buffer = self.post_buffer + \
binascii.rledecode_hqx(self.pre_buffer)
self.pre_buffer = b''
return
#
# Obfuscated code ahead. We have to take care that we don't
# end up with an orphaned RUNCHAR later on. So, we keep a couple
# of bytes in the buffer, depending on what the end of
# the buffer looks like:
# '\220\0\220' - Keep 3 bytes: repeated \220 (escaped as \220\0)
# '?\220' - Keep 2 bytes: repeated something-else
# '\220\0' - Escaped \220: Keep 2 bytes.
# '?\220?' - Complete repeat sequence: decode all
# otherwise: keep 1 byte.
#
mark = len(self.pre_buffer)
if self.pre_buffer[-3:] == RUNCHAR + b'\0' + RUNCHAR:
mark = mark - 3
elif self.pre_buffer[-1:] == RUNCHAR:
mark = mark - 2
elif self.pre_buffer[-2:] == RUNCHAR + b'\0':
mark = mark - 2
elif self.pre_buffer[-2:-1] == RUNCHAR:
pass # Decode all
else:
mark = mark - 1
with _ignore_deprecation_warning():
self.post_buffer = self.post_buffer + \
binascii.rledecode_hqx(self.pre_buffer[:mark])
self.pre_buffer = self.pre_buffer[mark:]
def close(self):
self.ifp.close()
class HexBin:
def __init__(self, ifp):
if isinstance(ifp, str):
ifp = io.open(ifp, 'rb')
#
# Find initial colon.
#
while True:
ch = ifp.read(1)
if not ch:
raise Error("No binhex data found")
# Cater for \r\n terminated lines (which show up as \n\r, hence
# all lines start with \r)
if ch == b'\r':
continue
if ch == b':':
break
hqxifp = _Hqxdecoderengine(ifp)
self.ifp = _Rledecoderengine(hqxifp)
self.crc = 0
self._readheader()
def _read(self, len):
data = self.ifp.read(len)
self.crc = binascii.crc_hqx(data, self.crc)
return data
def _checkcrc(self):
filecrc = struct.unpack('>h', self.ifp.read(2))[0] & 0xffff
#self.crc = binascii.crc_hqx('\0\0', self.crc)
# XXXX Is this needed??
self.crc = self.crc & 0xffff
if filecrc != self.crc:
raise Error('CRC error, computed %x, read %x'
% (self.crc, filecrc))
self.crc = 0
def _readheader(self):
len = self._read(1)
fname = self._read(ord(len))
rest = self._read(1 + 4 + 4 + 2 + 4 + 4)
self._checkcrc()
type = rest[1:5]
creator = rest[5:9]
flags = struct.unpack('>h', rest[9:11])[0]
self.dlen = struct.unpack('>l', rest[11:15])[0]
self.rlen = struct.unpack('>l', rest[15:19])[0]
self.FName = fname
self.FInfo = FInfo()
self.FInfo.Creator = creator
self.FInfo.Type = type
self.FInfo.Flags = flags
self.state = _DID_HEADER
def read(self, *n):
if self.state != _DID_HEADER:
raise Error('Read data at wrong time')
if n:
n = n[0]
n = min(n, self.dlen)
else:
n = self.dlen
rv = b''
while len(rv) < n:
rv = rv + self._read(n-len(rv))
self.dlen = self.dlen - n
return rv
def close_data(self):
if self.state != _DID_HEADER:
raise Error('close_data at wrong time')
if self.dlen:
dummy = self._read(self.dlen)
self._checkcrc()
self.state = _DID_DATA
def read_rsrc(self, *n):
if self.state == _DID_HEADER:
self.close_data()
if self.state != _DID_DATA:
raise Error('Read resource data at wrong time')
if n:
n = n[0]
n = min(n, self.rlen)
else:
n = self.rlen
self.rlen = self.rlen - n
return self._read(n)
def close(self):
if self.state is None:
return
try:
if self.rlen:
dummy = self.read_rsrc(self.rlen)
self._checkcrc()
finally:
self.state = None
self.ifp.close()
def hexbin(inp, out):
"""hexbin(infilename, outfilename) - Decode binhexed file"""
ifp = HexBin(inp)
finfo = ifp.FInfo
if not out:
out = ifp.FName
with io.open(out, 'wb') as ofp:
# XXXX Do translation on non-mac systems
while True:
d = ifp.read(128000)
if not d: break
ofp.write(d)
ifp.close_data()
d = ifp.read_rsrc(128000)
if d:
ofp = openrsrc(out, 'wb')
ofp.write(d)
while True:
d = ifp.read_rsrc(128000)
if not d: break
ofp.write(d)
ofp.close()
ifp.close()
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