Efektivitas Strategi Ta’bir Mushawwar dalam  Pembelajaran Bahasa Arab di Madrasah Ibtidaiyah

Nuur Mahmudah; Khairunnisa

doi:10.37850/ibtida'.v5i2.817

Nuur Mahmudah Universitas Islam Negeri Antasari Banjarmasin
Khairunnisa Universitas Islam Negeri Antasari Banjarmasin

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37850/ibtida'.v5i2.817

Keywords: Arabic; speaking skill; ta’bir mushawwar

Abstract

Speaking proficiency is one of the main skills in Arabic language learning, but fourth grade students of MI TPI Keramat face difficulties in assembling mufradat and practicing active conversation, mainly due to the lack of varied learning strategies. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of the ta'bir mushawwar strategy, which uses picture as a media to facilitate students in constructing sentences and telling stories, in improving Arabic speaking skills. With a quantitative approach and pre-experiment design, this study involved 18 students of class IV-C. Data were collected through tests, observations, and interviews, then analyzed descriptively and N-Gain test. The posttest average was 83.06 (very good category) with 88.9% completeness, and the N-Gain score was 0.6398 which showed effectiveness in the medium category. The ta'bir mushawwar strategy offers a solution in the form of a visual and hands-on learning approach that can significantly improve students' speaking skills and make learning more interesting and interactive.

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Current File : /lib/grub/grub-mkconfig_lib

# Helper library for grub-mkconfig
# Copyright (C) 2007,2008,2009,2010  Free Software Foundation, Inc.
#
# GRUB is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
# the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
# (at your option) any later version.
#
# GRUB is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
# GNU General Public License for more details.
#
# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
# along with GRUB.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.

prefix="/usr"
exec_prefix="/usr"
datarootdir="/usr/share"
datadir="${datarootdir}"
bindir="${exec_prefix}/bin"
sbindir="${exec_prefix}/sbin"
if [ "x$pkgdatadir" = x ]; then
    pkgdatadir="${datadir}/grub"
fi

if test "x$grub_probe" = x; then
  grub_probe="${sbindir}/grub-probe"
fi
if test "x$grub_file" = x; then
  grub_file="${bindir}/grub-file"
fi
if test "x$grub_mkrelpath" = x; then
  grub_mkrelpath="${bindir}/grub-mkrelpath"
fi

if command -v gettext >/dev/null; then
  :
else
  gettext () {
     printf "%s" "$@"
  }
fi

grub_warn ()
{
  echo "$(gettext "Warning:")" "$@" >&2
}

make_system_path_relative_to_its_root ()
{
  "${grub_mkrelpath}" "$1"
}

is_path_readable_by_grub ()
{
  path="$1"

  # abort if path doesn't exist
  if test -e "$path" ; then : ;else
    return 1
  fi

  # abort if file is in a filesystem we can't read
  if "${grub_probe}" -t fs "$path" > /dev/null 2>&1 ; then : ; else
    return 1
  fi

  # ... or if we can't figure out the abstraction module, for example if
  # memberlist fails on an LVM volume group.
  if abstractions="`"${grub_probe}" -t abstraction "$path"`" 2> /dev/null ; then 
      :
  else
    return 1
  fi

  if [ x$GRUB_ENABLE_CRYPTODISK = xy ]; then
      return 0
  fi
  
  for abstraction in $abstractions; do
      if [ "x$abstraction" = xcryptodisk ]; then
	  return 1
      fi
  done

  return 0
}

convert_system_path_to_grub_path ()
{
  path="$1"

  grub_warn "convert_system_path_to_grub_path() is deprecated.  Use prepare_grub_to_access_device() instead."

  # abort if GRUB can't access the path
  if is_path_readable_by_grub "${path}" ; then : ; else
    return 1
  fi

  if drive="`"${grub_probe}" -t drive "$path"`" ; then : ; else
    return 1
  fi

  if relative_path="`make_system_path_relative_to_its_root "$path"`" ; then : ; else
    return 1
  fi

  echo "${drive}${relative_path}"
}

save_default_entry ()
{
  if [ "x${GRUB_SAVEDEFAULT}" = "xtrue" ] ; then
    cat << EOF
savedefault
EOF
  fi
}

prepare_grub_to_access_device ()
{
  old_ifs="$IFS"
  IFS='
'
  partmap="`"${grub_probe}" --device $@ --target=partmap`"
  for module in ${partmap} ; do
    case "${module}" in
      netbsd | openbsd)
        echo "insmod part_bsd";;
      *)
        echo "insmod part_${module}";;
    esac
  done

  loop_file=
  case $1 in
    /dev/loop/*|/dev/loop[0-9])
      grub_loop_device="${1#/dev/}"
      loop_file=`losetup "$1" | sed -e "s/^[^(]*(\([^)]\+\)).*/\1/"`
      case $loop_file in
        /dev/*) ;;
        *)
          loop_device="$1"
          shift
          set -- `"${grub_probe}" --target=device "${loop_file}"` "$@" || return 0
        ;;
      esac
    ;;
  esac

  # Abstraction modules aren't auto-loaded.
  abstraction="`"${grub_probe}" --device $@ --target=abstraction`"
  for module in ${abstraction} ; do
    echo "insmod ${module}"
  done

  fs="`"${grub_probe}" --device $@ --target=fs`"
  for module in ${fs} ; do
    echo "insmod ${module}"
  done

  if [ x$GRUB_ENABLE_CRYPTODISK = xy ]; then
      for uuid in `"${grub_probe}" --device $@ --target=cryptodisk_uuid`; do
	  echo "cryptomount -u $uuid"
      done
  fi

  # If there's a filesystem UUID that GRUB is capable of identifying, use it;
  # otherwise set root as per value in device.map.
  fs_hint="`"${grub_probe}" --device $@ --target=compatibility_hint`"
  if [ "x$fs_hint" != x ]; then
    echo "set root='$fs_hint'"
  fi
  if [ "x${GRUB_DISABLE_UUID}" != "xtrue" ] && fs_uuid="`"${grub_probe}" --device $@ --target=fs_uuid 2> /dev/null`" ; then
    hints="`"${grub_probe}" --device $@ --target=hints_string 2> /dev/null`" || hints=
    if [ "x$hints" != x ]; then
      echo "if [ x\$feature_platform_search_hint = xy ]; then"
      echo "  search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root ${hints} ${fs_uuid}"
      echo "else"
      echo "  search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root ${fs_uuid}"
      echo "fi"
    else
      echo "search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root ${fs_uuid}"
    fi
  fi
  IFS="$old_ifs"

  if [ "x${loop_file}" != x ]; then
    loop_mountpoint="$(awk '"'${loop_file}'" ~ "^"$2 && $2 != "/" { print $2 }' /proc/mounts | tail -n1)"
    if [ "x${loop_mountpoint}" != x ]; then
      echo "loopback ${grub_loop_device} ${loop_file#$loop_mountpoint}"
      echo "set root=(${grub_loop_device})"
    fi
  fi
}

grub_get_device_id ()
{
  old_ifs="$IFS"
  IFS='
'
  device="$1"
  if [ "x${GRUB_DISABLE_UUID}" != "xtrue" ] && fs_uuid="`"${grub_probe}" --device ${device} --target=fs_uuid 2> /dev/null`" ; then
    echo "$fs_uuid";
  else
    echo $device |sed 's, ,_,g'
  fi
  IFS="$old_ifs"
}

grub_file_is_not_garbage ()
{
  if test -f "$1" ; then
    case "$1" in
      *.dpkg-*) return 1 ;; # debian dpkg
      *.rpmsave|*.rpmnew) return 1 ;;
      README*|*/README*)  return 1 ;; # documentation
      *.sig) return 1 ;; # signatures
    esac
  else
    return 1
  fi
  return 0
}

version_sort ()
{
  case $version_sort_sort_has_v in
    yes)
      LC_ALL=C sort -V;;
    no)
      LC_ALL=C sort -n;;
    *)
      if sort -V </dev/null > /dev/null 2>&1; then
        version_sort_sort_has_v=yes
	LC_ALL=C sort -V
      else
        version_sort_sort_has_v=no
        LC_ALL=C sort -n
      fi;;
   esac
}

version_test_numeric ()
{
  version_test_numeric_a="$1"
  version_test_numeric_cmp="$2"
  version_test_numeric_b="$3"
  if [ "$version_test_numeric_a" = "$version_test_numeric_b" ] ; then
    case "$version_test_numeric_cmp" in
      ge|eq|le) return 0 ;;
      gt|lt) return 1 ;;
    esac
  fi
  if [ "$version_test_numeric_cmp" = "lt" ] ; then
    version_test_numeric_c="$version_test_numeric_a"
    version_test_numeric_a="$version_test_numeric_b"
    version_test_numeric_b="$version_test_numeric_c"
  fi
  if (echo "$version_test_numeric_a" ; echo "$version_test_numeric_b") | version_sort | head -n 1 | grep -qx "$version_test_numeric_b" ; then
    return 0
  else
    return 1
  fi
}

version_test_gt ()
{
  version_test_gt_sedexp="s/[^-]*-//;s/[._-]\(pre\|rc\|test\|git\|old\|trunk\)/~\1/g"
  version_test_gt_a="`echo "$1" | sed -e "$version_test_gt_sedexp"`"
  version_test_gt_b="`echo "$2" | sed -e "$version_test_gt_sedexp"`"
  version_test_gt_cmp=gt
  if [ "x$version_test_gt_b" = "x" ] ; then
    return 0
  fi
  case "$version_test_gt_a:$version_test_gt_b" in
    *.old:*.old) ;;
    *.old:*) version_test_gt_a="`echo "$version_test_gt_a" | sed -e 's/\.old$//'`" ; version_test_gt_cmp=gt ;;
    *:*.old) version_test_gt_b="`echo "$version_test_gt_b" | sed -e 's/\.old$//'`" ; version_test_gt_cmp=ge ;;
  esac
  dpkg --compare-versions "$version_test_gt_a" "$version_test_gt_cmp" "$version_test_gt_b"
  return "$?"
}

version_find_latest ()
{
  version_find_latest_a=""
  for i in "$@" ; do
    if version_test_gt "$i" "$version_find_latest_a" ; then
      version_find_latest_a="$i"
    fi
  done
  echo "$version_find_latest_a"
}

# One layer of quotation is eaten by "" and the second by sed; so this turns
# ' into \'.
grub_quote () {
  sed "s/'/'\\\\''/g"
}

gettext_quoted () {
  gettext "$@" | grub_quote
}

# Run the first argument through gettext, and then pass that and all
# remaining arguments to printf.  This is a useful abbreviation and tends to
# be easier to type.
gettext_printf () {
  gettext_printf_format="$1"
  shift
  printf "$(gettext "$gettext_printf_format")" "$@"
}

uses_abstraction () {
  device="$1"
  old_ifs="$IFS"
  IFS='
'

  abstraction="`"${grub_probe}" --device ${device} --target=abstraction`"
  for module in ${abstraction}; do
    if test "x${module}" = "x$2"; then
      IFS="$old_ifs"
      return 0
    fi
  done
  IFS="$old_ifs"
  return 1
}

print_option_help () {
  if test x$print_option_help_wc = x; then
      if wc -L  </dev/null > /dev/null 2>&1; then
	  print_option_help_wc=-L
      elif wc -m  </dev/null > /dev/null 2>&1; then
	  print_option_help_wc=-m
      else
	  print_option_help_wc=-b
      fi
  fi
  if test x$grub_have_fmt = x; then
      if fmt -w 40  </dev/null > /dev/null 2>&1; then
	  grub_have_fmt=y;
      else
	  grub_have_fmt=n;
      fi
  fi
  print_option_help_lead="  $1"
  print_option_help_lspace="$(echo "$print_option_help_lead" | wc $print_option_help_wc)"
  print_option_help_fill="$((26 - print_option_help_lspace))"
  printf "%s" "$print_option_help_lead"
  if test $print_option_help_fill -le 0; then
      print_option_help_nl=y
      echo
  else
      print_option_help_i=0;
      while test $print_option_help_i -lt $print_option_help_fill; do
      printf " "
	  print_option_help_i=$((print_option_help_i+1))
      done
      print_option_help_nl=n
  fi
  if test x$grub_have_fmt = xy; then
      print_option_help_split="$(echo "$2" | fmt -w 50)"
  else
      print_option_help_split="$2"
  fi
  if test x$print_option_help_nl = xy; then
      echo "$print_option_help_split" | awk \
	  '{ print "                          " $0; }'
  else
      echo "$print_option_help_split" | awk 'BEGIN   { n = 0 }
  { if (n == 1) print "                          " $0; else print $0; n = 1 ; }'
  fi
}

grub_fmt () {
  if test x$grub_have_fmt = x; then
      if fmt -w 40 < /dev/null > /dev/null; then
	  grub_have_fmt=y;
      else
	  grub_have_fmt=n;
      fi
  fi

  if test x$grub_have_fmt = xy; then
      fmt
  else
      cat
  fi
}

grub_tab="	"

grub_add_tab () {
  sed -e "s/^/$grub_tab/"
}

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