Efektivitas Strategi Ta’bir Mushawwar dalam Pembelajaran Bahasa Arab di Madrasah Ibtidaiyah
Keywords:
Arabic; speaking skill; ta’bir mushawwar
Abstract
Speaking proficiency is one of the main skills in Arabic language learning, but fourth grade students of MI TPI Keramat face difficulties in assembling mufradat and practicing active conversation, mainly due to the lack of varied learning strategies. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of the ta'bir mushawwar strategy, which uses picture as a media to facilitate students in constructing sentences and telling stories, in improving Arabic speaking skills. With a quantitative approach and pre-experiment design, this study involved 18 students of class IV-C. Data were collected through tests, observations, and interviews, then analyzed descriptively and N-Gain test. The posttest average was 83.06 (very good category) with 88.9% completeness, and the N-Gain score was 0.6398 which showed effectiveness in the medium category. The ta'bir mushawwar strategy offers a solution in the form of a visual and hands-on learning approach that can significantly improve students' speaking skills and make learning more interesting and interactive.
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<?php
/**
* @file plugins/pubIds/urn/URNPubIdPlugin.inc.php
*
* Copyright (c) 2014-2019 Simon Fraser University
* Copyright (c) 2003-2019 John Willinsky
* Distributed under the GNU GPL v2. For full terms see the file docs/COPYING.
*
* @class URNPubIdPlugin
* @ingroup plugins_pubIds_urn
*
* @brief URN plugin class
*/
import('classes.plugins.PubIdPlugin');
class URNPubIdPlugin extends PubIdPlugin {
//
// Implement template methods from Plugin.
//
/**
* @copydoc Plugin::getDisplayName()
*/
function getDisplayName() {
return __('plugins.pubIds.urn.displayName');
}
/**
* @copydoc Plugin::getDescription()
*/
function getDescription() {
return __('plugins.pubIds.urn.description');
}
//
// Implement template methods from PubIdPlugin.
//
/**
* @copydoc PKPPubIdPlugin::constructPubId()
*/
function constructPubId($pubIdPrefix, $pubIdSuffix, $contextId) {
$urn = $pubIdPrefix . $pubIdSuffix;
$suffixFieldName = $this->getSuffixFieldName();
$suffixGenerationStrategy = $this->getSetting($contextId, $suffixFieldName);
// checkNo is already calculated for custom suffixes
if ($suffixGenerationStrategy != 'customId' && $this->getSetting($contextId, 'urnCheckNo')) {
$urn .= $this->_calculateCheckNo($urn);
}
return $urn;
}
/**
* @copydoc PKPPubIdPlugin::getPubIdType()
*/
function getPubIdType() {
return 'other::urn';
}
/**
* @copydoc PKPPubIdPlugin::getPubIdDisplayType()
*/
function getPubIdDisplayType() {
return 'URN';
}
/**
* @copydoc PKPPubIdPlugin::getPubIdFullName()
*/
function getPubIdFullName() {
return 'Uniform Resource Name';
}
/**
* @copydoc PKPPubIdPlugin::getResolvingURL()
*/
function getResolvingURL($contextId, $pubId) {
$resolverURL = $this->getSetting($contextId, 'urnResolver');
return $resolverURL . $pubId;
}
/**
* @copydoc PKPPubIdPlugin::getPubIdMetadataFile()
*/
function getPubIdMetadataFile() {
return $this->getTemplateResource('urnSuffixEdit.tpl');
}
/**
* @copydoc PKPPubIdPlugin::addJavaScript()
*/
function addJavaScript($request, $templateMgr) {
$templateMgr->addJavaScript(
'urnCheckNo',
$request->getBaseUrl() . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR . $this->getPluginPath() . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR . 'js' . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR . 'checkNumber.js',
array(
'inline' => false,
'contexts' => 'publicIdentifiersForm',
)
);
}
/**
* @copydoc PKPPubIdPlugin::getPubIdAssignFile()
*/
function getPubIdAssignFile() {
return $this->getTemplateResource('urnAssign.tpl');
}
/**
* @copydoc PKPPubIdPlugin::instantiateSettingsForm()
*/
function instantiateSettingsForm($contextId) {
$this->import('classes.form.URNSettingsForm');
return new URNSettingsForm($this, $contextId);
}
/**
* @copydoc PKPPubIdPlugin::getFormFieldNames()
*/
function getFormFieldNames() {
return array('urnSuffix');
}
/**
* @copydoc PKPPubIdPlugin::getAssignFormFieldName()
*/
function getAssignFormFieldName() {
return 'assignURN';
}
/**
* @copydoc PKPPubIdPlugin::getPrefixFieldName()
*/
function getPrefixFieldName() {
return 'urnPrefix';
}
/**
* @copydoc PKPPubIdPlugin::getSuffixFieldName()
*/
function getSuffixFieldName() {
return 'urnSuffix';
}
/**
* @copydoc PKPPubIdPlugin::getLinkActions()
*/
function getLinkActions($pubObject) {
$linkActions = array();
import('lib.pkp.classes.linkAction.request.RemoteActionConfirmationModal');
$request = Application::getRequest();
$userVars = $request->getUserVars();
$userVars['pubIdPlugIn'] = get_class($this);
// Clear object pub id
$linkActions['clearPubIdLinkActionURN'] = new LinkAction(
'clearPubId',
new RemoteActionConfirmationModal(
$request->getSession(),
__('plugins.pubIds.urn.editor.clearObjectsURN.confirm'),
__('common.delete'),
$request->url(null, null, 'clearPubId', null, $userVars),
'modal_delete'
),
__('plugins.pubIds.urn.editor.clearObjectsURN'),
'delete',
__('plugins.pubIds.urn.editor.clearObjectsURN')
);
if (is_a($pubObject, 'Issue')) {
// Clear issue objects pub ids
$linkActions['clearIssueObjectsPubIdsLinkActionURN'] = new LinkAction(
'clearObjectsPubIds',
new RemoteActionConfirmationModal(
$request->getSession(),
__('plugins.pubIds.urn.editor.clearIssueObjectsURN.confirm'),
__('common.delete'),
$request->url(null, null, 'clearIssueObjectsPubIds', null, $userVars),
'modal_delete'
),
__('plugins.pubIds.urn.editor.clearIssueObjectsURN'),
'delete',
__('plugins.pubIds.urn.editor.clearIssueObjectsURN')
);
}
return $linkActions;
}
/**
* @copydoc PKPPubIdPlugin::getSuffixPatternsFieldName()
*/
function getSuffixPatternsFieldNames() {
return array(
'Issue' => 'urnIssueSuffixPattern',
'Submission' => 'urnSubmissionSuffixPattern',
'Representation' => 'urnRepresentationSuffixPattern',
);
}
/**
* @copydoc PKPPubIdPlugin::getDAOFieldNames()
*/
function getDAOFieldNames() {
return array('pub-id::other::urn');
}
/**
* @copydoc PKPPubIdPlugin::isObjectTypeEnabled()
*/
function isObjectTypeEnabled($pubObjectType, $contextId) {
return (boolean) $this->getSetting($contextId, "enable${pubObjectType}URN");
}
/**
* @copydoc PKPPubIdPlugin::isObjectTypeEnabled()
*/
function getNotUniqueErrorMsg() {
return __('plugins.pubIds.urn.editor.urnSuffixCustomIdentifierNotUnique');
}
//
// Private helper methods
//
/**
* Get the last, check number.
* Algorithm (s. http://www.persistent-identifier.de/?link=316):
* every URN character is replaced with a number according to the conversion table,
* every number is multiplied by it's position/index (beginning with 1),
* the numbers' sum is calculated,
* the sum is divided by the last number,
* the last number of the quotient before the decimal point is the check number.
*/
function _calculateCheckNo($urn) {
$urnLower = strtolower_codesafe($urn);
$conversionTable = array('9' => '41', '8' => '9', '7' => '8', '6' => '7', '5' => '6', '4' => '5', '3' => '4', '2' => '3', '1' => '2', '0' => '1', 'a' => '18', 'b' => '14', 'c' => '19', 'd' => '15', 'e' => '16', 'f' => '21', 'g' => '22', 'h' => '23', 'i' => '24', 'j' => '25', 'k' => '42', 'l' => '26', 'm' => '27', 'n' => '13', 'o' => '28', 'p' => '29', 'q' => '31', 'r' => '12', 's' => '32', 't' => '33', 'u' => '11', 'v' => '34', 'w' => '35', 'x' => '36', 'y' => '37', 'z' => '38', '-' => '39', ':' => '17', '_' => '43', '/' => '45', '.' => '47', '+' => '49');
$newURN = '';
for ($i = 0; $i < strlen($urnLower); $i++) {
$char = $urnLower[$i];
$newURN .= $conversionTable[$char];
}
$sum = 0;
for ($j = 1; $j <= strlen($newURN); $j++) {
$sum = $sum + ($newURN[$j-1] * $j);
}
$lastNumber = $newURN[strlen($newURN)-1];
$quot = $sum / $lastNumber;
$quotRound = floor($quot);
$quotString = (string)$quotRound;
return $quotString[strlen($quotString)-1];
}
}
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