Efektivitas Strategi Ta’bir Mushawwar dalam Pembelajaran Bahasa Arab di Madrasah Ibtidaiyah
Keywords:
Arabic; speaking skill; ta’bir mushawwar
Abstract
Speaking proficiency is one of the main skills in Arabic language learning, but fourth grade students of MI TPI Keramat face difficulties in assembling mufradat and practicing active conversation, mainly due to the lack of varied learning strategies. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of the ta'bir mushawwar strategy, which uses picture as a media to facilitate students in constructing sentences and telling stories, in improving Arabic speaking skills. With a quantitative approach and pre-experiment design, this study involved 18 students of class IV-C. Data were collected through tests, observations, and interviews, then analyzed descriptively and N-Gain test. The posttest average was 83.06 (very good category) with 88.9% completeness, and the N-Gain score was 0.6398 which showed effectiveness in the medium category. The ta'bir mushawwar strategy offers a solution in the form of a visual and hands-on learning approach that can significantly improve students' speaking skills and make learning more interesting and interactive.
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<?php
/**
* @file plugins/importexport/crossref/CrossrefInfoSender.php
*
* Copyright (c) 2013-2019 Simon Fraser University
* Copyright (c) 2003-2019 John Willinsky
* Distributed under the GNU GPL v2. For full terms see the file docs/COPYING.
*
* @class CrossrefInfoSender
* @ingroup plugins_importexport_crossref
*
* @brief Scheduled task to send deposits to Crossref and update statuses.
*/
import('lib.pkp.classes.scheduledTask.ScheduledTask');
class CrossrefInfoSender extends ScheduledTask {
/** @var $_plugin CrossRefExportPlugin */
var $_plugin;
/**
* Constructor.
* @param $argv array task arguments
*/
function __construct($args) {
PluginRegistry::loadCategory('importexport');
$plugin = PluginRegistry::getPlugin('importexport', 'CrossRefExportPlugin'); /* @var $plugin CrossRefExportPlugin */
$this->_plugin = $plugin;
if (is_a($plugin, 'CrossRefExportPlugin')) {
$plugin->addLocaleData();
}
parent::__construct($args);
}
/**
* @copydoc ScheduledTask::getName()
*/
function getName() {
return __('plugins.importexport.crossref.senderTask.name');
}
/**
* @copydoc ScheduledTask::executeActions()
*/
function executeActions() {
if (!$this->_plugin) return false;
$plugin = $this->_plugin;
$journals = $this->_getJournals();
foreach ($journals as $journal) {
$notify = false;
$pubIdPlugins = PluginRegistry::loadCategory('pubIds', true, $journal->getId());
$doiPubIdPlugin = $pubIdPlugins['doipubidplugin'];
if ($doiPubIdPlugin->getSetting($journal->getId(), 'enableSubmissionDoi')) {
// Get unregistered articles
$unregisteredArticles = $plugin->getUnregisteredArticles($journal);
// If there are articles to be deposited
if (count($unregisteredArticles)) {
$this->_registerObjects($unregisteredArticles, 'article=>crossref-xml', $journal, 'articles');
}
}
}
return true;
}
/**
* Get all journals that meet the requirements to have
* their articles or issues DOIs sent to Crossref.
* @return array
*/
function _getJournals() {
$plugin = $this->_plugin;
$contextDao = Application::getContextDAO(); /* @var $contextDao JournalDAO */
$journalFactory = $contextDao->getAll(true);
$journals = array();
while($journal = $journalFactory->next()) {
$journalId = $journal->getId();
if (!$plugin->getSetting($journalId, 'username') || !$plugin->getSetting($journalId, 'password') || !$plugin->getSetting($journalId, 'automaticRegistration')) continue;
$doiPrefix = null;
$pubIdPlugins = PluginRegistry::loadCategory('pubIds', true, $journalId);
if (isset($pubIdPlugins['doipubidplugin'])) {
$doiPubIdPlugin = $pubIdPlugins['doipubidplugin'];
if (!$doiPubIdPlugin->getSetting($journalId, 'enabled')) continue;
$doiPrefix = $doiPubIdPlugin->getSetting($journalId, 'doiPrefix');
}
if ($doiPrefix) {
$journals[] = $journal;
} else {
$this->addExecutionLogEntry(__('plugins.importexport.common.senderTask.warning.noDOIprefix', array('path' => $journal->getPath())), SCHEDULED_TASK_MESSAGE_TYPE_WARNING);
}
}
return $journals;
}
/**
* Register objects
* @param $objects array
* @param $filter string
* @param $journal Journal
* @param $objectsFileNamePart string
*/
function _registerObjects($objects, $filter, $journal, $objectsFileNamePart) {
$plugin = $this->_plugin;
import('lib.pkp.classes.file.FileManager');
$fileManager = new FileManager();
// The new Crossref deposit API expects one request per object.
// On contrary the export supports bulk/batch object export, thus
// also the filter expects an array of objects.
// Thus the foreach loop, but every object will be in an one item array for
// the export and filter to work.
foreach ($objects as $object) {
// export XML
$exportXml = $plugin->exportXML(array($object), $filter, $journal);
// Write the XML to a file.
// export file name example: crossref-20160723-160036-articles-1-1.xml
$objectsFileNamePartId = $objectsFileNamePart . '-' . $object->getId();
$exportFileName = $plugin->getExportFileName($plugin->getExportPath(), $objectsFileNamePartId, $journal, '.xml');
$fileManager->writeFile($exportFileName, $exportXml);
// Deposit the XML file.
$result = $plugin->depositXML($object, $journal, $exportFileName);
if ($result !== true) {
$this->_addLogEntry($result);
}
// Remove all temporary files.
$fileManager->deleteByPath($exportFileName);
}
}
/**
* Add execution log entry
* @param $result array
*/
function _addLogEntry($result) {
if (is_array($result)) {
foreach($result as $error) {
assert(is_array($error) && count($error) >= 1);
$this->addExecutionLogEntry(
__($error[0], array('param' => (isset($error[1]) ? $error[1] : null))),
SCHEDULED_TASK_MESSAGE_TYPE_WARNING
);
}
}
}
}
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