Efektivitas Strategi Ta’bir Mushawwar dalam Pembelajaran Bahasa Arab di Madrasah Ibtidaiyah
Keywords:
Arabic; speaking skill; ta’bir mushawwar
Abstract
Speaking proficiency is one of the main skills in Arabic language learning, but fourth grade students of MI TPI Keramat face difficulties in assembling mufradat and practicing active conversation, mainly due to the lack of varied learning strategies. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of the ta'bir mushawwar strategy, which uses picture as a media to facilitate students in constructing sentences and telling stories, in improving Arabic speaking skills. With a quantitative approach and pre-experiment design, this study involved 18 students of class IV-C. Data were collected through tests, observations, and interviews, then analyzed descriptively and N-Gain test. The posttest average was 83.06 (very good category) with 88.9% completeness, and the N-Gain score was 0.6398 which showed effectiveness in the medium category. The ta'bir mushawwar strategy offers a solution in the form of a visual and hands-on learning approach that can significantly improve students' speaking skills and make learning more interesting and interactive.
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%%BeginProlog
%
% PostScript prolog file of the BLT graph widget.
%
% Copyright 1989-1992 Regents of the University of California.
% Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this
% software and its documentation for any purpose and without
% fee is hereby granted, provided that the above copyright
% notice appear in all copies. The University of California
% makes no representations about the suitability of this
% software for any purpose. It is provided "as is" without
% express or implied warranty.
%
% Copyright 1991-1997 Bell Labs Innovations for Lucent Technologies.
%
% Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its
% documentation for any purpose and without fee is hereby granted, provided
% that the above copyright notice appear in all copies and that both that the
% copyright notice and warranty disclaimer appear in supporting documentation,
% and that the names of Lucent Technologies any of their entities not be used
% in advertising or publicity pertaining to distribution of the software
% without specific, written prior permission.
%
% Lucent Technologies disclaims all warranties with regard to this software,
% including all implied warranties of merchantability and fitness. In no event
% shall Lucent Technologies be liable for any special, indirect or
% consequential damages or any damages whatsoever resulting from loss of use,
% data or profits, whether in an action of contract, negligence or other
% tortuous action, arising out of or in connection with the use or performance
% of this software.
%
200 dict begin
/BaseRatio 1.3467736870885982 def % Ratio triangle base / symbol size
/BgColorProc 0 def % Background color routine (symbols)
/DrawSymbolProc 0 def % Routine to draw symbol outline/fill
/StippleProc 0 def % Stipple routine (bar segments)
/DashesProc 0 def % Dashes routine (line segments)
% Define the array ISOLatin1Encoding (which specifies how characters are
% encoded for ISO-8859-1 fonts), if it isn't already present (Postscript
% level 2 is supposed to define it, but level 1 doesn't).
systemdict /ISOLatin1Encoding known not {
/ISOLatin1Encoding [
/space /space /space /space /space /space /space /space
/space /space /space /space /space /space /space /space
/space /space /space /space /space /space /space /space
/space /space /space /space /space /space /space /space
/space /exclam /quotedbl /numbersign /dollar /percent /ampersand
/quoteright
/parenleft /parenright /asterisk /plus /comma /minus /period /slash
/zero /one /two /three /four /five /six /seven
/eight /nine /colon /semicolon /less /equal /greater /question
/at /A /B /C /D /E /F /G
/H /I /J /K /L /M /N /O
/P /Q /R /S /T /U /V /W
/X /Y /Z /bracketleft /backslash /bracketright /asciicircum /underscore
/quoteleft /a /b /c /d /e /f /g
/h /i /j /k /l /m /n /o
/p /q /r /s /t /u /v /w
/x /y /z /braceleft /bar /braceright /asciitilde /space
/space /space /space /space /space /space /space /space
/space /space /space /space /space /space /space /space
/dotlessi /grave /acute /circumflex /tilde /macron /breve /dotaccent
/dieresis /space /ring /cedilla /space /hungarumlaut /ogonek /caron
/space /exclamdown /cent /sterling /currency /yen /brokenbar /section
/dieresis /copyright /ordfeminine /guillemotleft /logicalnot /hyphen
/registered /macron
/degree /plusminus /twosuperior /threesuperior /acute /mu /paragraph
/periodcentered
/cedillar /onesuperior /ordmasculine /guillemotright /onequarter
/onehalf /threequarters /questiondown
/Agrave /Aacute /Acircumflex /Atilde /Adieresis /Aring /AE /Ccedilla
/Egrave /Eacute /Ecircumflex /Edieresis /Igrave /Iacute /Icircumflex
/Idieresis
/Eth /Ntilde /Ograve /Oacute /Ocircumflex /Otilde /Odieresis /multiply
/Oslash /Ugrave /Uacute /Ucircumflex /Udieresis /Yacute /Thorn
/germandbls
/agrave /aacute /acircumflex /atilde /adieresis /aring /ae /ccedilla
/egrave /eacute /ecircumflex /edieresis /igrave /iacute /icircumflex
/idieresis
/eth /ntilde /ograve /oacute /ocircumflex /otilde /odieresis /divide
/oslash /ugrave /uacute /ucircumflex /udieresis /yacute /thorn
/ydieresis
] def
} if
% font ISOEncode font
% This procedure changes the encoding of a font from the default
% Postscript encoding to ISOLatin1. It is typically invoked just
% before invoking "setfont". The body of this procedure comes from
% Section 5.6.1 of the Postscript book.
/ISOEncode {
dup length dict
begin
{1 index /FID ne {def} {pop pop} ifelse} forall
/Encoding ISOLatin1Encoding def
currentdict
end
% I'm not sure why it's necessary to use "definefont" on this new
% font, but it seems to be important; just use the name "Temporary"
% for the font.
/Temporary exch definefont
} bind def
/Stroke {
gsave
stroke
grestore
} def
/Fill {
gsave
fill
grestore
} def
/SetFont {
% Stack: pointSize fontName
findfont exch scalefont ISOEncode setfont
} def
/Box {
% Stack: x y width height
newpath
exch 4 2 roll moveto
dup 0 rlineto
exch 0 exch rlineto
neg 0 rlineto
closepath
} def
/SetFgColor {
% Stack: red green blue
CL 0 eq {
pop pop pop 0 0 0
} if
setrgbcolor
CL 1 eq {
currentgray setgray
} if
} def
/SetBgColor {
% Stack: red green blue
CL 0 eq {
pop pop pop 1 1 1
} if
setrgbcolor
CL 1 eq {
currentgray setgray
} if
} def
% The next two definitions are taken from "$tk_library/prolog.ps"
% desiredSize EvenPixels closestSize
%
% The procedure below is used for stippling. Given the optimal size
% of a dot in a stipple pattern in the current user coordinate system,
% compute the closest size that is an exact multiple of the device's
% pixel size. This allows stipple patterns to be displayed without
% aliasing effects.
/EvenPixels {
% Compute exact number of device pixels per stipple dot.
dup 0 matrix currentmatrix dtransform
dup mul exch dup mul add sqrt
% Round to an integer, make sure the number is at least 1, and compute
% user coord distance corresponding to this.
dup round dup 1 lt {pop 1} if
exch div mul
} bind def
% width height string filled StippleFill --
%
% Given a path and other graphics information already set up, this
% procedure will fill the current path in a stippled fashion. "String"
% contains a proper image description of the stipple pattern and
% "width" and "height" give its dimensions. If "filled" is true then
% it means that the area to be stippled is gotten by filling the
% current path (e.g. the interior of a polygon); if it's false, the
% area is gotten by stroking the current path (e.g. a wide line).
% Each stipple dot is assumed to be about one unit across in the
% current user coordinate system.
% width height string StippleFill --
%
% Given a path already set up and a clipping region generated from
% it, this procedure will fill the clipping region with a stipple
% pattern. "String" contains a proper image description of the
% stipple pattern and "width" and "height" give its dimensions. Each
% stipple dot is assumed to be about one unit across in the current
% user coordinate system. This procedure trashes the graphics state.
/StippleFill {
% The following code is needed to work around a NeWSprint bug.
/tmpstip 1 index def
% Change the scaling so that one user unit in user coordinates
% corresponds to the size of one stipple dot.
1 EvenPixels dup scale
% Compute the bounding box occupied by the path (which is now
% the clipping region), and round the lower coordinates down
% to the nearest starting point for the stipple pattern. Be
% careful about negative numbers, since the rounding works
% differently on them.
pathbbox
4 2 roll
5 index div dup 0 lt {1 sub} if cvi 5 index mul 4 1 roll
6 index div dup 0 lt {1 sub} if cvi 6 index mul 3 2 roll
% Stack now: width height string y1 y2 x1 x2
% Below is a doubly-nested for loop to iterate across this area
% in units of the stipple pattern size, going up columns then
% across rows, blasting out a stipple-pattern-sized rectangle at
% each position
6 index exch {
2 index 5 index 3 index {
% Stack now: width height string y1 y2 x y
gsave
1 index exch translate
5 index 5 index true matrix tmpstip imagemask
grestore
} for
pop
} for
pop pop pop pop pop
} bind def
/LS { % Stack: x1 y1 x2 y2
newpath 4 2 roll moveto lineto stroke
} def
/EndText {
%Stack :
grestore
} def
/BeginText {
%Stack : w h theta centerX centerY
gsave
% Translate the origin to the center of bounding box and rotate
translate neg rotate
% Translate back to the origin of the text region
-0.5 mul exch -0.5 mul exch translate
} def
/DrawAdjText {
%Stack : str strWidth x y
moveto % Go to the text position
exch dup dup 4 2 roll
% Adjust character widths to get desired overall string width
% adjust X = (desired width - real width)/#chars
stringwidth pop sub exch
length div
0 3 -1 roll
% Flip back the scale so that the string is not drawn in reverse
gsave
1 -1 scale
ashow
grestore
} def
/DrawBitmap {
% Stack: ?bgColorProc? boolean centerX centerY width height theta imageStr
gsave
6 -2 roll translate % Translate to center of bounding box
4 1 roll neg rotate % Rotate by theta
% Find upperleft corner of bounding box
2 copy -.5 mul exch -.5 mul exch translate
2 copy scale % Make pixel unit scale
newpath
0 0 moveto 0 1 lineto 1 1 lineto 1 0 lineto
closepath
% Fill rectangle with background color
4 -1 roll {
gsave
4 -1 roll exec fill
grestore
} if
% Paint the image string into the unit rectangle
2 copy true 3 -1 roll 0 0 5 -1 roll 0 0 6 array astore 5 -1 roll
imagemask
grestore
} def
% Symbols:
% Skinny-cross
/Sc {
% Stack: x y symbolSize
gsave
3 -2 roll translate 45 rotate
0 0 3 -1 roll Sp
grestore
} def
% Skinny-plus
/Sp {
% Stack: x y symbolSize
gsave
3 -2 roll translate
2 idiv
dup 2 copy
newpath neg 0 moveto 0 lineto
DrawSymbolProc
newpath neg 0 exch moveto 0 exch lineto
DrawSymbolProc
grestore
} def
% Cross
/Cr {
% Stack: x y symbolSize
gsave
3 -2 roll translate 45 rotate
0 0 3 -1 roll Pl
grestore
} def
% Plus
/Pl {
% Stack: x y symbolSize
gsave
3 -2 roll translate
dup 2 idiv
exch 6 idiv
%
% 2 3 The plus/cross symbol is a
% closed polygon of 12 points.
% 0 1 4 5 The diagram to the left
% x,y represents the positions of
% 11 10 7 6 the points which are computed
% below.
% 9 8
%
newpath
2 copy exch neg exch neg moveto dup neg dup lineto
2 copy neg exch neg lineto 2 copy exch neg lineto
dup dup neg lineto 2 copy neg lineto 2 copy lineto
dup dup lineto 2 copy exch lineto 2 copy neg exch lineto
dup dup neg exch lineto exch neg exch lineto
closepath
DrawSymbolProc
grestore
} def
% Circle
/Ci {
% Stack: x y symbolSize
gsave
3 copy pop
moveto newpath
2 div 0 360 arc
closepath DrawSymbolProc
grestore
} def
% Square
/Sq {
% Stack: x y symbolSize
gsave
dup dup 2 div dup
6 -1 roll exch sub exch
5 -1 roll exch sub 4 -2 roll Box
DrawSymbolProc
grestore
} def
% Line
/Li {
% Stack: x y symbolSize
gsave
3 1 roll exch 3 -1 roll 2 div 3 copy
newpath
sub exch moveto add exch lineto
stroke
grestore
} def
% Diamond
/Di {
% Stack: x y symbolSize
gsave
3 1 roll translate 45 rotate 0 0 3 -1 roll Sq
grestore
} def
% Triangle
/Tr {
% Stack: x y symbolSize
gsave
3 -2 roll translate
BaseRatio mul 0.5 mul % Calculate 1/2 base
dup 0 exch 30 cos mul % h1 = height above center point
neg % b2 0 -h1
newpath moveto % point 1; b2
dup 30 sin 30 cos div mul % h2 = height below center point
2 copy lineto % point 2; b2 h2
exch neg exch lineto %
closepath
DrawSymbolProc
grestore
} def
% Arrow
/Ar {
% Stack: x y symbolSize
gsave
3 -2 roll translate
BaseRatio mul 0.5 mul % Calculate 1/2 base
dup 0 exch 30 cos mul % h1 = height above center point
% b2 0 h1
newpath moveto % point 1; b2
dup 30 sin 30 cos div mul % h2 = height below center point
neg % -h2 b2
2 copy lineto % point 2; b2 h2
exch neg exch lineto %
closepath
DrawSymbolProc
grestore
} def
% Bitmap
/Bm {
% Stack: x y symbolSize
gsave
3 1 roll translate pop DrawSymbolProc
grestore
} def
%%EndProlog
%%BeginSetup
gsave % Save the graphics state
% Default line/text style parameters
1 setlinewidth % width
1 setlinejoin % join
0 setlinecap % cap
[] 0 setdash % dashes
/CL 0 def % Set color level mode
0 0 0 setrgbcolor % color
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