Efektivitas Strategi Ta’bir Mushawwar dalam Pembelajaran Bahasa Arab di Madrasah Ibtidaiyah
Keywords:
Arabic; speaking skill; ta’bir mushawwar
Abstract
Speaking proficiency is one of the main skills in Arabic language learning, but fourth grade students of MI TPI Keramat face difficulties in assembling mufradat and practicing active conversation, mainly due to the lack of varied learning strategies. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of the ta'bir mushawwar strategy, which uses picture as a media to facilitate students in constructing sentences and telling stories, in improving Arabic speaking skills. With a quantitative approach and pre-experiment design, this study involved 18 students of class IV-C. Data were collected through tests, observations, and interviews, then analyzed descriptively and N-Gain test. The posttest average was 83.06 (very good category) with 88.9% completeness, and the N-Gain score was 0.6398 which showed effectiveness in the medium category. The ta'bir mushawwar strategy offers a solution in the form of a visual and hands-on learning approach that can significantly improve students' speaking skills and make learning more interesting and interactive.
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#!/usr/bin/python3
# -*- python -*-
# querybts - Examine the state of a debbugs server
# Written by Chris Lawrence <lawrencc@debian.org>
# (C) 1999-2008 Chris Lawrence
# Copyright (C) 2008-2021 Sandro Tosi <morph@debian.org>
#
# This program is freely distributable per the following license:
#
# Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its
# documentation for any purpose and without fee is hereby granted,
# provided that the above copyright notice appears in all copies and that
# both that copyright notice and this permission notice appear in
# supporting documentation.
#
# I DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE, INCLUDING ALL
# IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS, IN NO EVENT SHALL I
# BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY
# DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS,
# WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION,
# ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS
# SOFTWARE.
import sys
import os
import optparse
import re
from reportbug import utils
from reportbug.exceptions import (
UINotImportable,
NoPackage, NoBugs, NoReport, NoNetwork,
)
from reportbug import debbugs
from reportbug import urlutils
from reportbug.ui import AVAILABLE_UIS
import reportbug.ui.text_ui as ui
ui_mode = 'text'
from reportbug import VERSION_NUMBER
VERSION = "querybts %s" % VERSION_NUMBER
def main():
# default values for cli options
defaults = dict(system='debian', archived=False,
http_proxy='', interface='text',
use_browser=False, source=False,
mirrors=None, mbox=False, buglist=False,
mbox_reader_cmd=None)
# parse config file to update default options
args = utils.parse_config_files()
for option, arg in list(args.items()):
if option in ('system', 'mirrors', 'interface', 'http_proxy',
'mbox_reader_cmd'):
defaults[option] = arg
# define the cli options parser
parser = optparse.OptionParser(
description='%prog - Examine the state of a debbugs server.',
usage='%prog [options] {<package> | <report number> [report2] ...}',
version=VERSION)
# set the defaults
parser.set_defaults(**defaults)
# add the cli options
parser.add_option('-A', '--archive', action='store_true', dest='archived',
help='Browse archived bugs.')
parser.add_option('-b', '--buglist', action='store_true', dest='buglist',
help='Display a bugs list for the given package.')
parser.add_option('-B', '--bts', dest='system',
help='Specify an alternate debbugs BTS; available values: %s ' %
', '.join([k for k in debbugs.SYSTEMS if debbugs.SYSTEMS[k].get('btsroot')]))
parser.add_option('-m', '--mbox', action='store_true', dest='mbox',
help='generate mbox')
parser.add_option('--proxy', '--http_proxy', dest='http_proxy',
help='define the proxy to use')
parser.add_option('-s', '--source', action='store_true', dest='source',
help='Query for source packages rather than binary packages.')
parser.add_option('--timeout', type="int", dest='timeout', default=60,
help='Specify the network timeout, in seconds [default: %default].')
parser.add_option('-u', '--ui', '--interface', dest='interface',
help='Specify the user interface to use; available values: %s ' % ', '.join(list(AVAILABLE_UIS.keys())))
parser.add_option('-w', '--web', action='store_true', dest='use_browser',
help='Use a web browser instead of the internal interface.')
parser.add_option('--mbox-reader-cmd', dest='mbox_reader_cmd',
help="Specify the program to open the reports mbox.")
parser.add_option('--latest-first', action='store_true', dest='latest_first', default=False,
help='Order bugs to show the latest first')
# parse cli options
(options, args) = parser.parse_args()
# check options for consistency
# the gtk2 ui has been renamed to gtk, stay compatible
if options.interface and options.interface == 'gtk2':
options.interface = 'gtk'
# interface must be one of those supported
if options.interface not in AVAILABLE_UIS:
parser.error('Allowed arguments to --ui: \n' +
'\n'.join([' %s (%s)' % (key, value) for key, value in AVAILABLE_UIS.items()]))
else:
# prepare the UI and import it
global ui, ui_mode
iface = '%s_ui' % options.interface
try:
lib_package = __import__('reportbug.ui', fromlist=[iface])
ui = getattr(lib_package, iface)
ui_mode = options.interface
except UINotImportable as msg:
ui.long_message('*** Unable to import %s interface: %s '
'Falling back to %s interface.\n',
options.interface, msg, ui_mode)
print()
# initialize the selected UI
ui.initialize()
# system must be one of those supported
if options.system not in [k for k in debbugs.SYSTEMS if debbugs.SYSTEMS[k].get('btsroot')]:
parser.error('Allowed arguments to --bts: \n' +
'\n'.join([' %s (%s)' % (k, debbugs.SYSTEMS[k]['name'])
for k in debbugs.SYSTEMS if debbugs.SYSTEMS[k].get('btsroot')]))
else:
# set the system info to those of the one selected
sysinfo = debbugs.SYSTEMS[options.system]
# there should be at least one argument
if len(args) == 0:
parser.error('Please specify a package or one or more bug numbers. ' +
'Note: most shells consider # a comment character; however, a ' +
'leading # is not needed to specify a bug by number.')
if options.use_browser:
if options.buglist:
parser.error("--web and --buglist can't work together, exiting.")
package = args[0]
m = re.match(r'^#?(\d+)$', package)
if m:
num = int(m.group(1))
url = debbugs.get_report_url(options.system, num, options.mirrors, options.archived)
else:
url = debbugs.get_package_url(options.system, package, options.mirrors, options.source, options.archived)
# launch the browser and exit
urlutils.launch_browser(url)
sys.exit()
if options.mbox:
if options.buglist:
parser.error("--mbox and --buglist can't work together, exiting.")
for bugnum in args:
package = bugnum
m = re.match(r'^#?(\d+)$', bugnum)
if not m:
mboxbuglist = ui.handle_bts_query(package, options.system, options.timeout, options.mirrors,
options.http_proxy, queryonly=True, title=VERSION,
archived=options.archived, source=options.source, mbox=options.mbox,
latest_first=options.latest_first)
for num in mboxbuglist:
url = debbugs.get_report_url(options.system, num, options.archived, mbox=True, mboxmaint=True)
try:
report = urlutils.open_url(url, options.http_proxy, timeout=options.timeout)
sys.stdout.write(report)
except NoNetwork as ex:
print("Error while accessing mbox report (%s)." % ex, file=sys.stderr)
else:
num = int(m.group(1))
url = debbugs.get_report_url(options.system, num, options.archived, mbox=True, mboxmaint=True)
try:
report = urlutils.open_url(url, options.http_proxy, timeout=options.timeout)
sys.stdout.write(report)
except NoNetwork as ex:
print("Error while accessing mbox report (%s)." % ex, file=sys.stderr)
sys.exit(1)
return
reportre = re.compile(r'^#?(\d+)$')
try:
if len(args) > 1:
bugs = []
for report in args:
match = reportre.match(report)
if match:
bugs.append(int(match.group(1)))
package = bugs
if not bugs:
raise ui.NoBugs
else:
package = args[0]
match = reportre.match(package)
if match:
report = int(match.group(1))
while 1:
retvalue = ui.show_report(report, options.system, options.mirrors,
options.http_proxy, options.timeout,
queryonly=True,
title=VERSION,
archived=options.archived,
mbox_reader_cmd=options.mbox_reader_cmd)
ui.long_message('This option is not available while using querybts alone.\n')
x = ui.select_options('What do you want to do now?', 'Qb',
{'q': 'Exit querybts.',
'b': 'Query BTS one more time.'})
if x == 'q':
ui.long_message('Exiting.\n')
sys.exit(0)
while 1:
ui.handle_bts_query(package, options.system, options.timeout, options.mirrors, options.http_proxy,
queryonly=True, title=VERSION, archived=options.archived,
source=options.source, buglist=options.buglist,
mbox_reader_cmd=options.mbox_reader_cmd, latest_first=options.latest_first)
ui.long_message('This option is not available while using querybts alone.\n')
x = ui.select_options('What do you want to do now?', 'Qb',
{'q': 'Exit querybts.',
'b': 'Query BTS one more time.'})
if x == 'q':
ui.long_message('Exiting.\n')
sys.exit(0)
except NoPackage:
ui.long_message('Package appears not to exist in the BTS.\n')
except NoBugs:
ui.long_message('No bug reports found.\n')
except NoReport:
ui.long_message('Exiting.\n')
except NoNetwork:
ui.long_message('Cannot connect to network.\n')
if __name__ == '__main__':
try:
main()
except KeyboardInterrupt:
print("querybts: exiting due to user interrupt.")
except debbugs.Error as x:
print('error accessing BTS: ' + str(x))
except SystemExit:
pass
except:
raise
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