Efektivitas Strategi Ta’bir Mushawwar dalam Pembelajaran Bahasa Arab di Madrasah Ibtidaiyah
Keywords:
Arabic; speaking skill; ta’bir mushawwar
Abstract
Speaking proficiency is one of the main skills in Arabic language learning, but fourth grade students of MI TPI Keramat face difficulties in assembling mufradat and practicing active conversation, mainly due to the lack of varied learning strategies. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of the ta'bir mushawwar strategy, which uses picture as a media to facilitate students in constructing sentences and telling stories, in improving Arabic speaking skills. With a quantitative approach and pre-experiment design, this study involved 18 students of class IV-C. Data were collected through tests, observations, and interviews, then analyzed descriptively and N-Gain test. The posttest average was 83.06 (very good category) with 88.9% completeness, and the N-Gain score was 0.6398 which showed effectiveness in the medium category. The ta'bir mushawwar strategy offers a solution in the form of a visual and hands-on learning approach that can significantly improve students' speaking skills and make learning more interesting and interactive.
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#
# hierbox.tcl
# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
# Bindings for the BLT hierbox widget
# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
# AUTHOR: George Howlett
# Bell Labs Innovations for Lucent Technologies
# gah@lucent.com
# http://www.tcltk.com/blt
#
# RCS: $Id: hierbox.tcl,v 1.1.1.1 2009/05/09 16:27:21 pcmacdon Exp $
#
# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
# Copyright (c) 1998 Lucent Technologies, Inc.
# ======================================================================
#
# Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its
# documentation for any purpose and without fee is hereby granted,
# provided that the above copyright notice appear in all copies and that
# both that the copyright notice and warranty disclaimer appear in
# supporting documentation, and that the names of Lucent Technologies
# any of their entities not be used in advertising or publicity
# pertaining to distribution of the software without specific, written
# prior permission.
#
# Lucent Technologies disclaims all warranties with regard to this
# software, including all implied warranties of merchantability and
# fitness. In no event shall Lucent be liable for any special, indirect
# or consequential damages or any damages whatsoever resulting from loss
# of use, data or profits, whether in an action of contract, negligence
# or other tortuous action, arising out of or in connection with the use
# or performance of this software.
#
# ======================================================================
array set bltHierbox {
afterId ""
scroll 0
space off
x 0
y 0
}
catch {
namespace eval blt::Hierbox {}
}
#
# ButtonPress assignments
#
# B1-Enter start auto-scrolling
# B1-Leave stop auto-scrolling
# ButtonPress-2 start scan
# B2-Motion adjust scan
# ButtonRelease-2 stop scan
#
bind Hierbox <ButtonPress-2> {
set bltHierbox(cursor) [%W cget -cursor]
%W configure -cursor hand1
%W scan mark %x %y
}
bind Hierbox <B2-Motion> {
%W scan dragto %x %y
}
bind Hierbox <ButtonRelease-2> {
%W configure -cursor $bltHierbox(cursor)
}
bind Hierbox <B1-Leave> {
if { $bltHierbox(scroll) } {
blt::Hierbox::AutoScroll %W
}
}
bind Hierbox <B1-Enter> {
after cancel $bltHierbox(afterId)
}
#
# KeyPress assignments
#
# Up
# Down
# Shift-Up
# Shift-Down
# Prior (PageUp)
# Next (PageDn)
# Left
# Right
# space Start selection toggle of entry currently with focus.
# Return Start selection toggle of entry currently with focus.
# Home
# End
# F1
# F2
# ASCII char Go to next open entry starting with character.
#
# KeyRelease
#
# space Stop selection toggle of entry currently with focus.
# Return Stop selection toggle of entry currently with focus.
bind Hierbox <KeyPress-Up> {
blt::Hierbox::MoveFocus %W up
if { $bltHierbox(space) } {
%W selection toggle focus
}
}
bind Hierbox <KeyPress-Down> {
blt::Hierbox::MoveFocus %W down
if { $bltHierbox(space) } {
%W selection toggle focus
}
}
bind Hierbox <Shift-KeyPress-Up> {
blt::Hierbox::MoveFocus %W prevsibling
}
bind Hierbox <Shift-KeyPress-Down> {
blt::Hierbox::MoveFocus %W nextsibling
}
bind Hierbox <KeyPress-Prior> {
blt::Hierbox::MovePage %W top
}
bind Hierbox <KeyPress-Next> {
blt::Hierbox::MovePage %W bottom
}
bind Hierbox <KeyPress-Left> {
%W close focus
}
bind Hierbox <KeyPress-Right> {
%W open focus
%W see focus -anchor w
}
bind Hierbox <KeyPress-space> {
blt::HierboxToggle %W focus
set bltHierbox(space) on
}
bind Hierbox <KeyRelease-space> {
set bltHierbox(space) off
}
bind Hierbox <KeyPress-Return> {
blt::HierboxToggle %W focus
set bltHierbox(space) on
}
bind Hierbox <KeyRelease-Return> {
set bltHierbox(space) off
}
bind Hierbox <KeyPress> {
blt::Hierbox::NextMatchingEntry %W %A
}
bind Hierbox <KeyPress-Home> {
blt::Hierbox::MoveFocus %W root
}
bind Hierbox <KeyPress-End> {
blt::Hierbox::MoveFocus %W end
}
bind Hierbox <KeyPress-F1> {
%W open -r root
}
bind Hierbox <KeyPress-F2> {
eval %W close -r [%W entry children root 0 end]
}
# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
# USAGE: blt::HierboxToggle <hierbox> <index>
# Arguments: hierbox hierarchy widget
#
# Invoked when the user presses the space bar. Toggles the selection
# for the entry at <index>.
# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
proc blt::HierboxToggle { widget index } {
switch -- [$widget cget -selectmode] {
single {
if { [$widget selection includes $index] } {
$widget selection clearall
} else {
$widget selection set $index
}
}
multiple {
$widget selection toggle $index
}
}
}
# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
# USAGE: blt::Hierbox::MovePage <hierbox> <where>
# Arguments: hierbox hierarchy widget
#
# Invoked by KeyPress bindings. Pages the current view up or down.
# The <where> argument should be either "top" or "bottom".
# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
proc blt::Hierbox::MovePage { widget where } {
# If the focus is already at the top/bottom of the window, we want
# to scroll a page. It's really one page minus an entry because we
# want to see the last entry on the next/last page.
if { [$widget index focus] == [$widget index view.$where] } {
if {$where == "top"} {
$widget yview scroll -1 pages
$widget yview scroll 1 units
} else {
$widget yview scroll 1 pages
$widget yview scroll -1 units
}
}
update
# Adjust the entry focus and the view. Also activate the entry.
# just in case the mouse point is not in the widget.
$widget entry highlight view.$where
$widget focus view.$where
$widget see view.$where
if { [$widget cget -selectmode] == "single" } {
$widget selection clearall
$widget selection set focus
}
}
#
# Edit mode assignments
#
# ButtonPress-3 Enables/disables edit mode on entry. Sets focus to
# entry.
#
# KeyPress
#
# Left Move insertion position to previous.
# Right Move insertion position to next.
# Up Move insertion position up one line.
# Down Move insertion position down one line.
# Return End edit mode.
# Shift-Return Line feed.
# Home Move to first position.
# End Move to last position.
# ASCII char Insert character left of insertion point.
# Del Delete character right of insertion point.
# Delete Delete character left of insertion point.
# Ctrl-X Cut
# Ctrl-V Copy
# Ctrl-P Paste
#
# KeyRelease
#
# ButtonPress-1 Start selection if in entry, otherwise clear selection.
# B1-Motion Extend/reduce selection.
# ButtonRelease-1 End selection if in entry, otherwise use last selection.
# B1-Enter Disabled.
# B1-Leave Disabled.
# ButtonPress-2 Same as above.
# B2-Motion Same as above.
# ButtonRelease-2 Same as above.
#
# All bindings in editting mode will "break" to override other bindings.
#
#
bind Hierbox <ButtonPress-3> {
set node [%W nearest %x %y]
%W entry insert $node @%x,%y ""
# %W entry insert $node 2 ""
}
proc blt::Hierbox::Init { widget } {
#
# Active entry bindings
#
$widget bind Entry <Enter> {
%W entry highlight current
}
$widget bind Entry <Leave> {
%W entry highlight ""
}
#
# Button bindings
#
$widget button bind all <ButtonRelease-1> {
%W see current
%W toggle current
}
$widget button bind all <Enter> {
%W button highlight current
}
$widget button bind all <Leave> {
%W button highlight ""
}
#
# ButtonPress-1
#
# Performs the following operations:
#
# 1. Clears the previous selection.
# 2. Selects the current entry.
# 3. Sets the focus to this entry.
# 4. Scrolls the entry into view.
# 5. Sets the selection anchor to this entry, just in case
# this is "multiple" mode.
#
$widget bind Entry <ButtonPress-1> {
blt::Hierbox::SetSelectionAnchor %W current
set bltHierbox(scroll) 1
}
$widget bin Entry <Double-ButtonPress-1> {
%W toggle current
}
#
# B1-Motion
#
# For "multiple" mode only. Saves the current location of the
# pointer for auto-scrolling.
#
$widget bind Entry <B1-Motion> {
set bltHierbox(x) %x
set bltHierbox(y) %y
set index [%W nearest %x %y]
if { [%W cget -selectmode] == "multiple" } {
%W selection mark $index
} else {
blt::Hierbox::SetSelectionAnchor %W $index
}
}
#
# ButtonRelease-1
#
# For "multiple" mode only.
#
$widget bind Entry <ButtonRelease-1> {
if { [%W cget -selectmode] == "multiple" } {
%W selection anchor current
}
after cancel $bltHierbox(afterId)
set bltHierbox(scroll) 0
}
#
# Shift-ButtonPress-1
#
# For "multiple" mode only.
#
$widget bind Entry <Shift-ButtonPress-1> {
if { [%W cget -selectmode] == "multiple" && [%W selection present] } {
if { [%W index anchor] == "" } {
%W selection anchor current
}
set index [%W index anchor]
%W selection clearall
%W selection set $index current
} else {
blt::Hierbox::SetSelectionAnchor %W current
}
}
$widget bind Entry <Shift-B1-Motion> {
# do nothing
}
$widget bind Entry <Shift-ButtonRelease-1> {
after cancel $bltHierbox(afterId)
set bltHierbox(scroll) 0
}
#
# Control-ButtonPress-1
#
# For "multiple" mode only.
#
$widget bind Entry <Control-ButtonPress-1> {
if { [%W cget -selectmode] == "multiple" } {
set index [%W index current]
%W selection toggle $index
%W selection anchor $index
} else {
blt::Hierbox::SetSelectionAnchor %W current
}
}
$widget bind Entry <Control-B1-Motion> {
# do nothing
}
$widget bind Entry <Control-ButtonRelease-1> {
after cancel $bltHierbox(afterId)
set bltHierbox(scroll) 0
}
#
# Control-Shift-ButtonPress-1
#
# For "multiple" mode only.
#
$widget bind Entry <Control-Shift-ButtonPress-1> {
if { [%W cget -selectmode] == "multiple" && [%W selection present] } {
if { [%W index anchor] == "" } {
%W selection anchor current
}
if { [%W selection includes anchor] } {
%W selection set anchor current
} else {
%W selection clear anchor current
%W selection set current
}
} else {
blt::Hierbox::SetSelectionAnchor %W current
}
}
$widget bind Entry <Control-Shift-B1-Motion> {
# do nothing
}
}
# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
# USAGE: blt::Hierbox::AutoScroll <hierbox>
#
# Invoked when the user is selecting elements in a hierbox widget
# and drags the mouse pointer outside of the widget. Scrolls the
# view in the direction of the pointer.
#
# Arguments: hierbox hierarchy widget
#
# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
proc blt::Hierbox::AutoScroll { widget } {
global bltHierbox
if { ![winfo exists $widget] } {
return
}
set x $bltHierbox(x)
set y $bltHierbox(y)
set index [$widget nearest $x $y]
if { $y >= [winfo height $widget] } {
$widget yview scroll 1 units
set neighbor down
} elseif { $y < 0 } {
$widget yview scroll -1 units
set neighbor up
} else {
set neighbor $index
}
if { [$widget cget -selectmode] == "single" } {
blt::Hierbox::SetSelectionAnchor $widget $neighbor
} else {
$widget selection mark $index
}
set bltHierbox(afterId) [after 10 blt::Hierbox::AutoScroll $widget]
}
proc blt::Hierbox::SetSelectionAnchor { widget index } {
set index [$widget index $index]
$widget selection clearall
$widget see $index
$widget focus $index
$widget selection set $index
$widget selection anchor $index
}
# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
# USAGE: blt::Hierbox::NextMatchingEntry <hierbox> <char>
# Arguments: hierbox hierarchy widget
#
# Invoked by KeyPress bindings. Searches for an entry that starts
# with the letter <char> and makes that entry active.
# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
proc blt::Hierbox::NextMatchingEntry { widget key } {
if {[string match {[ -~]} $key]} {
set last [$widget index focus]
set next [$widget index next]
while { $next != $last } {
set label [$widget entry cget $next -label]
if { [string index $label 0] == $key } {
break
}
set next [$widget index -at $next next]
}
$widget focus $next
if {[$widget cget -selectmode] == "single"} {
$widget selection clearall
$widget selection set focus
}
$widget see focus
}
}
# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
# USAGE: blt::Hierbox::MoveFocus <hierbox> <where>
#
# Invoked by KeyPress bindings. Moves the active selection to the
# entry <where>, which is an index such as "up", "down", "prevsibling",
# "nextsibling", etc.
# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
proc blt::Hierbox::MoveFocus { widget where } {
catch {$widget focus $where}
if { [$widget cget -selectmode] == "single" } {
$widget selection clearall
$widget selection set focus
}
$widget see focus
}
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