Efektivitas Strategi Ta’bir Mushawwar dalam Pembelajaran Bahasa Arab di Madrasah Ibtidaiyah

  • Nuur Mahmudah Universitas Islam Negeri Antasari Banjarmasin
  • Khairunnisa Universitas Islam Negeri Antasari Banjarmasin
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37850/ibtida'.v5i2.817
Keywords: Arabic; speaking skill; ta’bir mushawwar

Abstract

Speaking proficiency is one of the main skills in Arabic language learning, but fourth grade students of MI TPI Keramat face difficulties in assembling mufradat and practicing active conversation, mainly due to the lack of varied learning strategies. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of the ta'bir mushawwar strategy, which uses picture as a media to facilitate students in constructing sentences and telling stories, in improving Arabic speaking skills. With a quantitative approach and pre-experiment design, this study involved 18 students of class IV-C. Data were collected through tests, observations, and interviews, then analyzed descriptively and N-Gain test. The posttest average was 83.06 (very good category) with 88.9% completeness, and the N-Gain score was 0.6398 which showed effectiveness in the medium category. The ta'bir mushawwar strategy offers a solution in the form of a visual and hands-on learning approach that can significantly improve students' speaking skills and make learning more interesting and interactive.

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Current File : /lib/apparmor/rc.apparmor.functions
#!/bin/sh
# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
#    Copyright (c) 1999-2008 NOVELL (All rights reserved)
#    Copyright (c) 2009-2018 Canonical Ltd. (All rights reserved)
#
#    This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
#    modify it under the terms of version 2 of the GNU General Public
#    License published by the Free Software Foundation.
#
#    This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
#    but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
#    MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
#    GNU General Public License for more details.
#
#    You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
#    along with this program; if not, contact Novell, Inc.
# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
# rc.apparmor.functions by Steve Beattie
#
# NOTE: rc.apparmor initscripts that source this file need to implement
# the following set of functions:
#	aa_action
#	aa_log_action_start
#	aa_log_action_end
#	aa_log_success_msg
#	aa_log_warning_msg
#	aa_log_failure_msg
#	aa_log_skipped_msg
#	aa_log_daemon_msg
#	aa_log_end_msg

# Some nice defines that we use

MODULE=apparmor
PARSER=/sbin/apparmor_parser
PARSER_OPTS=--write-cache
# Suppress warnings when booting in quiet mode
if [ "${QUIET:-no}" = yes ] || [ "${quiet:-n}" = y ]; then
	PARSER_OPTS="$PARSER_OPTS --quiet"
fi

if [ -d /etc/apparmor.d ] ; then
	PROFILE_DIRS=/etc/apparmor.d
else
	aa_log_warning_msg "Unable to find profiles directory, installation problem?"
fi
ADDITIONAL_PROFILE_DIR=/var/lib/snapd/apparmor/profiles
if [ -d "$ADDITIONAL_PROFILE_DIR" ]; then
	PROFILE_DIRS="${PROFILE_DIRS} ${ADDITIONAL_PROFILE_DIR}"
fi
AA_STATUS=/usr/sbin/aa-status
SECURITYFS=/sys/kernel/security

# keep exit status from parser during profile load.  0 is good, 1 is bad
STATUS=0

# Test if the apparmor "module" is present.
is_apparmor_present() {
	[ -d /sys/module/apparmor ]
}

# Checks to see if the current container is capable of having internal AppArmor
# profiles that should be loaded. Callers of this function should have already
# verified that they're running inside of a container environment with
# something like `systemd-detect-virt --container`.
#
# The only known container environments capable of supporting internal policy
# are LXD and LXC environment.
#
# Returns 0 if the container environment is capable of having its own internal
# policy and non-zero otherwise.
#
# IMPORTANT: This function will return 0 in the case of a non-LXD/non-LXC
# system container technology being nested inside of a LXD/LXC container that
# utilized an AppArmor namespace and profile stacking. The reason 0 will be
# returned is because .ns_stacked will be "yes" and .ns_name will still match
# "lx[dc]-*" since the nested system container technology will not have set up
# a new AppArmor profile namespace. This will result in the nested system
# container's boot process to experience failed policy loads but the boot
# process should continue without any loss of functionality. This is an
# unsupported configuration that cannot be properly handled by this function.
is_container_with_internal_policy() {
	# this function is sometimes called independently of
	# is_apparmor_loaded(), so define this here.
	SFS_MOUNTPOINT="${SECURITYFS}/${MODULE}"
	local ns_stacked_path="${SFS_MOUNTPOINT}/.ns_stacked"
	local ns_name_path="${SFS_MOUNTPOINT}/.ns_name"
	local ns_stacked
	local ns_name

	if ! [ -f "$ns_stacked_path" ] || ! [ -f "$ns_name_path" ]; then
		return 1
	fi

	read -r ns_stacked < "$ns_stacked_path"
	if [ "$ns_stacked" != "yes" ]; then
		return 1
	fi

	# LXD and LXC set up AppArmor namespaces starting with "lxd-" and
	# "lxc-", respectively. Return non-zero for all other namespace
	# identifiers.
	read -r ns_name < "$ns_name_path"
	if [ "${ns_name#lxd-*}" = "$ns_name" ] && \
	   [ "${ns_name#lxc-*}" = "$ns_name" ]; then
		return 1
	fi

	return 0
}

# This set of patterns to skip needs to be kept in sync with
# AppArmor.pm::isSkippableFile()
# returns 0 if profile should NOT be skipped
# returns 1 on verbose skip
# returns 2 on silent skip
skip_profile() {
	local profile=$1
	if [ "${profile%.rpmnew}" != "${profile}" -o \
	     "${profile%.rpmsave}" != "${profile}" -o \
	     "${profile%.orig}" != "${profile}" -o \
	     "${profile%.rej}" != "${profile}" -o \
	     "${profile%\~}" != "${profile}" ] ; then
		return 1
	fi
	# Silently ignore the dpkg, pacman, and xbps files
	if [ "${profile%.dpkg-new}" != "${profile}" -o \
	     "${profile%.dpkg-old}" != "${profile}" -o \
	     "${profile%.dpkg-dist}" != "${profile}" -o \
	     "${profile%.dpkg-bak}" != "${profile}" -o \
	     "${profile%.dpkg-remove}" != "${profile}" -o \
	     "${profile%.pacsave}" != "${profile}" -o \
	     "${profile%.pacnew}" != "${profile}" ] ; then
		return 2
	fi
	if echo "${profile}" | egrep -q '^.+\.new-[0-9\.]+_[0-9]+$'; then
		return 2
	fi

	return 0
}

__parse_profiles_dir() {
	local parser_cmd="$1"
	local profile_dir="$2"
	local status=0

	if [ ! -d "$profile_dir" ]; then
		aa_log_failure_msg "Profile directory not found: $profile_dir"
		return 1
	fi

	if [ -z "$(ls $profile_dir/)" ]; then
		aa_log_failure_msg "No profiles found in $profile_dir"
		return 1
	fi

	# Note: the parser automatically skips files that match skip_profile()
	# when we pass it a directory, but not when we pass it an individual
	# profile. So we need to use skip_profile only in the latter case,
	# as long as the parser is in sync' with skip_profile().
	"$PARSER" $PARSER_OPTS $parser_cmd -- "$profile_dir" || {
		# FIXME: once the parser properly handles broken profiles
		# (LP: #1377338), remove the following code and the
		# skip_profile() function. For now, if the parser returns
		# an error, just run it again separately on each profile.
		for profile in $profile_dir/*; do
			skip_profile "${profile}"
			skip=$?
			if [ "$skip" -eq 2 ]; then
				# Ignore skip status == 2 (silent skip)
				continue
			elif [ "$skip" -ne 0 ] ; then
				aa_log_skipped_msg "$profile"
				logger -t "AppArmor(init)" -p daemon.warn \
					"Skipping profile $profile"
				continue
			fi
			if [ ! -f "${profile}" ] ; then
				continue
			fi
			echo "$profile"
		done | \
		# Use xargs to parallelize calls to the parser over all CPUs
		xargs -n1 -d"\n" --max-procs=$(getconf _NPROCESSORS_ONLN) \
			"$PARSER" $PARSER_OPTS $parser_cmd --
		if [ $? -ne 0 ]; then
			status=1
			aa_log_failure_msg "At least one profile failed to load"
		fi
	}

	return $status
}

parse_profiles() {
	# get parser arg
	case "$1" in
		load)
			PARSER_CMD="--add"
			PARSER_MSG="Loading AppArmor profiles "
			;;
		reload)
			PARSER_CMD="--replace"
			PARSER_MSG="Reloading AppArmor profiles "
			;;
		*)
			aa_log_failure_msg "required 'load' or 'reload'"
			exit 1
			;;
	esac
	aa_log_action_start "$PARSER_MSG"
	# run the parser on all of the apparmor profiles
	if [ ! -f "$PARSER" ]; then
		aa_log_failure_msg "AppArmor parser not found"
		aa_log_action_end 1
		exit 1
	fi

	for profile_dir in $PROFILE_DIRS; do
		__parse_profiles_dir "$PARSER_CMD" "$profile_dir" || STATUS=$?
	done

	aa_log_action_end "$STATUS"
	return $STATUS
}

profiles_names_list() {
	# run the parser on all of the apparmor profiles
	if [ ! -f "$PARSER" ]; then
		aa_log_failure_msg "- AppArmor parser not found"
		exit 1
	fi

	for profile_dir in $PROFILE_DIRS; do
		if [ ! -d "$profile_dir" ]; then
			aa_log_warning_msg "- Profile directory not found: $profile_dir"
			continue
		fi

		for profile in $profile_dir/*; do
			if skip_profile "${profile}" && [ -f "${profile}" ] ; then
				LIST_ADD=$($PARSER -N "$profile" )
				if [ $? -eq 0 ]; then
					echo "$LIST_ADD"
				fi
			fi
		done
	done
}

failstop_system() {
	level=$(runlevel | cut -d" " -f2)
	if [ $level -ne "1" ] ; then
		aa_log_failure_msg "- could not start AppArmor.  Changing to runlevel 1"
		telinit 1;
		return -1;
	fi
	aa_log_failure_msg "- could not start AppArmor."
	return -1
}

is_apparmor_loaded() {
	if ! is_securityfs_mounted ; then
		mount_securityfs
	fi

	if [ -f "${SECURITYFS}/${MODULE}/profiles" ]; then
		SFS_MOUNTPOINT="${SECURITYFS}/${MODULE}"
		return 0
	fi

	is_apparmor_present

	return $?
}

is_securityfs_mounted() {
	test -d ${SECURITYFS} -a -d /sys/fs/cgroup/systemd || grep -q securityfs /proc/filesystems && grep -q securityfs /proc/mounts
	return $?
}

mount_securityfs() {
	if grep -q securityfs /proc/filesystems ; then
		aa_action "Mounting securityfs on ${SECURITYFS}" \
				mount -t securityfs securityfs "${SECURITYFS}"
		return $?
	fi
	return 0
}

apparmor_start() {
	aa_log_daemon_msg "Starting AppArmor"
	if ! is_apparmor_present ; then
		aa_log_failure_msg "Starting AppArmor - failed, To enable AppArmor, ensure your kernel is configured with CONFIG_SECURITY_APPARMOR=y then add 'security=apparmor apparmor=1' to the kernel command line"
		aa_log_end_msg 1
		return 1
	elif ! is_apparmor_loaded ; then
		aa_log_failure_msg "Starting AppArmor - AppArmor control files aren't available under /sys/kernel/security/, please make sure securityfs is mounted."
		aa_log_end_msg 1
		return 1
	fi

	if [ ! -w "$SFS_MOUNTPOINT/.load" ] ; then
		aa_log_failure_msg "Loading AppArmor profiles - failed, Do you have the correct privileges?"
		aa_log_end_msg 1
		return 1
	fi

	# if there is anything in the profiles file don't load
	if ! read line < "$SFS_MOUNTPOINT/profiles"; then
		parse_profiles load
	else
		aa_log_skipped_msg ": already loaded with profiles."
		return 0
	fi
	aa_log_end_msg 0
	return 0
}

remove_profiles() {

	# removing profiles as we directly read from apparmorfs
	# doesn't work, since we are removing entries which screws up
	# our position.  Lets hope there are never enough profiles to
	# overflow the variable
	if ! is_apparmor_loaded ; then
		aa_log_failure_msg "AppArmor module is not loaded"
		return 1
	fi

	if [ ! -w "$SFS_MOUNTPOINT/.remove" ] ; then
		aa_log_failure_msg "Root privileges not available"
		return 1
	fi

	if [ ! -x "${PARSER}" ] ; then
		aa_log_failure_msg "Unable to execute AppArmor parser"
		return 1
	fi

	retval=0
	# We filter child profiles as removing the parent will remove
	# the children
	sed -e "s/ (\(enforce\|complain\))$//" "$SFS_MOUNTPOINT/profiles" | \
	LC_COLLATE=C sort | grep -v // | {
		while read profile ; do
			echo -n "$profile" > "$SFS_MOUNTPOINT/.remove"
			rc=$?
			if [ ${rc} -ne 0 ] ; then
				retval=${rc}
			fi
		done
		return ${retval}
	}
}

apparmor_stop() {
	aa_log_daemon_msg "Unloading AppArmor profiles "
	remove_profiles
	rc=$?
	aa_log_end_msg $rc
	return $rc
}

apparmor_kill() {
	aa_log_daemon_msg "Unloading AppArmor modules "
	if ! is_apparmor_loaded ; then
		aa_log_failure_msg "AppArmor module is not loaded"
		return 1
	fi

	if is_apparmor_present ; then
		MODULE=apparmor
	else
		aa_log_failure_msg "AppArmor is builtin"
		return 1
	fi
	/sbin/modprobe -qr $MODULE
	rc=$?
	aa_log_end_msg $rc
	return $rc
}

__apparmor_restart() {
	if [ ! -w "$SFS_MOUNTPOINT/.load" ] ; then
		aa_log_failure_msg "Loading AppArmor profiles - failed, Do you have the correct privileges?"
		return 4
	fi

	aa_log_daemon_msg "Restarting AppArmor"

	parse_profiles reload

	rc=$?
	aa_log_end_msg $rc
	return $rc
}

apparmor_restart() {
	if ! is_apparmor_loaded ; then
		apparmor_start
		rc=$?
		return $rc
	fi

	__apparmor_restart
	return $?
}

apparmor_try_restart() {
	if ! is_apparmor_loaded ; then
		return 0
	fi

	__apparmor_restart
	return $?
}

apparmor_status () {
	if test -x ${AA_STATUS} ; then
		${AA_STATUS} --verbose
		return $?
	fi
	if ! is_apparmor_loaded ; then
		echo "AppArmor is not loaded."
		rc=1
	else
		echo "AppArmor is enabled."
		rc=0
	fi
	echo "Install the apparmor-utils package to receive more detailed"
	echo "status information here (or examine ${SFS_MOUNTPOINT} directly)."

	return $rc
}

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