Efektivitas Strategi Ta’bir Mushawwar dalam Pembelajaran Bahasa Arab di Madrasah Ibtidaiyah
Keywords:
Arabic; speaking skill; ta’bir mushawwar
Abstract
Speaking proficiency is one of the main skills in Arabic language learning, but fourth grade students of MI TPI Keramat face difficulties in assembling mufradat and practicing active conversation, mainly due to the lack of varied learning strategies. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of the ta'bir mushawwar strategy, which uses picture as a media to facilitate students in constructing sentences and telling stories, in improving Arabic speaking skills. With a quantitative approach and pre-experiment design, this study involved 18 students of class IV-C. Data were collected through tests, observations, and interviews, then analyzed descriptively and N-Gain test. The posttest average was 83.06 (very good category) with 88.9% completeness, and the N-Gain score was 0.6398 which showed effectiveness in the medium category. The ta'bir mushawwar strategy offers a solution in the form of a visual and hands-on learning approach that can significantly improve students' speaking skills and make learning more interesting and interactive.
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#! /usr/bin/perl
###############################################################################
#
# Run-Mailcap: Run a program specified in the mailcap file based on a mime
# type.
#
# Written by Brian White <bcwhite@pobox.com>
# This file has been placed in the public domain (the only true "free").
#
###############################################################################
use Encode qw(decode);
use I18N::Langinfo qw(langinfo CODESET);
use File::Spec;
$debug=($ENV{RUN_MAILCAP_DEBUG} || 0);
$norun=0;
$nopager=0;
$etcmimetyp="/etc/mime.types";
$shrmimetyp="/usr/share/etc/mime.types";
$locmimetyp="/usr/local/etc/mime.types";
$usrmimetyp="$ENV{HOME}/.mime.types";
$xtermprgrm="/usr/bin/x-terminal-emulator"; # xterm?
$defmimetyp="application/octet-stream";
$quotedsemi=chr(255);
$quotedprct=chr(254);
$retcode=0;
sub Usage {
my($error) = @_;
print STDERR $error,"\n\n" if $error;
print STDERR "Use: $0 <--action=VAL> [--debug] [MIME-TYPE:[ENCODING:]]FILE [...]\n\n";
print STDERR "Options:\n";
print STDERR " action specify what action to do on these files (default=view)\n";
print STDERR " debug be verbose about what's going on\n";
print STDERR " nopager ignore any \"copiousoutput\" directives and never use a \"pager\"\n";
print STDERR " norun just print but don't execute the command (useful with --debug)\n";
print STDERR "\n";
print STDERR "Mime-Type:\n";
print STDERR " any standard mime type designation in the form <class>/<subtype> -- if\n";
print STDERR " not specified, it will be determined from the filename extension\n\n";
print STDERR "Encoding:\n";
print STDERR " how the file (and type) has been encoded (only \"gzip\", \"bzip2,\"\n";
print STDERR " \"xz\" and \"compress\" are supported) -- if not specified, it will be\n";
print STDERR " determined from the filename extension\n\n";
exit ($error ? 1 : 0);
}
sub EncodingForFile {
my($file) = @_;
my $encoding;
if ($file =~ m/\.gz$/) { $encoding = "gzip"; }
if ($file =~ m/\.bz2$/) { $encoding = "bzip2"; }
if ($file =~ m/\.xz$/) { $encoding = "xz"; }
if ($file =~ m/\.Z$/) { $encoding = "compress"; }
print STDERR " - file \"$file\" has encoding \"$encoding\"\n" if $debug && $encoding;
return $encoding;
}
sub ReadMimetypes {
my($file) = @_;
print STDERR " - Reading mime.types file \"$file\"...\n" if $debug;
unless (open(MIMETYPES,'<',$file)) {
# Quietly ignore an unreadable file, perhaps non-existent, perhaps
# permission denied.
print STDERR " could not read \"$file\" -- $!\n" if $debug;
return;
}
while (<MIMETYPES>) {
chomp;
s/\#.*$//;
next if (m/^\s*$/);
$_=lc($_);
my($type,@exts) = split;
foreach (@exts) {
$mimetypes{$_} = $type unless exists $mimetypes{$_};
}
}
close MIMETYPES;
}
sub ReadMailcap {
my($file) = @_;
my $line = "";
print STDERR " - Reading mailcap file \"$file\"...\n" if $debug;
unless (open(MAILCAP,'<',$file)) {
# Quietly ignore an unreadable file, perhaps non-existent, perhaps
# permission denied.
print STDERR " could not read \"$file\" -- $!\n" if $debug;
return;
}
while (<MAILCAP>) {
chomp;
s/^\s+// if $line;
$line .= $_;
next unless $line;
if ($line =~ m/^\s*\#/) {
$line = "";
next;
}
if ($line =~ m/\\$/) {
$line =~ s/\\$//;
} else {
$line =~ s/\\;/$quotedsemi/go;
$line =~ s/\\%/$quotedprct/go;
push @mailcap,$line;
$line = "";
}
}
close MAILCAP;
}
sub TempFile {
my($template) = @_;
my($cmd,$head,$tail,$tmpfile);
$template = "" unless (defined $template);
($head,$tail) = split(/%s/,$template,2);
# $tmpfile = POSIX::tmpnam($name);
# unlink($tmpfile);
$cmd = "mktemp --tmpdir";
$cmd .= " ${head}XXXXXXXXXX" if $head;
$cmd .= " --suffix $tail" if $tail;
$tmpfile = `$cmd`;
chomp($tmpfile);
# $tmpfile = $ENV{TMPDIR};
# $tmpfile = "/tmp" unless $tmpfile;
# $tmpfile.= "/$name";
# unlink($tmpfile);
return $tmpfile;
}
sub SaveStdin {
my($match) = @_;
my($tmpfile,$amt,$buf);
$tmpfile = $1 if ($match =~ m/nametemplate=(.*?)\s*($|;)/);
$tmpfile = TempFile($tmpfile);
open(TMPFILE,">$tmpfile") || die "Error: could not write \"$tmpfile\" -- $!\n";
do {
$amt = read(STDIN,$buf,102400);
print TMPFILE $buf if $amt;
} while ($amt != 0);
close(TMPFILE);
return $tmpfile;
}
sub DecodeFile {
my($efile,$encoding,$action) = @_;
my($file,$res);
$file = $efile;
$file =~ s!^.*/!!; # remove leading directories
$file =~ s!\.[^\.]*$!!; # remove encoding extension
$file =~ s!^\.?[^\.]*!%s!; # replace name with placeholder
$file = undef if ($efile eq '-');
my $tmpfile = TempFile($file);
print STDERR " - decoding \"$efile\" as \"$tmpfile\"\n" if $debug;
# unlink($tmpfile); # should still be acceptable for "compose" output even if exists
return $tmpfile if (($efile ne '-' && ! -e $efile) || $action eq 'compose');
if ($encoding eq "gzip") {
if ($efile eq '-') {
$res = system "gzip -d >\Q$tmpfile\E";
} else {
$res = system "gzip -dc \Q$efile\E >\Q$tmpfile\E";
}
} elsif ($encoding eq "bzip2") {
if ($efile eq '-') {
$res = system "bzip2 -d >\Q$tmpfile\E";
} else {
$res = system "bzip2 -dc <\Q$efile\E >\Q$tmpfile\E";
}
} elsif ($encoding eq "xz") {
if ($efile eq '-') {
$res = system "xz -d >\Q$tmpfile\E";
} else {
$res = system "xz -dc <\Q$efile\E >\Q$tmpfile\E";
}
} elsif ($encoding eq "compress") {
if ($efile eq '-') {
$res = system "uncompress >\Q$tmpfile\E";
} else {
$res = system "uncompress <\Q$efile\E >\Q$tmpfile\E";
}
} else {
die "Fatal: unknown encoding \"$encoding\" at";
}
$res = int($res/256);
if ($res != 0) {
print STDERR "Error: could not decode \"$efile\" -- $!\n";
$retcode = 2 if ($retcode < 2);
unlink($tmpfile);
return;
}
# chmod 0600,$tmpfile; # done already by TempFile
return $tmpfile;
}
sub EncodeFile {
my($dfile,$efile,$encoding) = @_;
my($res);
print STDERR " - encoding \"$dfile\" as \"$efile\"\n";
if ($encoding eq "gzip") {
if ($efile eq '-') {
$res = system "gzip -c \Q$dfile\E";
} else {
$res = system "gzip -c \Q$dfile\E >\Q$efile\E";
}
} elsif ($encoding eq "xz") {
if ($efile eq '-') {
$res = system "xz < \Q$dfile\E";
} else {
$res = system "xz < \Q$dfile\E >\Q$efile\E";
}
} elsif ($encoding eq "compress") {
if ($efile eq '-') {
$res = system "compress <\Q$dfile\E";
} else {
$res = system "compress <\Q$dfile\E >\Q$efile\E";
}
} else {
die "Fatal: unknown encoding \"$encoding\" at";
}
$res = int($res/256);
if ($res != 0) {
print STDERR "Error: could not encode \"$efile\" (left as \"$dfile\")\n";
$retcode = 2 if ($retcode < 2);
return;
}
return $dfile;
}
sub ExtensionMimetype {
my($file) = @_;
my($ext) = ($file =~ m!\.([^/\.]+)$!);
my($typ);
if ($ext) {
unless ($donemimetypes) {
ReadMimetypes($usrmimetyp);
ReadMimetypes($locmimetyp);
ReadMimetypes($shrmimetyp);
ReadMimetypes($etcmimetyp);
$donemimetypes = 1;
}
$typ = $mimetypes{lc($ext)};
print STDERR " - extension \"$ext\" maps to mime-type \"$typ\"\n" if $debug;
}
return $typ;
}
sub MagicMimetype {
my($file) = @_;
my($typ);
if (`which file`) {
open(READER, "-|", "file", "-b", "--mime-type", "-e", "tokens", "-L", "-z", $file);
$typ = <READER>;
chomp $typ;
print STDERR " - file command returned mime-type \"$typ\"\n" if $debug;
}
return $typ;
}
@files = ();
foreach (@ARGV) {
print STDERR " - parsing parameter \"$_\"\n" if $debug;
if (m!^(-h|--help)$!) {
Usage();
exit(0);
} elsif (m!^--(.*?)=(.*)$!) {
print STDERR "Warning: definition of \"$1=$2\" overrides value \"${$1}\"\n" if ($ {$1} && $ {$1} != $2);
$ {$1}=$2;
} elsif (m!^--(.*?)$!) {
print STDERR "Warning: definition of \"$1=$2\" overrides value \"${$1}\"\n" if ($ {$1} && $ {$1} != 1);
$ {$1}=1;
} elsif (m!^[^/:]+/[^/:]+:[^/:]+:!) {
push @files,$_;
} elsif (m!^([^/:]+/[^/:]+):(.*)! && ! -e $_) {
my $file = $_;
my $type = $1;
my $file = $2;
my $code = EncodingForFile($file);
push @files,"${type}:${code}:${file}";
print STDERR " - file \"$file\" does not exist -- assuming mime-type specification of \"${type}\"\n" if $debug;
} else {
my $file = $_;
my $code = EncodingForFile($file);
my $type;
if ($code) {
my $efile = $file;
$efile =~ s/\.[^\.]+$//;
$type = ExtensionMimetype($efile);
} else {
$type = ExtensionMimetype($file);
}
$type = MagicMimetype($file) unless $type;
if ($type) {
push @files,"${type}:${code}:${file}";
} else {
print STDERR "Warning: unknown mime-type for \"$file\" -- using \"$defmimetyp\"\n";
push @files,"${defmimetyp}:${code}:${file}";
}
}
}
# Pass --debug to sub-calls to this program.
$ENV{RUN_MAILCAP_DEBUG} = 1 if $debug;
unless ($action) {
if ($0 =~ m!(^|/)(mime-)?view$!) { $action="view"; }
elsif ($0 =~ m!(^|/)(mime-)?see$!) { $action="view"; }
elsif ($0 =~ m!(^|/)(mime-)?cat$!) { $action="cat"; }
elsif ($0 =~ m!(^|/)(mime-)?edit$!) { $action="edit"; }
elsif ($0 =~ m!(^|/)(mime-)?change$!) { $action="edit"; }
elsif ($0 =~ m!(^|/)(mime-)?compose$!) { $action="compose";}
elsif ($0 =~ m!(^|/)(mime-)?print$!) { $action="print"; }
elsif ($0 =~ m!(^|/)(mime-)?create$!) { $action="compose";}
else { $action="view"; }
}
$mailcaps = $ENV{MAILCAPS};
$mailcaps = "$ENV{HOME}/.mailcap:/etc/mailcap:/usr/local/etc/mailcap:/usr/share/etc/mailcap:/usr/etc/mailcap" unless $mailcaps;
foreach (split(/:/,$mailcaps)) {
ReadMailcap($_);
}
foreach (@files) {
my($type,$code,$file) = m/^(.*?):(.*?):(.*)$/;
print STDERR "Processing file \"$file\" of type \"$type\" (encoding=",$code?$code:"none",")...\n" if $debug;
if ($file ne '-') {
if ($action eq 'compose' || $action eq 'edit') {
if (-e $file) {
if (! -w $file) {
print STDERR "Error: no write permission for file \"$file\"\n";
$retcode = 2 if ($retcode < 2);
next;
}
} else {
if (open(TEST,">$file")) {
close(TEST);
unlink($file);
} else {
print STDERR "Error: no write permission for file \"$file\"\n";
$retcode = 2 if ($retcode < 2);
next;
}
}
} else {
if (! -e $file) {
print STDERR "Error: no such file \"$file\"\n";
$retcode = 2 if ($retcode < 2);
next;
}
if (! -r $file) {
print STDERR "Error: no read permission for file \"$file\"\n";
$retcode = 2 if ($retcode < 2);
next;
}
}
}
my(@matches,$entry,$res,$efile);
if ($code) {
$efile = $file;
$file = DecodeFile($efile,$code,$action);
next unless $file;
}
foreach $entry (@mailcap) {
$entry =~ m/^(.*?)\s*;/;
$_ = "\Q$1\E"; s/\\\*/\.\*/g;
push @matches,$entry if ($type =~ m!^$_$!i);
}
@matches = grep(/\Q$action\E=/,@matches) unless ($action eq "view" || $action eq "cat");
my $done=0;
my $fail=0;
my $needsterminal;
foreach $match (@matches) {
my $comm;
print STDERR " - checking mailcap entry \"$match\"\n" if $debug;
if ($action eq "view" || $action eq "cat") {
($comm) = ($match =~ m/^.*?;\s*(.*?)\s*($|;)/);
} else {
($comm) = ($match =~ m/\Q$action\E=(.*?)\s*($|;)/);
}
next if (!$comm || $comm =~ m!(^|/)false$!i);
print STDERR " - program to execute: $comm\n" if $debug;
if ($action eq 'cat' && $match !~ m/;\s*copiousoutput\s*($|;)/) {
print STDERR " - \"copiousoutput\" is required for \"cat\" action\n" if $debug;
$fail++;
next;
}
my($tmpfile,$tmplink);
if ($action ne 'print' && $match =~ m/;\s*needsterminal\s*($|;)/) {
$needsterminal = 1;
if (-t STDOUT) {
print STDERR " - needsterminal is satisfied by stdout\n" if $debug;
} else {
if ($ENV{DISPLAY}) {
$comm = "$xtermprgrm -T '$file ($type)' -e $0 --action=$action '${type}:%s'";
} else {
print STDERR " - no terminal available for rule (needsterminal)\n" if $debug;
$fail++;
next;
}
}
} elsif ($action eq 'view' && !$nopager && $match =~ m/;\s*copiousoutput\s*($|;)/ && $type ne 'text/plain') {
$comm .= " | $0 --action=$action text/plain:-";
}
if ($match =~ m/;\s*test=(.*?)\s*($|;)/) {
my $test;
print STDERR " - running test: $1 " if $debug;
$test = system "$1 >/dev/null 2>&1";
$test >>= 8;
print STDERR " (result=$test=",($test!=0?"false":"true"),")\n" if $debug;
if ($test) {
$fail++;
next;
}
}
if ($file ne "-") {
# Resolve file name to an absolute path
$file = File::Spec->rel2abs($file);
if (decode(langinfo(CODESET()), $file) =~ m![^[:alnum:],.:/@%^+=_-]!i) {
$match =~ m/nametemplate=(.*?)\s*($|;)/;
my $prefix = $1;
my $linked = 0;
while (!$linked) {
$tmplink = TempFile($prefix);
unlink($tmplink);
$linked = symlink($file,$tmplink);
}
$file = $tmplink;
print STDERR " - filename contains shell meta-characters; aliased to '$tmplink'\n" if $debug;
}
if ($comm =~ m/[^%]%s/) {
$comm =~ s/([^%])%s/$1$file/g;
} else {
if ($comm =~ m/\|/) {
$comm =~ s/\|/<\Q$file\E \|/;
} else {
$comm .= " <\Q$file\E";
}
if ($action eq 'edit' || $action eq 'compose') {
$comm .= " >\Q$file\E";
}
}
} else {
if ($comm =~ m/[^%]%s/) {
$tmpfile = SaveStdin($match);
$comm =~ s/([^%])%s/$1$tmpfile/g;
# If needsterminal then redirect stdin to the tty which is
# on stdout, rather than leaving it as the input data stream
# which has now been read through to EOF.
#
# Some programs such as "more" and "less" already use
# /dev/tty rather than stdin. But "vim" on non-tty stdin
# gives a warning message and then leaves the tty in raw
# mode on exit. Or "nvi" refuses to run at all unless both
# stdin and stdout are the tty.
#
# RFC 1524 is silent on exactly what a program with
# "needsterminal" should expect, but it seems sensible to
# arrange that both stdin and stdout are the terminal for
# "needsterminal" with "%s".
#
if ($needsterminal) {
$comm .= ' <&1';
}
} else {
# no name means same as "-"... read from stdin
}
}
$comm =~ s!([^%])%t!$1$type!g;
$comm =~ s!([^%])%F!$1!g;
$comm =~ s!%\{(.*?)}!$_="'$ENV{$1}'";s/\`//g;s/\'\'//g;$_!ge;
$comm =~ s!\\(.)!$1!g;
$comm =~ s!\'\'!\'!g;
$comm =~ s!$quotedsemi!;!go;
$comm =~ s!$quotedprct!%!go;
print STDERR " - executing: $comm\n" if $debug;
if ($norun) {
print $comm,"\n";
$res = 0;
} else {
$res = system $comm;
if ($res != 0) {
if (!($res & 0xFF)) {
print STDERR "Warning: program returned non-zero exit code \#$res\n";
$retcode = $res >> 8;
} elsif ($res == -1) {
print STDERR "Error: program failed to execute: $!\n";
$retcode = -1;
} else {
my $signal = $? & 0x7F;
my $core = ($? & 0x80) ? ' (core dumped)' : '';
print STDERR "Warning: program died on signal ${signal}${core}\n";
$retcode = -1;
}
}
}
$done=1;
unlink $tmpfile if $tmpfile;
unlink $tmplink if $tmplink;
last;
}
if (!$done) {
if ($fail) {
print STDERR "Error: no \"$action\" rule for type \"$type\" passed its test case\n";
print STDERR " (for more information, add \"--debug=1\" on the command line)\n";
$retcode = 3 if ($retcode < 3);
} else {
print STDERR "Error: no \"$action\" mailcap rules found for type \"$type\"\n";
$retcode = 3 if ($retcode < 3);
}
unlink $file if $code;
$retcode = 1 unless $retcode;
next;
}
if ($code) {
if ($action eq 'edit' || $action eq 'compose') {
my $file = EncodeFile($file,$efile,$code);
unlink $file if $file;
} else {
unlink $file;
}
}
}
exit($retcode);
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