Efektivitas Strategi Ta’bir Mushawwar dalam Pembelajaran Bahasa Arab di Madrasah Ibtidaiyah

  • Nuur Mahmudah Universitas Islam Negeri Antasari Banjarmasin
  • Khairunnisa Universitas Islam Negeri Antasari Banjarmasin
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37850/ibtida'.v5i2.817
Keywords: Arabic; speaking skill; ta’bir mushawwar

Abstract

Speaking proficiency is one of the main skills in Arabic language learning, but fourth grade students of MI TPI Keramat face difficulties in assembling mufradat and practicing active conversation, mainly due to the lack of varied learning strategies. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of the ta'bir mushawwar strategy, which uses picture as a media to facilitate students in constructing sentences and telling stories, in improving Arabic speaking skills. With a quantitative approach and pre-experiment design, this study involved 18 students of class IV-C. Data were collected through tests, observations, and interviews, then analyzed descriptively and N-Gain test. The posttest average was 83.06 (very good category) with 88.9% completeness, and the N-Gain score was 0.6398 which showed effectiveness in the medium category. The ta'bir mushawwar strategy offers a solution in the form of a visual and hands-on learning approach that can significantly improve students' speaking skills and make learning more interesting and interactive.

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Current File : /bin/mariadbd-multi
#!/usr/bin/perl

# Copyright (c) 2000, 2017, Oracle and/or its affiliates.
# Copyright (c) 2010, 2017, MariaDB Corporation
#
# This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
# modify it under the terms of the GNU Library General Public
# License as published by the Free Software Foundation; version 2
# of the License.
#
# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
# Library General Public License for more details.
#
# You should have received a copy of the GNU Library General Public
# License along with this library; if not, write to the Free
# Software Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston,
# MA 02110-1335  USA

use Getopt::Long;
use POSIX qw(strftime getcwd);
use File::Path qw(mkpath);

$|=1;
$VER="3.0";

my @defaults_options;   #  Leading --no-defaults, --defaults-file, etc.

$opt_example       = 0;
$opt_help          = 0;
$opt_log           = undef();
$opt_mysqladmin    = "/usr/bin/mysqladmin";
$opt_mysqld        = "/usr/sbin/mysqld";
$opt_no_log        = 0;
$opt_password      = undef();
$opt_tcp_ip        = 0;
$opt_user          = "root";
$opt_version       = 0;
$opt_silent        = 0;
$opt_verbose       = 0;
$opt_wsrep_new_cluster = 0;

my $my_print_defaults_exists= 1;
my $logdir= undef();

my ($mysqld, $mysqladmin, $groupids, $homedir, $my_progname);

$homedir = $ENV{HOME};
$my_progname = $0;
$my_progname =~ s/.*[\/]//;


if (defined($ENV{UMASK})) {
  my $UMASK = $ENV{UMASK};
  my $m;
  my $fmode = "0640";

  if(($UMASK =~ m/[^0246]/) || ($UMASK =~ m/^[^0]/) || (length($UMASK) != 4)) {
    printf("UMASK must be a 3-digit mode with an additional leading 0 to indicate octal.\n");
    printf("The first digit will be corrected to 6, the others may be 0, 2, 4, or 6.\n"); }
  else {
    $fmode= substr $UMASK, 2, 2;
    $fmode= "06${fmode}"; }

  if($fmode != $UMASK) {
    printf("UMASK corrected from $UMASK to $fmode ...\n"); }

  $fmode= oct($fmode);

  umask($fmode);
}


main();

####
#### main sub routine
####

sub main
{
  my $flag_exit= 0;

  if (!defined(my_which(my_print_defaults)))
  {
    # We can't throw out yet, since --version, --help, or --example may
    # have been given
    print "WARNING: my_print_defaults command not found.\n";
    print "Please make sure you have this command available and\n";
    print "in your path. The command is available from the latest\n";
    print "MariaDB distribution.\n";
    $my_print_defaults_exists= 0;
  }

  # Remove leading defaults options from @ARGV
  while (@ARGV > 0)
  {
    last unless $ARGV[0] =~
      /^--(?:no-defaults$|(?:defaults-file|defaults-extra-file)=)/;
    push @defaults_options, (shift @ARGV);
  }

  foreach (@defaults_options)
  {
    $_ = quote_shell_word($_);
  }

  # Add [mysqld_multi] options to front of @ARGV, ready for GetOptions()
  unshift @ARGV, defaults_for_group('mysqld_multi');

  # We've already handled --no-defaults, --defaults-file, etc.
  if (!GetOptions("help", "example", "version", "mysqld=s", "mysqladmin=s",
                  "user=s", "password=s", "log=s", "no-log",
                  "tcp-ip",  "silent", "verbose", "wsrep-new-cluster"))
  {
    $flag_exit= 1;
  }
  usage() if ($opt_help);

  if ($opt_verbose && $opt_silent)
  {
    print "Both --verbose and --silent have been given. Some of the warnings ";
    print "will be disabled\nand some will be enabled.\n\n";
  }

  init_log() if (!defined($opt_log));
  $groupids = $ARGV[1];
  if ($opt_version)
  {
    print "$my_progname version $VER by Jani Tolonen\n";
    exit(0);
  }
  example() if ($opt_example);
  if ($flag_exit)
  {
    print "Error with an option, see $my_progname --help for more info.\n";
    exit(1);
  }
  if (!defined(my_which(my_print_defaults)))
  {
    print "ABORT: Can't find command 'my_print_defaults'.\n";
    print "This command is available from the latest MariaDB\n";
    print "distribution. Please make sure you have the command\n";
    print "in your PATH.\n";
    exit(1);
  }
  usage() if (!defined($ARGV[0]) ||
	      (!($ARGV[0] =~ m/^start$/i) &&
	       !($ARGV[0] =~ m/^stop$/i) &&
	       !($ARGV[0] =~ m/^reload$/i) &&
	       !($ARGV[0] =~ m/^report$/i)));

  if (!$opt_no_log)
  {
    w2log("$my_progname log file version $VER; run: ",
	  "$opt_log", 1, 0);
  }
  else
  {
    print "$my_progname log file version $VER; run: ";
    print strftime "%a %b %e %H:%M:%S %Y", localtime;
    print "\n";
  }
  if (($ARGV[0] =~ m/^start$/i) || ($ARGV[0] =~ m/^reload$/i))
  {
    if (!defined(($mysqld= my_which($opt_mysqld))) && $opt_verbose)
    {
      print "WARNING: Couldn't find the default mysqld binary.\n";
      print "Tried: $opt_mysqld\n";
      print "This is OK, if you are using option \"mysqld=...\" in ";
      print "groups [mysqldN] separately for each.\n\n";
    }
    if ($ARGV[0] =~ m/^start$/i) {
      start_mysqlds();
    } elsif ($ARGV[0] =~ m/^reload$/i) {
      reload_mysqlds();
    }
  }
  else
  {
    if (!defined(($mysqladmin= my_which($opt_mysqladmin))) && $opt_verbose)
    {
      print "WARNING: Couldn't find the default mysqladmin binary.\n";
      print "Tried: $opt_mysqladmin\n";
      print "This is OK, if you are using option \"mysqladmin=...\" in ";
      print "groups [mysqldN] separately for each.\n\n";
    }
    if ($ARGV[0] =~ m/^report$/i)
    {
      report_mysqlds();
    }
    else
    {
      stop_mysqlds();
    }
  }
}

#
# Quote word for shell
#

sub quote_shell_word
{
  my ($option)= @_;

  $option =~ s!([^\w=./-])!\\$1!g;
  return $option;
}

####
#### get options for a group
####

sub defaults_for_group
{
  my ($group) = @_;

  return () unless $my_print_defaults_exists;

  my $com= join ' ', 'my_print_defaults', @defaults_options, $group;
  my @defaults = `$com`;
  chomp @defaults;
  return @defaults;
}

####
#### Init log file. Check for appropriate place for log file, in the following
#### order:  my_print_defaults mysqld datadir, /usr/share/mysql
####

sub init_log
{
  foreach my $opt (defaults_for_group('--mysqld'))
  {
    if ($opt =~ m/^--datadir=(.*)/ && -d "$1" && -w "$1")
    {
      $logdir= $1;
    }
  }
  if (!defined($logdir))
  {
    $logdir= "/usr/share/mysql" if (-d "/usr/share/mysql" && -w "/usr/share/mysql");
  }
  if (!defined($logdir))
  {
    # Log file was not specified and we could not log to a standard place,
    # so log file be disabled for now.
    if (!$opt_silent)
    {
      print "WARNING: Log file disabled. Maybe directory or file isn't writable?\n";
    }
    $opt_no_log= 1;
  }
  else
  {
    $opt_log= "$logdir/mysqld_multi.log";
  }
}

####
#### Report living and not running MariaDB servers
####

sub report_mysqlds
{
  my (@groups, $com, $i, @options, $pec);

  print "Reporting MariaDB servers\n";
  if (!$opt_no_log)
  {
    w2log("\nReporting MariaDB servers","$opt_log",0,0);
  }
  @groups = &find_groups($groupids);
  for ($i = 0; defined($groups[$i]); $i++)
  {
    $com= get_mysqladmin_options($i, @groups);
    $com.= " ping >> /dev/null 2>&1";
    system($com);
    $pec = $? >> 8;
    if ($pec)
    {
      print "MariaDB server from group: $groups[$i] is not running\n";
      if (!$opt_no_log)
      {
	w2log("MariaDB server from group: $groups[$i] is not running",
	      "$opt_log", 0, 0);
      }
    }
    else
    {
      print "MariaDB server from group: $groups[$i] is running\n";
      if (!$opt_no_log)
      {
	w2log("MariaDB server from group: $groups[$i] is running",
	      "$opt_log", 0, 0);
      }
    }
  }
  if (!$i)
  {
    print "No groups to be reported (check your GNRs)\n";
    if (!$opt_no_log)
    {
      w2log("No groups to be reported (check your GNRs)", "$opt_log", 0, 0);
    }
  }
}

####
#### start multiple servers
####

sub start_mysqlds()
{
  my (@groups, $com, $tmp, $i, @options, $j, $mysqld_found, $suffix_found, $info_sent);

  $suffix_found= 0;

  if (!$opt_no_log)
  {
    w2log("\nStarting MariaDB servers\n","$opt_log",0,0);
  }
  else
  {
    print "\nStarting MariaDB servers\n";
  }
  @groups = &find_groups($groupids);
  for ($i = 0; defined($groups[$i]); $i++)
  {
    @options = defaults_for_group($groups[$i]);

    $basedir_found= 0; # The default
    $mysqld_found= 1; # The default
    $mysqld_found= 0 if (!length($mysqld));
    $com= "$mysqld";

    for ($j = 0, $tmp= ""; defined($options[$j]); $j++)
    {
      if ("--datadir=" eq substr($options[$j], 0, 10)) {
        $datadir = $options[$j];
        $datadir =~ s/\-\-datadir\=//;
        eval { mkpath($datadir) };
        if ($@) {
          print "FATAL ERROR: Cannot create data directory $datadir: $!\n";
          exit(1);
        }
        if (! -d $datadir."/mysql") {
          if (-w $datadir) {
            print "\n\nInstalling new database in $datadir\n\n";
            $install_cmd="/usr/bin/mysql_install_db ";
            $install_cmd.="--user=mysql ";
            $install_cmd.="--datadir=$datadir";
            system($install_cmd);
          } else {
            print "\n";
            print "FATAL ERROR: Tried to create mysqld under group [$groups[$i]],\n";
            print "but the data directory is not writable.\n";
            print "data directory used: $datadir\n";
            exit(1);
          }
        }

        if (! -d $datadir."/mysql") {
          print "\n";
          print "FATAL ERROR: Tried to start mysqld under group [$groups[$i]],\n";
          print "but no data directory was found or could be created.\n";
          print "data directory used: $datadir\n";
          exit(1);
        }
      }

      if ("--mysqladmin=" eq substr($options[$j], 0, 13))
      {
	# catch this and ignore
      }
      elsif ("--mysqld=" eq substr($options[$j], 0, 9))
      {
	$options[$j]=~ s/\-\-mysqld\=//;
	$com= $options[$j];
        $mysqld_found= 1;
      }
      elsif ("--basedir=" eq substr($options[$j], 0, 10))
      {
        $basedir= $options[$j];
        $basedir =~ s/^--basedir=//;
        $basedir_found= 1;
        $options[$j]= quote_shell_word($options[$j]);
        $tmp.= " $options[$j]";
      }
      elsif ("--defaults-group-suffix=" eq substr($options[$j], 0, 24))
      {
        $suffix_found= 1;
      }
      else
      {
	$options[$j]= quote_shell_word($options[$j]);
	$tmp.= " $options[$j]";
      }
    }
    if ($opt_verbose && $com =~ m/\/(safe_mysqld|mysqld_safe)$/ && !$info_sent)
    {
      print "WARNING: $1 is being used to start mysqld. In this case you ";
      print "may need to pass\n\"ledir=...\" under groups [mysqldN] to ";
      print "$1 in order to find the actual mysqld binary.\n";
      print "ledir (library executable directory) should be the path to the ";
      print "wanted mysqld binary.\n\n";
      $info_sent= 1;
    }

    if (!$suffix_found)
    {
      $com.= " --defaults-group-suffix=";
      $com.= substr($groups[$i],6);
    }

    $com.= $tmp;

    if ($opt_wsrep_new_cluster) {
      $com.= " --wsrep-new-cluster";
    }

    $com.= " >> $opt_log 2>&1" if (!$opt_no_log);
    $com.= " &";
    if (!$mysqld_found)
    {
      print "\n";
      print "FATAL ERROR: Tried to start mysqld under group [$groups[$i]], ";
      print "but no mysqld binary was found.\n";
      print "Please add \"mysqld=...\" in group [mysqld_multi], or add it to ";
      print "group [$groups[$i]] separately.\n";
      exit(1);
    }
    if ($basedir_found)
    {
      $curdir=getcwd();
      chdir($basedir) or die "Can't change to datadir $basedir";
    }
    system($com);
    if ($basedir_found)
    {
      chdir($curdir) or die "Can't change back to original dir $curdir";
    }
  }
  if (!$i && !$opt_no_log)
  {
    w2log("No MariaDB servers to be started (check your GNRs)",
	  "$opt_log", 0, 0);
  }
}

####
#### reload multiple servers
####

sub reload_mysqlds()
{
  my (@groups, $com, $tmp, $i, @options, $j);

  if (!$opt_no_log)
  {
    w2log("\nReloading MySQL servers\n","$opt_log",0,0);
  }
  else
  {
    print "\nReloading MySQL servers\n";
  }
  @groups = &find_groups($groupids);
  for ($i = 0; defined($groups[$i]); $i++)
  {
    $mysqld_server = $mysqld;
    @options = defaults_for_group($groups[$i]);

    for ($j = 0, $tmp= ""; defined($options[$j]); $j++)
    {
      if ("--mysqladmin=" eq substr($options[$j], 0, 13))
      {
        # catch this and ignore
      }
      elsif ("--mysqld=" eq substr($options[$j], 0, 9))
      {
        $options[$j] =~ s/\-\-mysqld\=//;
        $mysqld_server = $options[$j];
      }
      elsif ("--pid-file=" eq substr($options[$j], 0, 11))
      {
        $options[$j] =~ s/\-\-pid-file\=//;
        $pid_file = $options[$j];
      }
    }
    $com = "killproc -p $pid_file -HUP $mysqld_server";
    system($com);

    $com = "touch $pid_file";
    system($com);
  }
  if (!$i && !$opt_no_log)
  {
    w2log("No MySQL servers to be reloaded (check your GNRs)",
         "$opt_log", 0, 0);
  }
}

###
#### stop multiple servers
####

sub stop_mysqlds()
{
  my (@groups, $com, $i, @options);

  if (!$opt_no_log)
  {
    w2log("\nStopping MariaDB servers\n","$opt_log",0,0);
  }
  else
  {
    print "\nStopping MariaDB servers\n";
  }
  @groups = &find_groups($groupids);
  for ($i = 0; defined($groups[$i]); $i++)
  {
    $com= get_mysqladmin_options($i, @groups);
    $com.= " shutdown";
    $com.= " >> $opt_log 2>&1" if (!$opt_no_log);
    $com.= " &";
    system($com);
  }
  if (!$i && !$opt_no_log)
  {
    w2log("No MariaDB servers to be stopped (check your GNRs)",
	  "$opt_log", 0, 0);
  }
}

####
#### Sub function for mysqladmin option parsing
####

sub get_mysqladmin_options
{
  my ($i, @groups)= @_;
  my ($mysqladmin_found, $com, $tmp, $j);

  @options = defaults_for_group($groups[$i]);

  $mysqladmin_found= 1; # The default
  $mysqladmin_found= 0 if (!length($mysqladmin));
  $com = "$mysqladmin";
  $tmp = " -u $opt_user";
  if (defined($opt_password)) {
    my $pw= $opt_password;
    # Protect single quotes in password
    $pw =~ s/'/'"'"'/g;
    $tmp.= " -p'$pw'";
  }
  $tmp.= $opt_tcp_ip ? " -h 127.0.0.1" : "";
  for ($j = 0; defined($options[$j]); $j++)
  {
    if ("--mysqladmin=" eq substr($options[$j], 0, 13))
    {
      $options[$j]=~ s/\-\-mysqladmin\=//;
      $com= $options[$j];
      $mysqladmin_found= 1;
    }
    elsif ((($options[$j] =~ m/^(\-\-socket\=)(.*)$/) && !$opt_tcp_ip) ||
	   ($options[$j] =~ m/^(\-\-port\=)(.*)$/))
    {
      $tmp.= " $options[$j]";
    }
  }
  if (!$mysqladmin_found)
  {
    print "\n";
    print "FATAL ERROR: Tried to use mysqladmin in group [$groups[$i]], ";
    print "but no mysqladmin binary was found.\n";
    print "Please add \"mysqladmin=...\" in group [mysqld_multi], or ";
    print "in group [$groups[$i]].\n";
    exit(1);
  }
  $com.= $tmp;
  return $com;
}

# Return a list of option files which can be opened.  Similar, but not
# identical, to behavior of my_search_option_files()
# TODO implement and use my_print_defaults --list-groups instead
sub list_defaults_files
{
  my %opt;
  foreach (@defaults_options)
  {
    return () if /^--no-defaults$/;
    $opt{$1} = $2 if /^--defaults-(extra-file|file)=(.*)$/;
  }

  return ($opt{file}) if exists $opt{file};

  my @dirs;

  # same rule as in mysys/my_default.c
  if ('') {
    push @dirs, '/my.cnf';
  } else {
    push @dirs, '/etc/my.cnf', '/etc/mysql/my.cnf';
  }
  push @dirs, "$ENV{MYSQL_HOME}/my.cnf" if $ENV{MYSQL_HOME};
  push @dirs, $opt{'extra-file'} if $opt{'extra-file'};
  push @dirs, "$ENV{HOME}/.my.cnf" if $ENV{HOME};

  return @dirs;
}


# Takes a specification of GNRs (see --help), and returns a list of matching
# groups which actually are mentioned in a relevant config file
sub find_groups
{
  my ($raw_gids) = @_;

  my %gids;
  my @groups;

  if (defined($raw_gids))
  {
    # Make a hash of the wanted group ids
    foreach my $raw_gid (split ',', $raw_gids)
    {
      # Match 123 or 123-456
      my ($start, $end) = ($raw_gid =~ /^\s*(\d+)(?:\s*-\s*(\d+))?\s*$/);
      $end = $start if not defined $end;
      if (not defined $start or $end < $start or $start < 0)
      {
        print "ABORT: Bad GNR: $raw_gid; see $my_progname --help\n";
        exit(1);
      }

      foreach my $i ($start .. $end)
      {
        # Use $i + 0 to normalize numbers (002 + 0 -> 2)
        $gids{$i + 0}= 1;
      }
    }
  }

  my %seen;
  my @defaults_files = list_defaults_files();
  while (@defaults_files)
  {
    my $file = shift @defaults_files;
    next unless defined $file and not $seen{$file}++ and open CONF, '<', $file;

    while (<CONF>)
    {
      if (/^\s*\[\s*(mysqld)(\d+)\s*\]\s*$/)
      {
        #warn "Found a group: $1$2\n";
        # Use $2 + 0 to normalize numbers (002 + 0 -> 2)
        if (not defined($raw_gids) or $gids{$2 + 0})
        {
          push @groups, "$1$2";
        }
      }
      elsif (/^\s*!include\s+(\S.*?)\s*$/)
      {
        push @defaults_files, $1;
      }
      elsif (/^\s*!includedir\s+(\S.*?)\s*$/)
      {
        push @defaults_files, <$1/*.cnf>;
      }
    }

    close CONF;
  }
  return @groups;
}

####
#### w2log: Write to a logfile.
#### 1.arg: append to the log file (given string, or from a file. if a file,
####        file will be read from $opt_logdir)
#### 2.arg: logfile -name (w2log assumes that the logfile is in $opt_logdir).
#### 3.arg. 0 | 1, if true, print current date to the logfile. 3. arg will
####        be ignored, if 1. arg is a file.
#### 4.arg. 0 | 1, if true, first argument is a file, else a string
####

sub w2log
{
  my ($msg, $file, $date_flag, $is_file)= @_;
  my (@data);

  open (LOGFILE, ">>$opt_log")
    or die "FATAL: w2log: Couldn't open log file: $opt_log\n";

  if ($is_file)
  {
    open (FROMFILE, "<$msg") && (@data=<FROMFILE>) &&
      close(FROMFILE)
	or die "FATAL: w2log: Couldn't open file: $msg\n";
    foreach my $line (@data)
    {
      print LOGFILE "$line";
    }
  }
  else
  {
    print LOGFILE "$msg";
    print LOGFILE strftime "%a %b %e %H:%M:%S %Y", localtime if ($date_flag);
    print LOGFILE "\n";
  }
  close (LOGFILE);
  return;
}

####
#### my_which is used, because we can't assume that every system has the
#### which -command. my_which can take only one argument at a time.
#### Return values: requested system command with the first found path,
#### or undefined, if not found.
####

sub my_which
{
  my ($command) = @_;
  my (@paths, $path);

 # If the argument is not 'my_print_defaults' then it would be of the format
 # <absolute_path>/<program>
 return $command if ($command ne 'my_print_defaults' && -f $command &&
                     -x $command);

  @paths = split(':', $ENV{'PATH'});
  foreach $path (@paths)
  {
    $path .= "/$command";
    return $path if (-f $path && -x $path);
  }
  return undef();
}


####
#### example
####

sub example
{
  print <<EOF;
# This is an example of a my.cnf file for $my_progname.
# Usually this file is located in home dir ~/.my.cnf or /my.cnf
#
# SOME IMPORTANT NOTES FOLLOW:
#
# 1.COMMON USER
#
#   Make sure that the MariaDB user, who is stopping the mysqld services, has
#   the same password to all MariaDB servers being accessed by $my_progname.
#   This user needs to have the 'Shutdown_priv' -privilege, but for security
#   reasons should have no other privileges. It is advised that you create a
#   common 'multi_admin' user for all MariaDB servers being controlled by
#   $my_progname. Here is an example how to do it:
#
#   GRANT SHUTDOWN ON *.* TO multi_admin\@localhost IDENTIFIED BY 'password'
#
#   You will need to apply the above to all MariaDB servers that are being
#   controlled by $my_progname. 'multi_admin' will shutdown the servers
#   using 'mysqladmin' -binary, when '$my_progname stop' is being called.
#
# 2.PID-FILE
#
#   If you are using mysqld_safe to start mysqld, make sure that every
#   MariaDB server has a separate pid-file. In order to use mysqld_safe
#   via $my_progname, you need to use two options:
#
#   mysqld=/path/to/mysqld_safe
#   ledir=/path/to/mysqld-binary/
#
#   ledir (library executable directory), is an option that only mysqld_safe
#   accepts, so you will get an error if you try to pass it to mysqld directly.
#   For this reason you might want to use the above options within [mysqld#]
#   group directly.
#
# 3.DATA DIRECTORY
#
#   It is NOT advised to run many MariaDB servers within the same data directory.
#   You can do so, but please make sure to understand and deal with the
#   underlying caveats. In short they are:
#   - Speed penalty
#   - Risk of table/data corruption
#   - Data synchronising problems between the running servers
#   - Heavily media (disk) bound
#   - Relies on the system (external) file locking
#   - Is not applicable with all table types. (Such as InnoDB)
#     Trying so will end up with undesirable results.
#
# 4.TCP/IP Port
#
#   Every server requires one and it must be unique.
#
# 5.[mysqld#] Groups
#
#   In the example below the first and the fifth mysqld group was
#   intentionally left out. You may have 'gaps' in the config file. This
#   gives you more flexibility.
#
# 6.MariaDB Server User
#
#   You can pass the user=... option inside [mysqld#] groups. This
#   can be very handy in some cases, but then you need to run $my_progname
#   as UNIX root.
#
# 7.A Start-up Manage Script for $my_progname
#
#   In the recent MariaDB distributions you can find a file called
#   mysqld_multi.server.sh. It is a wrapper for $my_progname. This can
#   be used to start and stop multiple servers during boot and shutdown.
#
#   You can place the file in /etc/init.d/mysqld_multi.server.sh and
#   make the needed symbolic links to it from various run levels
#   (as per Linux/Unix standard). You may even replace the
#   /etc/init.d/mysql.server script with it.
#
#   Before using, you must create a my.cnf file either in /usr/my.cnf
#   or /root/.my.cnf and add the [mysqld_multi] and [mysqld#] groups.
#
#   The script can be found from support-files/mysqld_multi.server.sh
#   in MariaDB distribution. (Verify the script before using)
#

[mysqld_multi]
mysqld     = /usr/bin/mysqld_safe
mysqladmin = /usr/bin/mysqladmin
user       = multi_admin
password   = my_password

[mysqld2]
socket     = /tmp/mysql.sock2
port       = 3307
pid-file   = /var/lib/mysql2/hostname.pid2
datadir    = /var/lib/mysql2
language   = /usr/share/mysql/mysql/english
user       = unix_user1

[mysqld3]
mysqld     = /path/to/mysqld_safe
ledir      = /path/to/mysqld-binary/
mysqladmin = /path/to/mysqladmin
socket     = /tmp/mysql.sock3
port       = 3308
pid-file   = /var/lib/mysql3/hostname.pid3
datadir    = /var/lib/mysql3
language   = /usr/share/mysql/mysql/swedish
user       = unix_user2

[mysqld4]
socket     = /tmp/mysql.sock4
port       = 3309
pid-file   = /var/lib/mysql4/hostname.pid4
datadir    = /var/lib/mysql4
language   = /usr/share/mysql/mysql/estonia
user       = unix_user3
 
[mysqld6]
socket     = /tmp/mysql.sock6
port       = 3311
pid-file   = /var/lib/mysql6/hostname.pid6
datadir    = /var/lib/mysql6
language   = /usr/share/mysql/mysql/japanese
user       = unix_user4
EOF
  exit(0);
}

####
#### usage
####

sub usage
{
  print <<EOF;
$my_progname version $VER by Jani Tolonen

Description:
$my_progname can be used to start, reload, or stop any number of separate
mysqld processes running in different TCP/IP ports and UNIX sockets.

$my_progname can read group [mysqld_multi] from my.cnf file. You may
want to put options mysqld=... and mysqladmin=... there.  Since
version 2.10 these options can also be given under groups [mysqld#],
which gives more control over different versions.  One can have the
default mysqld and mysqladmin under group [mysqld_multi], but this is
not mandatory. Please note that if mysqld or mysqladmin is missing
from both [mysqld_multi] and [mysqld#], a group that is tried to be
used, $my_progname will abort with an error.

$my_progname will search for groups named [mysqld#] from my.cnf (or
the given --defaults-extra-file=...), where '#' can be any positive 
integer starting from 1. These groups should be the same as the regular
[mysqld] group, but with those port, socket and any other options
that are to be used with each separate mysqld process. The number
in the group name has another function; it can be used for starting,
reloading, stopping, or reporting any specific mysqld server.

Usage: $my_progname [OPTIONS] {start|reload|stop|report} [GNR,GNR,GNR...]
or     $my_progname [OPTIONS] {start|reload|stop|report} [GNR-GNR,GNR,GNR-GNR,...]

The GNR means the group number. You can start, reload, stop or report any GNR,
or several of them at the same time. (See --example) The GNRs list can
be comma separated or a dash combined. The latter means that all the
GNRs between GNR1-GNR2 will be affected. Without GNR argument all the
groups found will either be started, reloaded, stopped, or reported. Note that
syntax for specifying GNRs must appear without spaces.

Options:

These options must be given before any others:
--no-defaults      Do not read any defaults file
--defaults-file=...  Read only this configuration file, do not read the
                   standard system-wide and user-specific files
--defaults-extra-file=...  Read this configuration file in addition to the
                   standard system-wide and user-specific files
Using:  @{[join ' ', @defaults_options]}

--example          Give an example of a config file with extra information.
--help             Print this help and exit.
--log=...          Log file. Full path to and the name for the log file. NOTE:
                   If the file exists, everything will be appended.
                   Using: $opt_log
--mysqladmin=...   mysqladmin binary to be used for a server shutdown.
                   Since version 2.10 this can be given within groups [mysqld#]
                   Using: $mysqladmin
--mysqld=...       mysqld binary to be used. Note that you can give mysqld_safe
                   to this option also. The options are passed to mysqld. Just
                   make sure you have mysqld in your PATH or fix mysqld_safe.
                   Using: $mysqld
                   Please note: Since mysqld_multi version 2.3 you can also
                   give this option inside groups [mysqld#] in ~/.my.cnf,
                   where '#' stands for an integer (number) of the group in
                   question. This will be recognised as a special option and
                   will not be passed to the mysqld. This will allow one to
                   start different mysqld versions with mysqld_multi.
--no-log           Print to stdout instead of the log file. By default the log
                   file is turned on.
--password=...     Password for mysqladmin user.
--silent           Disable warnings.
--tcp-ip           Connect to the MariaDB server(s) via the TCP/IP port instead
                   of the UNIX socket. This affects stopping and reporting.
                   If a socket file is missing, the server may still be
                   running, but can be accessed only via the TCP/IP port.
                   By default connecting is done via the UNIX socket.
--user=...         mysqladmin user. Using: $opt_user
--verbose          Be more verbose.
--version          Print the version number and exit.
--wsrep-new-cluster  Bootstrap a cluster.
EOF
  exit(0);
}

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