Efektivitas Strategi Ta’bir Mushawwar dalam Pembelajaran Bahasa Arab di Madrasah Ibtidaiyah
Keywords:
Arabic; speaking skill; ta’bir mushawwar
Abstract
Speaking proficiency is one of the main skills in Arabic language learning, but fourth grade students of MI TPI Keramat face difficulties in assembling mufradat and practicing active conversation, mainly due to the lack of varied learning strategies. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of the ta'bir mushawwar strategy, which uses picture as a media to facilitate students in constructing sentences and telling stories, in improving Arabic speaking skills. With a quantitative approach and pre-experiment design, this study involved 18 students of class IV-C. Data were collected through tests, observations, and interviews, then analyzed descriptively and N-Gain test. The posttest average was 83.06 (very good category) with 88.9% completeness, and the N-Gain score was 0.6398 which showed effectiveness in the medium category. The ta'bir mushawwar strategy offers a solution in the form of a visual and hands-on learning approach that can significantly improve students' speaking skills and make learning more interesting and interactive.
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#!/bin/sh
VERBOSITY=0
TEMP_D=""
NAME="ubuntu-cloudimg-query"
DOT_D="$HOME/.$NAME"
CACHE_D="$HOME/.cache/$NAME"
KNOWN_RELEASES="hardy karmic lucid maverick natty oneiric precise quantal
raring trusty utopic vivid wily xenial yakkety";
cachelife=86400
error() { echo "$@" 1>&2; }
errorp() { printf "$@" 1>&2; }
fail() { [ $# -eq 0 ] || error "$@"; exit 1; }
failp() { [ $# -eq 0 ] || errorp "$@"; exit 1; }
Usage() {
cat <<EOF
Usage: ${0##*/} [ options ] criteria
Get the latest Ubuntu ami meeting certain criteria
options:
-o | --output FILE output to file rather than stdout
-f | --format format change output to 'format'.
default: '%{ami}\n'
--arch ARCH use the specified arch
Examples:
- get the latest ami matching default criteria for release 'n'
$ ${0##*/} -v n
us-east-1/ebs/ubuntu-natty-11.04-amd64-server-20110426
ami-1aad5273
- get an instance-store image in i386 image in us-west-1
$ ${0##*/} lucid i386 instance us-west-1
ami-73c69436
- get the latest daily build of the devel release in eu-west-1
$ EC2_REGION=eu-west-1 ${0##*/} daily amd64 ebs o
EOF
}
bad_Usage() { Usage 1>&2; [ $# -eq 0 ] || error "$@"; exit 1; }
cleanup() {
[ -z "${TEMP_D}" -o ! -d "${TEMP_D}" ] || rm -Rf "${TEMP_D}"
}
cache_valid() {
local file="$1" date="$2"
[ -n "$file" -a -e "$file" ] || return 1
touch --date "${date}" "${TEMP_D}/ts"
[ "$file" -nt "$TEMP_D/ts" ]
}
dlcache() {
local url="$1" out="$2" cfilename="$3" age="$4"
local cachef="${CACHE_D}/$cfilename"
local timeout="now - $age seconds"
[ -n "$cfilename" ] || cachef=""
if cache_valid "$cachef" "$timeout"; then
cp -a "$cachef" "$out"
return
fi
wget -q "${url}" -O "${out}" || return 1
{ [ -z "$cachef" ] || cp "${out}" "${cachef}"; } ||
return 1
}
debug() {
local level=${1}; shift;
[ "${level}" -gt "${VERBOSITY}" ] && return
error "${@}"
}
isrel() {
local cand="$1" url="$2" out="$3" cache="$4" age="$5"
local o="" f=""
for f in "$out" "$CACHE_D/$cache"; do
[ -f "${f}" ] &&
o=$(awk '-F\t' '$1 ~ r { print $1; exit(0); }' "r=^$cand" "$f") &&
[ -n "$o" ] && _RET="$o" && return 0
done
dlcache "$url" "$out" "$cache" "$age" &&
o=$(awk '-F\t' '$1 ~ r { print $1; exit(0); }' "r=^$cand" "$out") &&
[ -n "$o" ] && _RET="$o" && return 0
return 1
}
subst() {
local cur="$1"; shift;
while [ $# -ne 0 ]; do
while [ "${cur#*${1}}" != "${cur}" ]; do
cur="${cur%%${1}*}${2}${cur#*${1}}"
done
shift 2
done
_RET=${cur}
}
in_args() {
# is $1 in $2....
local needle="$1" hay=""
shift;
for hay in "$@"; do
[ "$hay" = "$needle" ] && return 0
done
return 1
}
getreleases() {
# get the list of releases, return it in _RET
local releases="${KNOWN_RELEASES}" r=""
if command -v "ubuntu-distro-info" >/dev/null; then
local all_rels="" seen_lucid=false
all_rels=$(ubuntu-distro-info --all) ||
{ error "'ubuntu-distro-info --all' failed"; return 1; }
releases="hardy"
for r in $all_rels; do
if $seen_lucid || [ "$r" = "lucid" ]; then
seen_lucid=true;
releases="${releases} $r"
fi
done
fi
_RET="$releases"
}
short_opts="f:ho:v"
long_opts="arch:,format:,help,no-cache,output:,verbose"
getopt_out=$(getopt --name "${0##*/}" \
--options "${short_opts}" --long "${long_opts}" -- "$@") &&
eval set -- "${getopt_out}" ||
bad_Usage
## <<insert default variables here>>
output="-"
format='%{ami}\n'
burl="${UBUNTU_CLOUDIMG_QUERY_BASEURL:-https://cloud-images.ubuntu.com/query}"
store=""
region_default="${EC2_REGION:-us-east-1}"
release="xenial"
arch="amd64"
stream="released"
bname="server"
itype=""
ptype="paravirtual"
poss_release=""
itypes=""
itypes_i386="m1.small c1.medium m1.medium"
itypes_amd64="${itypes_i386} m1.large m1.xlarge m2.xlarge m2.2xlarge m2.4xlarge c1.xlarge"
itypes_hvm="cc1.4xlarge cg1.4xlarge cc2.8xlarge hi1.4xlarge"
itypes_ebs_only="t1.micro m3.xlarge m3.2xlarge"
while [ $# -ne 0 ]; do
cur=${1}; next=${2};
case "$cur" in
--arch) arch="$next"; shift;;
-h|--help) Usage ; exit 0;;
-f|--format) format=${2}; shift;;
-o|--output) output=${2}; shift;;
-v|--verbose) VERBOSITY=$((${VERBOSITY}+1));;
--no-cache) cachelife=0;;
--) shift; break;;
esac
shift;
done
getreleases || fail "failed to get releases"
releases="${_RET}"
for i in "$@"; do
in_args "$i" $releases && r_rel=$i && continue
case $i in
rel*) stream="released";;
daily) stream=${i};;
server|desktop) bname=${i};;
i386|amd64|x86_64|armhf|ppc64el|arm64|s390x|powerpc)
arch=${i};
[ "${i}" = "x86_64" ] && arch="amd64";;
*-*-[0-9]) region=${i};;
ebs|ebs-ssd|ebs-io1) store="$i";;
instance|instance-store) store="instance-store";;
hvm) ptype="hvm";;
para|paravirtual) ptype="paravirtual";;
c[cg][1-9].*|hi1.*)
ptype="hvm";
itype="$i";
arch=amd64;;
[a-z][1-9].[0-9a-z]*)
itype="$i";
case "${i}" in
t1.micro|m3.*) store=ebs;; # t1.micro, m3.* only supports ebs
esac
;;
http://*|https://*) burl=${i};;
[hklmnopqrstuvwxyz])
[ -z "$p_rel" ] || fail "found 2 unknown args: $p_rel, $i";
p_rel=$i;;
*) fail "confused by argument: ${i}";;
esac
done
TEMP_D=$(mktemp -d "${TMPDIR:-/tmp}/${0##*/}.XXXXXX") ||
fail "failed to make tempdir"
trap cleanup EXIT
{ [ -d "${CACHE_D}" ] || mkdir -p "${CACHE_D}"; } ||
fail "failed to create ${CACHE_D}"
daily_latest="${TEMP_D}/daily.latest.txt"
release_latest="${TEMP_D}/released.latest.txt"
if [ -n "$p_rel" ]; then
[ -z "$r_rel" ] || fail "unknown arg ${p_rel}"
url="${burl}/daily.latest.txt"
isrel "$p_rel" "$url" "${daily_latest}" "daily.latest.txt" $cachelife &&
r_rel="${_RET}" || fail "bad input $p_rel"
fi
[ -n "$r_rel" ] && release=$r_rel
if [ -z "${region}" ]; then
if [ -n "${EC2_URL}" ]; then
case "${EC2_URL#*://}" in
*-*-[0-9].ec2.amazonaws.com*)
region=${EC2_URL#*://};
region=${region%%.*};;
ec2.amazonaws.com/*) region=us-east-1;;
*) region=${region_default};;
esac
else
region="${region_default}"
fi
fi
if [ -z "$store" ]; then
# legacy 'ebs' backed root devices were dropped in xenial,
# so 'ebs-ssd' is the default for newer releases.
case "$release" in
lucid|precise|trusty|wily) store="ebs";;
*) store="ebs-ssd";;
esac
fi
ec2_curf="${TEMP_D}/${release}.${bname}.${stream}.current.txt"
ec2_url="${burl}/${release}/${bname}/${stream}.current.txt"
dl_curf="${TEMP_D}/${release}.${bname}.${stream}-dl.current.txt"
dl_url="${burl}/${release}/${bname}/${stream}-dl.current.txt"
dlcache "${dl_url}" "${dl_curf}" "${dl_curf##*/}" $cachelife ||
fail "failed to get ${dl_url}"
out=$(awk '-F\t' \
'$1 == release && $2 == bname && $5 == arch { print $4, $6, $7 }' \
"release=$release" "bname=$bname" "arch=$arch" "${dl_curf}") &&
[ -n "$out" ] || fail "failed find entry in ${dl_url}"
set -- ${out}; serial=$1; dlpath=$2; pubname=$3
url="${burl%/query}/${dlpath}"
prefix="${store}"
[ "${ptype}" = "hvm" ] && prefix="hvm"
dlcache "${ec2_url}" "${ec2_curf}" "${ec2_curf##*/}" $cachelife ||
fail "failed to get ${ec2_url}"
ami=$(awk '-F\t' \
'$1 == release && $2 == bname && $5 == store &&
$6 == arch && $7 == region && $11 == ptype { print $8 }' \
"release=$release" "bname=${bname}" \
"store=$store" "arch=$arch" "region=$region" "ptype=$ptype" \
"${ec2_curf}")
if [ -z "$ami" ]; then
amifmt="%{ami}"
[ "$format" = "${format#*${amifmt}}" ] ||
fail "no matching ami id found, but '%{ami}' in output format"
fi
case "$arch:$store:$ptype" in
*:hvm) itypes_all="${itypes_hvm}";;
i386:*) itypes_all="${itypes_i386}";;
amd64:*) itypes_all="${itypes_amd64}";;
esac
[ "$store" = "ebs" -a "$ptype" != "hvm" ] &&
itypes_all="${itypes_ebs_only} $itypes_all"
itypes=""
for x in ${itype} ${itypes_all}; do
case ",$itypes," in
*,$x,*) continue;;
esac
itypes="${itypes},${x}"
done
itypes=${itypes#,}
itype=${itypes%%,*}
xarch=${arch}
[ "$xarch" = "amd64" ] && xarch="x86_64"
CR="
"
TAB=" "
subst "$format" \
'\\n' "$CR" '\\t' "$TAB" \
'%{ami}' "$ami" \
'%{arch}' "$arch" '%{bname}' "$bname" '%{dlpath}' "$dlpath" \
'%{ptype}' "$ptype" '%{pubname}' "$pubname" '%{region}' "$region" \
'%{release}' "$release" '%{store}' "$store" '%{stream}' "$stream" \
'%{url}' "$url" \
'%{xarch}' "$xarch" '%{itype}' "${itype}" '%{itypes}' "$itypes" \
'%{serial}' "$serial" \
'%{summary}' "${region}/${prefix}/${pubname}"
out=${_RET}
[ -n "${out}" ] || fail "no ami found matching criteria"
debug 1 "${region}/${prefix}/${pubname}"
if [ -n "${output}" -a "${output}" != "-" ]; then
echo -n "$out" > "$output"
else
echo -n "$out"
fi
exit
# vi: ts=4 noexpandtab
Youez - 2016 - github.com/yon3zu
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