Efektivitas Strategi Ta’bir Mushawwar dalam Pembelajaran Bahasa Arab di Madrasah Ibtidaiyah

  • Nuur Mahmudah Universitas Islam Negeri Antasari Banjarmasin
  • Khairunnisa Universitas Islam Negeri Antasari Banjarmasin
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37850/ibtida'.v5i2.817
Keywords: Arabic; speaking skill; ta’bir mushawwar

Abstract

Speaking proficiency is one of the main skills in Arabic language learning, but fourth grade students of MI TPI Keramat face difficulties in assembling mufradat and practicing active conversation, mainly due to the lack of varied learning strategies. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of the ta'bir mushawwar strategy, which uses picture as a media to facilitate students in constructing sentences and telling stories, in improving Arabic speaking skills. With a quantitative approach and pre-experiment design, this study involved 18 students of class IV-C. Data were collected through tests, observations, and interviews, then analyzed descriptively and N-Gain test. The posttest average was 83.06 (very good category) with 88.9% completeness, and the N-Gain score was 0.6398 which showed effectiveness in the medium category. The ta'bir mushawwar strategy offers a solution in the form of a visual and hands-on learning approach that can significantly improve students' speaking skills and make learning more interesting and interactive.

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Current File : /home/bilfatvps/html/journal.stitaf.ac.id/lib/pkp/includes/functions.inc.php
<?php

/**
 * @file includes/functions.inc.php
 *
 * Copyright (c) 2014-2019 Simon Fraser University
 * Copyright (c) 2000-2019 John Willinsky
 * Distributed under the GNU GPL v2. For full terms see the file docs/COPYING.
 *
 * @ingroup index
 *
 * @brief Contains definitions for common functions used system-wide.
 * Any frequently-used functions that cannot be put into an appropriate class should be added here.
 */


/**
 * Emulate a Java-style import statement.
 * Simply includes the associated PHP file (using require_once so multiple calls to include the same file have no effect).
 * @param $class string the complete name of the class to be imported (e.g. 'lib.pkp.classes.core.Core')
 */
if (!function_exists('import')) {
	function import($class) {
		$filePath = str_replace('.', '/', $class) . '.inc.php';
		require_once(BASE_SYS_DIR.'/'.$filePath);
	}
}

/**
 * Wrapper around die() to pretty-print an error message with an optional stack trace.
 */
function fatalError($reason) {
	// Because this method may be called when checking the value of the show_stacktrace
	// configuration string, we need to ensure that we don't get stuck in an infinite loop.
	static $isErrorCondition = null;
	static $showStackTrace = false;

	if ($isErrorCondition === null) {
		$isErrorCondition = true;
		$showStackTrace = Config::getVar('debug', 'show_stacktrace');
		$isErrorCondition = false;
	}

	echo "<h1>" . htmlspecialchars($reason) . "</h1>";

	if ($showStackTrace) {
		echo "<h4>Stack Trace:</h4>\n";
		$trace = debug_backtrace();

		// Remove the call to fatalError from the call trace.
		array_shift($trace);

		// Back-trace pretty-printer adapted from the following URL:
		// http://ca3.php.net/manual/en/function.debug-backtrace.php
		// Thanks to diz at ysagoon dot com

		// FIXME: Is there any way to localize this when the localization
		// functions may have caused the failure in the first place?
		foreach ($trace as $bt) {
			$args = '';
			if (isset($bt['args'])) foreach ($bt['args'] as $a) {
				if (!empty($args)) {
					$args .= ', ';
				}
				switch (gettype($a)) {
					case 'integer':
					case 'double':
						$args .= $a;
						break;
					case 'string':
						$a = htmlspecialchars(substr($a, 0, 64)).((strlen($a) > 64) ? '...' : '');
						$args .= "\"$a\"";
						break;
					case 'array':
						$args .= 'Array('.count($a).')';
						break;
					case 'object':
						$args .= 'Object('.get_class($a).')';
						break;
					case 'resource':
						$args .= 'Resource('.strstr($a, '#').')';
						break;
					case 'boolean':
						$args .= $a ? 'True' : 'False';
						break;
					case 'NULL':
						$args .= 'Null';
						break;
					default:
						$args .= 'Unknown';
				}
			}
			$class = isset($bt['class'])?$bt['class']:'';
			$type = isset($bt['type'])?$bt['type']:'';
			$function = isset($bt['function'])?$bt['function']:'';
			$file = isset($bt['file'])?$bt['file']:'(unknown)';
			$line = isset($bt['line'])?$bt['line']:'(unknown)';

			echo "<strong>File:</strong> {$file} line {$line}<br />\n";
			echo "<strong>Function:</strong> {$class}{$type}{$function}($args)<br />\n";
			echo "<br/>\n";
		}
	}

	// Determine the application name. Use defensive code so that we
	// can handle errors during early application initialization.
	$application = null;
	if (class_exists('Registry')) {
		$application = Registry::get('application', true, null);
	}
	$applicationName = '';
	if (!is_null($application)) {
		$applicationName = $application->getName().': ';
	}

	error_log($applicationName.$reason);

	if (defined('DONT_DIE_ON_ERROR') && DONT_DIE_ON_ERROR == true) {
		// trigger an error to be catched outside the application
		trigger_error($reason);
		return;
	}

	die();
}

/**
 * Check to see if the server meets a minimum version requirement for PHP.
 * @param $version Name of version (see version_compare documentation)
 * @return boolean
 */
function checkPhpVersion($version) {
	return (version_compare(PHP_VERSION, $version) !== -1);
}

/**
 * Instantiates an object for a given fully qualified
 * class name after executing several checks on the class.
 *
 * The checks prevent certain vulnerabilities when
 * instantiating classes generically.
 *
 * NB: We currently only support one constructor
 * argument. If we need arbitrary arguments later
 * we can do that via func_get_args() which allows us
 * to handle an arbitrary number of optional
 * constructor arguments. The $constructorArg
 * parameter needs to be last in the parameter list
 * to be forward compatible with this potential use
 * case.
 *
 * @param $fullyQualifiedClassName string
 * @param $expectedTypes string|array the class
 * 	must conform to at least one of the given types.
 * @param $expectedPackages string|array the class
 *  must be part of at least one of the given packages.
 * @param $expectedMethods string|array names of methods
 *  that must all be present for the requested class.
 * @param $constructorArg mixed constructor argument
 *
 * @return object|boolean the instantiated object or false
 *  if the class instantiation didn't result in the expected
 *  type.
 */
function &instantiate($fullyQualifiedClassName, $expectedTypes = null, $expectedPackages = null, $expectedMethods = null, $constructorArg = null) {
	$errorFlag = false;

	// Validate the class name
	if (!preg_match('/^[a-zA-Z0-9.]+$/', $fullyQualifiedClassName)) {
		return $errorFlag;
	}

	// Validate the class package
	if (!is_null($expectedPackages)) {
		if (is_scalar($expectedPackages)) $expectedPackages = array($expectedPackages);
		$validPackage = false;
		foreach ($expectedPackages as $expectedPackage) {
			// No need to use String class here as class names are always US-ASCII
			if (substr($fullyQualifiedClassName, 0, strlen($expectedPackage)+1) == $expectedPackage.'.') {
				$validPackage = true;
				break;
			}
		}

		// Raise a fatal error if the class does not belong
		// to any of the expected packages. This is to prevent
		// certain types of code inclusion attacks.
		if (!$validPackage) {
			// Construct meaningful error message.
			$expectedPackageCount = count($expectedPackages);
			$separator = '';
			foreach($expectedPackages as $expectedPackageIndex => $expectedPackage) {
				if ($expectedPackageIndex > 0) {
					$separator = ($expectedPackageIndex == $expectedPackageCount-1 ? ' or ' : ', ' );
				}
				$expectedPackageString .= $separator.'"'.$expectedPackage.'"';
			}
			fatalError('Trying to instantiate class "'.$fullyQualifiedClassName.'" which is not in any of the expected packages '.$expectedPackageString.'.');
		}
	}

	// Import the requested class
	import($fullyQualifiedClassName);

	// Identify the class name
	$fullyQualifiedClassNameParts = explode('.', $fullyQualifiedClassName);
	$className = array_pop($fullyQualifiedClassNameParts);

	// Type check I: The requested class should be declared by now.
	if (!class_exists($className)) {
		fatalError('Cannot instantiate class. Class "'.$className.'" is not declared in "'.$fullyQualifiedClassName.'".');
	}

	// Ensure all expected methods are declared.
	$expectedMethods = (array) $expectedMethods; // Possibly scalar or null; ensure array
	$declaredMethods = get_class_methods($className);
	if (count(array_intersect($expectedMethods, $declaredMethods)) != count($expectedMethods)) {
		return $errorFlag;
	}

	// Instantiate the requested class
	if (is_null($constructorArg)) {
		$classInstance = new $className();
	} else {
		$classInstance = new $className($constructorArg);
	}

	// Type check II: The object must conform to the given interface (if any).
	if (!is_null($expectedTypes)) {
		if (is_scalar($expectedTypes)) $expectedTypes = array($expectedTypes);
		$validType = false;
		foreach($expectedTypes as $expectedType) {
			if (is_a($classInstance, $expectedType)) {
				$validType = true;
				break;
			}
		}
		if (!$validType) return $errorFlag;
	}

	return $classInstance;
}

/**
 * Remove empty elements from an array
 * @param $array array
 * @return array
 */
function arrayClean($array) {
	if (!is_array($array)) return null;
	return array_filter($array, function($o) {
		return !empty($o);
	});
}


/**
 * Recursively strip HTML from a (multidimensional) array.
 * @param $values array
 * @return array the cleansed array
 */
function stripAssocArray($values) {
	foreach ($values as $key => $value) {
		if (is_scalar($value)) {
			$values[$key] = strip_tags($values[$key]);
		} else {
			$values[$key] = stripAssocArray($values[$key]);
		}
	}
	return $values;
}

/**
 * Perform a code-safe strtolower, i.e. one that doesn't behave differently
 * based on different locales. (tr_TR, I'm looking at you.)
 * @param $str string Input string
 * @return string
 */
function strtolower_codesafe($str) {
	return strtr($str, 'ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ', 'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz');
}

/**
 * Convert a Windows path to a cygwin path.
 * @param string $path Windows path
 * @return string Cygwin path.
 */
function cygwinConversion($path) {
	$path = str_replace('\\', '/', $path);
	$matches = null;
	PKPString::regexp_match_get('/^([A-Z]):/i', $path, $matches);
	if (isset($matches[1]) && strlen($matches[1]) === 1) {
		$path = PKPString::regexp_replace('/^[A-Z]:/i', '/cygdrive/' . strtolower($matches[1]), $path);
	}
	return $path;
}

/**
 * Helper function to define custom autoloader 
 * @param string $rootPath
 * @param string $prefix
 * @param string $class
 * 
 * @return void
 */
function customAutoload($rootPath, $prefix, $class) {
	if (substr($class, 0, strlen($prefix)) !== $prefix) {
		return;
	}

	$class = substr($class, strlen($prefix));
	$parts = explode('\\', $class);

	// we expect at least one folder in the namespace
	// there is no class defined directly under classes/ folder
	if (count($parts) < 2) {
		return;
	}

	$className = Core::cleanFileVar(array_pop($parts));
	$parts = array_map(function($part) {
		return lcfirst(Core::cleanFileVar($part));
	}, $parts);

	$subParts = join('/', $parts);
	$filePath = "{$rootPath}/{$subParts}/{$className}.inc.php";

	if (is_file($filePath)) {
		require_once($filePath);
	}
}

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