Efektivitas Strategi Ta’bir Mushawwar dalam Pembelajaran Bahasa Arab di Madrasah Ibtidaiyah
Keywords:
Arabic; speaking skill; ta’bir mushawwar
Abstract
Speaking proficiency is one of the main skills in Arabic language learning, but fourth grade students of MI TPI Keramat face difficulties in assembling mufradat and practicing active conversation, mainly due to the lack of varied learning strategies. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of the ta'bir mushawwar strategy, which uses picture as a media to facilitate students in constructing sentences and telling stories, in improving Arabic speaking skills. With a quantitative approach and pre-experiment design, this study involved 18 students of class IV-C. Data were collected through tests, observations, and interviews, then analyzed descriptively and N-Gain test. The posttest average was 83.06 (very good category) with 88.9% completeness, and the N-Gain score was 0.6398 which showed effectiveness in the medium category. The ta'bir mushawwar strategy offers a solution in the form of a visual and hands-on learning approach that can significantly improve students' speaking skills and make learning more interesting and interactive.
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#import add itcl
package require Itcl
namespace import itcl::*
class ZoomStackGraph {
# The name of graph (nee the namespace path)
variable graph ""
# Indicates which corner of the rectangular zoom region
# is currently being choosen.
variable corner "first"
# Coordinates of the current zoom region. They represent the
# two corners of a rectangular area. The two points are order
# independent.
variable x1
variable y1
variable x2
variable y2
# A list of axis configuration commmands. Acts as a stack to
# unzoom the graph back to previous axis limits.
variable stack {}
constructor { args } {
# This will need to change when we start using inheritance.
set graph [info namespace tail $this]
# What about collisions between the blt::graph instance
# command and the ZoomStackGraph instance command?
blt::graph $graph
if { [llength $args] > 0 } {
$graph configure $args
}
# Set up the bindings to select/deselect the zoom region
bind $graph <1> [code $this SelectPoint %x %y]
bind $graph <3> [code $this ClearZoom]
# The particular mouse buttons should be configurable.
}
destructor {
if { [winfo exists $graph] } {
destroy $graph
}
}
# These methods are used internally, within this class, to manage the
# zoom stack.
private method SaveCoords { x y }
private method Zoom {}
private method Unzoom {}
private method Empty {}
private method Push { cmd }
private method Pop {}
private method MarkPoint { x y }
private method SetTitle { title }
private method DrawBox { }
# These methods are called by "bind" and "after" from the Tk
# event loop. Is there any way of hiding them, so that it
# doesn't look to the user as part of the public interface?
method ClearZoom {}
method ClearTitle {}
method UpdateOutline { x y }
method SelectPoint { x y }
}
# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
#
# SaveCoords --
#
# Given a point on the screen, transforms the point into graph
# coordinates and saves it as one of the points representing a
# corner of the zoom region.
#
# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
body ZoomStackGraph::SaveCoords { x y } {
set coords [$graph invtransform $x $y]
set x [lindex $coords 0]
set y [lindex $coords 1]
scan [$graph xaxis limits] "%s %s" min max
if { $x > $max } {
set x $max
} elseif { $x < $min } {
set x $min
}
scan [$graph yaxis limits] "%s %s" min max
if { $y > $max } {
set y $max
} elseif { $y < $min } {
set y $min
}
if { $corner == "first" } {
set x1 $x ; set y1 $y
} else {
set x2 $x ; set y2 $y
}
}
# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
#
# MarkPoint --
#
# Adds text around one of the corners of the zoom region.
# The text consists of the x,y graph coordinates of the
# corner.
#
# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
body ZoomStackGraph::MarkPoint { x y } {
set marker "bltZoom_text_$corner"
set text [format "x=%.4g\ny=%.4g" $x $y]
if [$graph marker exists $marker] {
$graph marker configure $marker -coords { $x $y } -text $text
} else {
$graph marker create text -coords { $x $y } -name $marker \
-font *lucida*-r-*-10-* \
-text $text -anchor center -bg {} -justify left
}
}
# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
#
# Empty --
#
# Indicates if the stack of axis configuration commands is
# empty.
#
# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
body ZoomStackGraph::Empty { } {
return [llength $stack]
}
# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
#
# Push --
#
# Appends a command on the list "stack" which can be used
# to return to previous graph x and y axis ranges.
#
# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
body ZoomStackGraph::Push { cmd } {
lappend stack $cmd
}
# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
#
# Pop --
#
# Remove the last item pushed onto the stack and returns it.
#
# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
body ZoomStackGraph::Pop { } {
set cmd [lindex $stack end]
set stack [lreplace $stack end end]
return $cmd
}
# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
#
# ClearTitle --
#
# Clears the zoom title (displayed in the upper left corner
# of the graph). This routine is called from the event queue
# using "after".
#
# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
body ZoomStackGraph::ClearTitle {} {
$graph marker delete "bltZoom_title"
}
# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
#
# Unzoom --
#
# Reverts to a previous zoom. Resets the x and y axis limits
# back to a previous setting. First checks if there's anything
# to pop back to. In addition, displays a title in the upper
# left corner showing the current zoom level.
#
# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
body ZoomStackGraph::Unzoom { } {
if ![Empty] {
# Reset the x and y axis limits, by invoking the saved graph
# command.
eval [Pop]
# Cheat: Using "Empty" to get the number of entries on the stack.
set level [Empty]
if { $level > 0 } {
SetTitle "Zoom #$level"
}
blt::busy hold $graph
update
if { $corner == "first" } {
# Remember to remove the zoom title in a couple of seconds
after 2000 [code $this ClearTitle]
}
blt::busy release $graph
} else {
$graph marker delete "bltZoom_title"
}
}
# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
#
# Zoom --
#
# Push the old axis limits on the stack and set them to the
# zoom region.
#
# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
body ZoomStackGraph::Zoom { } {
$graph marker delete "bltZoom_*"
if { ($x1 == $x2) && ($y1 == $y2) } {
# The first and last points of the zoom region are the same.
# Revert back to the start.
return
}
# Put a command on the stack that lets us revert back to the current
# axis limits.
set cmd [format {
%s xaxis configure -min "%s" -max "%s"
%s yaxis configure -min "%s" -max "%s"
} $graph [$graph xaxis cget -min] [$graph xaxis cget -max] \
$graph [$graph yaxis cget -min] [$graph yaxis cget -max] ]
Push $cmd
# The first and last corners of the zoom region don't have to be
# selected in ascending order. So consider their relative positions
# when setting min and max axis limits.
if { $x1 > $x2 } {
$graph xaxis configure -min $x2 -max $x1
} elseif { $x1 < $x2 } {
$graph xaxis configure -min $x1 -max $x2
}
if { $y1 > $y2 } {
$graph yaxis configure -min $y2 -max $y1
} elseif { $y1 < $y2 } {
$graph yaxis configure -min $y1 -max $y2
}
# Call "update" explicitly here after the graph is made busy.
# This prevents the user from inadvertantly selecting another zoom
# region when the graph is recalculating and redrawing itself.
blt::busy hold $graph
update
blt::busy release $graph
}
# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
#
# ClearZoom --
#
# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
body ZoomStackGraph::ClearZoom { } {
$graph marker delete "bltZoom_*"
if { $corner == "first" } {
# We're haven't started to select a zoom region, so assume
# that we want to revert back to a previous zoom level.
Unzoom
} else {
# Let the user re-pick the first corner again. So reset the
# indicator "corner" and turn off the <Motion> binding.
set corner "first"
bind $graph <Motion> {}
}
}
# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
#
# SetTitle --
#
# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
body ZoomStackGraph::SetTitle { title } {
$graph marker create text -name "bltZoom_title" -text $title \
-coords {-Inf Inf} -anchor nw -bg {}
}
# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
#
# UpdateOutline --
#
# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
body ZoomStackGraph::UpdateOutline { x y } {
SaveCoords $x $y
MarkPoint $x2 $y2
DrawBox
}
# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
#
# SelectPoint --
#
# Invoked from the binding to ButtonPress-1 events. Saves
# a corner of zoom region.
#
#
# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
body ZoomStackGraph::SelectPoint { x y } {
SaveCoords $x $y
if { $corner == "first" } {
MarkPoint $x1 $y1
# Display a new title indicating zoom pick is active
set level [expr [llength $stack] + 1]
SetTitle "Zoom #$level"
# Start watching now for motion events, drawing an outline
bind $graph <Any-Motion> [code $this UpdateOutline %x %y]
# Indicate the next corner is the last
set corner last
} else {
# Stop watching motion events
bind $graph <Any-Motion> {}
# Zoom into the new region defined by the outline
Zoom
# Reset to select the first corner, again
set corner first
}
}
# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
#
# DrawBox --
#
# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
body ZoomStackGraph::DrawBox { } {
set coords {
$x1 $y1 $x2 $y1 $x2 $y2 $x1 $y2 $x1 $y1
}
if [$graph marker exists "bltZoom_outline"] {
$graph marker configure "bltZoom_outline" -coords $coords
} else {
$graph marker create line -coords $coords -name "bltZoom_outline" \
-dashes { 4 2 }
}
$graph marker before "bltZoom_outline"
}
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