Efektivitas Strategi Ta’bir Mushawwar dalam Pembelajaran Bahasa Arab di Madrasah Ibtidaiyah
Keywords:
Arabic; speaking skill; ta’bir mushawwar
Abstract
Speaking proficiency is one of the main skills in Arabic language learning, but fourth grade students of MI TPI Keramat face difficulties in assembling mufradat and practicing active conversation, mainly due to the lack of varied learning strategies. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of the ta'bir mushawwar strategy, which uses picture as a media to facilitate students in constructing sentences and telling stories, in improving Arabic speaking skills. With a quantitative approach and pre-experiment design, this study involved 18 students of class IV-C. Data were collected through tests, observations, and interviews, then analyzed descriptively and N-Gain test. The posttest average was 83.06 (very good category) with 88.9% completeness, and the N-Gain score was 0.6398 which showed effectiveness in the medium category. The ta'bir mushawwar strategy offers a solution in the form of a visual and hands-on learning approach that can significantly improve students' speaking skills and make learning more interesting and interactive.
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<?php
/**
* @file tools/genEmailUpdates.php
*
* Copyright (c) 2014-2019 Simon Fraser University
* Copyright (c) 2003-2019 John Willinsky
* Distributed under the GNU GPL v2. For full terms see the file docs/COPYING.
*
* @class genEmailUpdates
* @ingroup tools
*
* @brief CLI tool to generate update scripts to upgrade any email texts that
* were modified since the last release.
*/
require(dirname(__FILE__) . '/bootstrap.inc.php');
class genEmailUpdates extends CommandLineTool {
/** @var $oldTag string Name of the old git tag to use */
var $oldTag;
/** @var $oldTag string Name of the new git tag to use */
var $newTag;
/**
* Constructor.
* @param $argv array command-line arguments
* If specified, the first argument should be the file to parse
*/
function __construct($argv = array()) {
parent::__construct($argv);
if (count($argv) != 3) {
$this->usage();
exit(1);
}
$this->oldTag = $argv[1];
$this->newTag = $argv[2];
}
/**
* Print command usage information.
*/
function usage() {
echo "Script to generate update SQL for potentially modified email texts\n"
. "Usage: {$this->scriptName} old-tag new-tag\n";
}
/**
* Fetch a particular version of a file from github.
* @param $repository string ojs, pkp-lib, etc.
* @param $filename string
* @param $tag string
* @return mixed string file contents on success, false on failure.
*/
function fetchFileVersion($repository, $filename, $tag) {
return(@file_get_contents('https://raw.github.com/pkp/' . urlencode($repository) . '/' . urlencode($tag) . '/' . $filename));
}
/**
* Parse into structures the XML contents of an email data file.
* @param $contents string
* @return array
*/
function parseEmails($contents) {
$parser = new XMLParser();
$result = $parser->parseTextStruct($contents, array('email_text', 'subject', 'body'));
$parser->destroy();
return $result;
}
/**
* Execute the command
*/
function execute() {
$stderr = fopen('php://stdout', 'w');
$locales = AppLocale::getAllLocales();
$dbConn = DBConnection::getConn();
foreach ($locales as $locale => $localeName) {
fprintf($stderr, "Checking $localeName...\n");
$oldTemplatesText = $this->fetchFileVersion('ojs', "locale/$locale/emailTemplates.xml", $this->oldTag);
$newTemplatesText = $this->fetchFileVersion('ojs', "locale/$locale/emailTemplates.xml", $this->newTag);
if ($oldTemplatesText === false || $newTemplatesText === false) {
fprintf($stderr, "Skipping $localeName; could not fetch.\n");
continue;
}
$oldEmails = $this->parseEmails($oldTemplatesText);
$newEmails = $this->parseEmails($newTemplatesText);
foreach ($oldEmails['email_text'] as $oi => $junk) {
$key = $junk['attributes']['key'];
$ni = null;
foreach ($newEmails['email_text'] as $ni => $junk) {
if ($key == $junk['attributes']['key']) break;
}
if ($oldEmails['subject'][$oi]['value'] != $newEmails['subject'][$ni]['value']) {
echo "UPDATE email_templates_default_data SET subject='" . $dbConn->escape($newEmails['subject'][$ni]['value']) . "' WHERE key='" . $dbConn->escape($key) . "' AND locale='" . $dbConn->escape($locale) . "' AND subject='" . $dbConn->escape($oldEmails['subject'][$oi]['value']) . "';\n";
}
if ($oldEmails['body'][$oi]['value'] != $newEmails['body'][$ni]['value']) {
echo "UPDATE email_templates_default_data SET body='" . $dbConn->escape($newEmails['body'][$ni]['value']) . "' WHERE key='" . $dbConn->escape($key) . "' AND locale='" . $dbConn->escape($locale) . "' AND body='" . $dbConn->escape($oldEmails['body'][$oi]['value']) . "';\n";
}
}
}
fclose($stderr);
}
}
$tool = new genEmailUpdates(isset($argv) ? $argv : array());
$tool->execute();
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