Efektivitas Strategi Ta’bir Mushawwar dalam Pembelajaran Bahasa Arab di Madrasah Ibtidaiyah
Keywords:
Arabic; speaking skill; ta’bir mushawwar
Abstract
Speaking proficiency is one of the main skills in Arabic language learning, but fourth grade students of MI TPI Keramat face difficulties in assembling mufradat and practicing active conversation, mainly due to the lack of varied learning strategies. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of the ta'bir mushawwar strategy, which uses picture as a media to facilitate students in constructing sentences and telling stories, in improving Arabic speaking skills. With a quantitative approach and pre-experiment design, this study involved 18 students of class IV-C. Data were collected through tests, observations, and interviews, then analyzed descriptively and N-Gain test. The posttest average was 83.06 (very good category) with 88.9% completeness, and the N-Gain score was 0.6398 which showed effectiveness in the medium category. The ta'bir mushawwar strategy offers a solution in the form of a visual and hands-on learning approach that can significantly improve students' speaking skills and make learning more interesting and interactive.
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#!/bin/sh
# Copyright (c) 2000, 2013, Oracle and/or its affiliates.
# Copyright (c) 2009, 2013, Monty Program Ab
#
# This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
# the Free Software Foundation; version 2 of the License.
#
# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
# GNU General Public License for more details.
#
# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
# along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
# Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1335 USA
# This scripts creates the MariaDB Server system tables
#
# All unrecognized arguments to this script are passed to mysqld.
basedir=""
builddir=""
ldata="/var/lib/mysql"
langdir=""
srcdir=""
log_error=""
args=""
defaults=""
defaults_group_suffix=""
mysqld_opt=""
user=""
group=""
silent_startup="--silent-startup"
force=0
in_rpm=0
ip_only=0
cross_bootstrap=0
auth_root_authentication_method=socket
auth_root_socket_user=""
skip_test_db=0
dirname0=`dirname $0 2>/dev/null`
dirname0=`dirname $dirname0 2>/dev/null`
usage()
{
cat <<EOF
Usage: $0 [OPTIONS]
--auth-root-authentication-method=normal|socket
Chooses the authentication method for the created
initial root user. The historical behavior is 'normal'
to creates a root user that can login without password,
which can be insecure. The default behavior 'socket'
sets an invalid root password but allows the system root
user to login as MariaDB root without a password.
--auth-root-socket-user=user
Used with --auth-root-authentication-method=socket. It
specifies the name of the second MariaDB root account,
as well as of the system account allowed to access it.
Defaults to the value of --user.
--basedir=path The path to the MariaDB installation directory.
--builddir=path If using --srcdir with out-of-directory builds, you
will need to set this to the location of the build
directory where built files reside.
--cross-bootstrap For internal use. Used when building the MariaDB system
tables on a different host than the target.
--datadir=path The path to the MariaDB data directory.
--no-defaults Don't read default options from any option file.
--defaults-extra-file=name
Read this file after the global files are read.
--defaults-file=name Only read default options from the given file name.
--defaults-group-suffix=name
In addition to the given groups, read also groups with
this suffix
--force Causes mysql_install_db to run even if DNS does not
work. In that case, grant table entries that
normally use hostnames will use IP addresses.
--help Display this help and exit.
--ldata=path The path to the MariaDB data directory. Same as
--datadir.
--rpm For internal use. This option is used by RPM files
during the MariaDB installation process.
--skip-name-resolve Use IP addresses rather than hostnames when creating
grant table entries. This option can be useful if
your DNS does not work.
--skip-test-db Don't install a test database.
--srcdir=path The path to the MariaDB source directory. This option
uses the compiled binaries and support files within the
source tree, useful for if you don't want to install
MariaDB yet and just want to create the system tables.
--user=user_name The login username to use for running mysqld. Files
and directories created by mysqld will be owned by this
user. You must be root to use this option. By default
mysqld runs using your current login name and files and
directories that it creates will be owned by you.
--group=group_name The login group to use for running mysqld. Files and
directories created by mysqld will be owned by this
group. You must be root to use this option. By default
mysqld runs using your current group and files and
directories that it creates will be owned by you.
All other options are passed to the mysqld program
EOF
exit 1
}
s_echo()
{
if test "$in_rpm" -eq 0 -a "$cross_bootstrap" -eq 0
then
echo "$1"
fi
}
link_to_help()
{
echo
echo "The latest information about mysql_install_db is available at"
echo "https://mariadb.com/kb/en/installing-system-tables-mysql_install_db"
}
parse_arg()
{
echo "$1" | sed -e 's/^[^=]*=//'
}
parse_arguments()
{
# We only need to pass arguments through to the server if we don't
# handle them here. So, we collect unrecognized options (passed on
# the command line) into the args variable.
pick_args=
if test "$1" = PICK-ARGS-FROM-ARGV
then
pick_args=1
shift
fi
for arg
do
case "$arg" in
--force) force=1 ;;
--basedir=*) basedir=`parse_arg "$arg"` ;;
--builddir=*) builddir=`parse_arg "$arg"` ;;
--srcdir=*) srcdir=`parse_arg "$arg"` ;;
--ldata=*|--datadir=*|--data=*) ldata=`parse_arg "$arg"` ;;
--log[-_]error=*)
# Keep in the arguments passed to the server
args="$args $arg"
log_error=`parse_arg "$arg"` ;;
# Note that the user will be passed to mysqld so that it runs
# as 'user' (crucial e.g. if log-bin=/some_other_path/
# where a chown of datadir won't help)
--user=*) user=`parse_arg "$arg"` ;;
--group=*) group=`parse_arg "$arg"` ;;
--skip-name-resolve) ip_only=1 ;;
--verbose) verbose=1 ; silent_startup="" ;;
--rpm) in_rpm=1 ;;
--help) usage ;;
--no-defaults|--defaults-file=*|--defaults-extra-file=*)
defaults="$arg" ;;
--defaults-group-suffix=*)
defaults_group_suffix="$arg" ;;
--cross-bootstrap|--windows)
# Used when building the MariaDB system tables on a different host than
# the target. The platform-independent files that are created in
# --datadir on the host can be copied to the target system.
#
# The most common use for this feature is in the Windows installer
# which will take the files from datadir and include them as part of
# the install package. See top-level 'dist-hook' make target.
#
# --windows is a deprecated alias
cross_bootstrap=1 ;;
--auth-root-authentication-method=normal)
auth_root_authentication_method=normal ;;
--auth-root-authentication-method=socket)
auth_root_authentication_method=socket ;;
--auth-root-authentication-method=*)
usage ;;
--auth-root-socket-user=*)
auth_root_socket_user="$(parse_arg "$arg")" ;;
--skip-test-db) skip_test_db=1 ;;
*)
if test -n "$pick_args"
then
# This sed command makes sure that any special chars are quoted,
# so the arg gets passed exactly to the server.
# XXX: This is broken; true fix requires using eval and proper
# quoting of every single arg ($basedir, $ldata, etc.)
#args="$args "`echo "$arg" | sed -e 's,\([^a-zA-Z0-9_.-]\),\\\\\1,g'`
args="$args $arg"
fi
;;
esac
done
}
# Try to find a specific file within --basedir which can either be a binary
# release or installed source directory and return the path.
find_in_dirs()
{
case "$1" in
--dir)
return_dir=1; shift
;;
esac
file=$1; shift
for dir in "$@"
do
if test -f "$dir/$file"
then
if test -n "$return_dir"
then
echo "$dir"
else
echo "$dir/$file"
fi
break
fi
done
}
cannot_find_file()
{
echo
echo "FATAL ERROR: Could not find $1"
shift
if test $# -ne 0
then
echo
echo "The following directories were searched:"
echo
for dir in "$@"
do
echo " $dir"
done
fi
echo
echo "If you compiled from source, you need to either run 'make install' to"
echo "copy the software into the correct location ready for operation."
echo "If you don't want to do a full install, you can use the --srcdir"
echo "option to only install the mysql database and privilege tables."
echo
echo "If you are using a binary release, you must either be at the top"
echo "level of the extracted archive, or pass the --basedir option"
echo "pointing to that location."
link_to_help
}
# Ok, let's go. We first need to parse arguments which are required by
# my_print_defaults so that we can execute it first, then later re-parse
# the command line to add any extra bits that we need.
parse_arguments "$@"
#
# We can now find my_print_defaults. This script supports:
#
# --srcdir=path pointing to compiled source tree
# --basedir=path pointing to installed binary location
#
# or default to compiled-in locations.
#
if test -n "$srcdir" && test -n "$basedir"
then
echo "ERROR: Specify either --basedir or --srcdir, not both."
link_to_help
exit 1
fi
if test -n "$srcdir"
then
# In an out-of-source build, builddir is not srcdir. Try to guess where
# builddir is by looking for my_print_defaults.
if test -z "$builddir"
then
if test -x "$dirname0/extra/my_print_defaults"
then
builddir="$dirname0"
else
builddir="$srcdir"
fi
fi
print_defaults="$builddir/extra/my_print_defaults"
elif test -n "$basedir"
then
print_defaults=`find_in_dirs my_print_defaults $basedir/bin $basedir/extra`
if test -z "$print_defaults"
then
cannot_find_file my_print_defaults $basedir/bin $basedir/extra
exit 1
fi
elif test -n "$dirname0" -a -x "$dirname0//usr/bin/my_print_defaults"
then
print_defaults="$dirname0//usr/bin/my_print_defaults"
elif test -x "./extra/my_print_defaults"
then
srcdir="."
builddir="."
print_defaults="./extra/my_print_defaults"
else
print_defaults="/usr/bin/my_print_defaults"
fi
if test ! -x "$print_defaults"
then
cannot_find_file "$print_defaults"
exit 1
fi
# Now we can get arguments from the groups [mysqld] and [mysql_install_db]
# in the my.cfg file, then re-run to merge with command line arguments.
parse_arguments `"$print_defaults" $defaults $defaults_group_suffix --mysqld mysql_install_db mariadb-install-db`
parse_arguments PICK-ARGS-FROM-ARGV "$@"
rel_mysqld="$dirname0/sbin/mysqld"
# Configure paths to support files
if test -n "$srcdir"
then
basedir="$builddir"
bindir="$basedir/client"
resolveip="$basedir/extra/resolveip"
mysqld="$basedir/sql/mysqld"
langdir="$basedir/sql/share/english"
srcpkgdatadir="$srcdir/scripts"
buildpkgdatadir="$builddir/scripts"
plugindir="$builddir/plugin/auth_socket"
pamtooldir="$builddir/plugin/auth_pam"
elif test -n "$basedir"
then
bindir="$basedir/bin" # only used in the help text
resolveip=`find_in_dirs resolveip $basedir/bin $basedir/bin`
if test -z "$resolveip"
then
cannot_find_file resolveip $basedir/bin $basedir/bin
exit 1
fi
mysqld=`find_in_dirs mysqld $basedir/sbin $basedir/libexec $basedir/sbin $basedir/bin`
if test -z "$mysqld"
then
cannot_find_file mysqld $basedir/sbin $basedir/libexec $basedir/sbin $basedir/bin
exit 1
fi
langdir=`find_in_dirs --dir errmsg.sys $basedir/share/mysql/english $basedir/share/english $basedir/share/mysql/english`
if test -z "$langdir"
then
cannot_find_file errmsg.sys $basedir/share/mysql/english $basedir/share/english $basedir/share/mysql/english
exit 1
fi
srcpkgdatadir=`find_in_dirs --dir fill_help_tables.sql $basedir/share/mysql $basedir/share $basedir/share/mysql`
buildpkgdatadir=$srcpkgdatadir
if test -z "$srcpkgdatadir"
then
cannot_find_file fill_help_tables.sql $basedir/share/mysql $basedir/share $basedir/share/mysql
exit 1
fi
plugindir=`find_in_dirs --dir auth_pam.so $basedir/lib*/plugin $basedir/lib*/mysql/plugin $basedir/lib/*/mariadb19/plugin`
pamtooldir=$plugindir
# relative from where the script was run for a relocatable install
elif test -n "$dirname0" -a -x "$rel_mysqld" -a ! "$rel_mysqld" -ef "/usr/sbin/mysqld"
then
basedir="$dirname0"
bindir="$basedir/bin"
resolveip="$bindir/resolveip"
mysqld="$rel_mysqld"
srcpkgdatadir="$basedir/share/mysql"
buildpkgdatadir="$basedir/share/mysql"
plugindir="$basedir/lib/mysql/plugin"
pamtooldir=$plugindir
else
basedir="/usr"
bindir="/usr/bin"
resolveip="$bindir/resolveip"
mysqld="/usr/sbin/mysqld"
srcpkgdatadir="/usr/share/mysql"
buildpkgdatadir="/usr/share/mysql"
plugindir="/usr/lib/mysql/plugin"
pamtooldir="/usr/lib/mysql/plugin"
fi
# Set up paths to SQL scripts required for bootstrap
fill_help_tables="$srcpkgdatadir/fill_help_tables.sql"
create_system_tables="$srcpkgdatadir/mysql_system_tables.sql"
create_system_tables2="$srcpkgdatadir/mysql_performance_tables.sql"
fill_system_tables="$srcpkgdatadir/mysql_system_tables_data.sql"
maria_add_gis_sp="$buildpkgdatadir/maria_add_gis_sp_bootstrap.sql"
mysql_test_db="$srcpkgdatadir/mysql_test_db.sql"
for f in "$fill_help_tables" "$create_system_tables" "$create_system_tables2" "$fill_system_tables" "$maria_add_gis_sp" "$mysql_test_db"
do
if test ! -f "$f"
then
cannot_find_file "$f"
exit 1
fi
done
if test ! -x "$mysqld"
then
cannot_find_file "$mysqld"
exit 1
fi
if test -n "$langdir"
then
if test ! -f "$langdir/errmsg.sys"
then
cannot_find_file "$langdir/errmsg.sys"
exit 1
fi
mysqld_opt="--lc-messages-dir=$langdir/.."
else
mysqld_opt="--lc-messages=en_US"
fi
# Try to determine the hostname
hostname=`uname -n`
# Check if hostname is valid
if test "$cross_bootstrap" -eq 0 -a "$in_rpm" -eq 0 -a "$force" -eq 0
then
resolved=`"$resolveip" $hostname 2>&1`
if test $? -ne 0
then
resolved=`"$resolveip" localhost 2>&1`
if test $? -ne 0
then
echo "Neither host '$hostname' nor 'localhost' could be looked up with"
echo "'$resolveip'"
echo "Please configure the 'hostname' command to return a correct"
echo "hostname."
echo "If you want to solve this at a later stage, restart this script"
echo "with the --force option"
link_to_help
exit 1
fi
echo "WARNING: The host '$hostname' could not be looked up with $resolveip."
echo "This probably means that your libc libraries are not 100 % compatible"
echo "with this binary MariaDB version. The MariaDB daemon, mysqld, should work"
echo "normally with the exception that host name resolving will not work."
echo "This means that you should use IP addresses instead of hostnames"
echo "when specifying MariaDB privileges !"
fi
fi
if test "$ip_only" -eq 1
then
hostname=`echo "$resolved" | awk '/ /{print $6}'`
fi
# Create database directories
for dir in "$ldata"
do
if test ! -d "$dir"
then
if ! `mkdir -p "$dir"`
then
echo "Fatal error Can't create database directory '$dir'"
link_to_help
exit 1
fi
chmod 700 "$dir"
fi
if test -n "$user"
then
if test -z "$group"
then
chown $user $dir
else
chown $user:$group $dir
fi
if test $? -ne 0
then
echo "Cannot change ownership of the database directories to the '$user'"
echo "user. Check that you have the necessary permissions and try again."
exit 1
fi
fi
done
if test -n "$user"
then
if test -z "$srcdir" -a "$in_rpm" -eq 0 -a -d "$pamtooldir/auth_pam_tool_dir"
then
chown 0 "$pamtooldir/auth_pam_tool_dir/auth_pam_tool" && \
chmod 04755 "$pamtooldir/auth_pam_tool_dir/auth_pam_tool"
if test $? -ne 0
then
echo "Couldn't set an owner to '$pamtooldir/auth_pam_tool_dir/auth_pam_tool'."
echo "It must be root, the PAM authentication plugin doesn't work otherwise.."
echo
fi
chown $user "$pamtooldir/auth_pam_tool_dir" && \
chmod 0700 "$pamtooldir/auth_pam_tool_dir"
if test $? -ne 0
then
echo "Cannot change ownership of the '$pamtooldir/auth_pam_tool_dir' directory"
echo "to the '$user' user. Check that you have the necessary permissions and try again."
echo
fi
fi
args="$args --user=$user"
fi
#To be enabled if/when we enable --group as an option to mysqld
#if test -n "$group"
#then
# args="$args --group=$group"
#fi
if test -f "$ldata/mysql/user.frm"
then
echo "mysql.user table already exists!"
echo "Run mysql_upgrade, not mysql_install_db"
exit 0
fi
# When doing a "cross bootstrap" install, no reference to the current
# host should be added to the system tables. So we filter out any
# lines which contain the current host name.
if test $cross_bootstrap -eq 1
then
filter_cmd_line="sed -e '/@current_hostname/d'"
else
filter_cmd_line="cat"
fi
# Disable log error if the user don't have right to write/create the file
# This is common when a user tries to install a personal mariadbd server and
# the global config in /etc is using --log-error.
# The server will internally change log-error to stderr to stderr if it cannot
# write the the log file. This code only disables the error message from a not
# writable log-error, which can be confusing.
if test -n "$log_error"
then
if test \( -e "$log_error" -a \! -w "$log_error" \) -o \( ! -e "$log_error" -a ! -w "`dirname "$log_error"`" \)
then
if test -n "$verbose"
then
echo "resetting log-error '$log_error' because no write access"
fi
log_error=""
args="$args --skip-log-error"
fi
fi
# Configure mysqld command line
mysqld_bootstrap="${MYSQLD_BOOTSTRAP-$mysqld}"
mysqld_install_cmd_line()
{
"$mysqld_bootstrap" $defaults $defaults_group_suffix "$mysqld_opt" --bootstrap $silent_startup\
"--basedir=$basedir" "--datadir=$ldata" --log-warnings=0 --enforce-storage-engine="" \
"--plugin-dir=${plugindir}" \
$args --max_allowed_packet=8M \
--net_buffer_length=16K
}
# Use $auth_root_socket_user if explicitly specified.
# Otherwise use the owner of datadir - ${user:-$USER}
# Use 'root' as a fallback
auth_root_socket_user=${auth_root_socket_user:-${user:-${USER:-root}}}
cat_sql()
{
echo "create database if not exists mysql;"
echo "use mysql;"
case "$auth_root_authentication_method" in
normal)
echo "SET @auth_root_socket=NULL;"
;;
socket)
echo "SET @auth_root_socket='$auth_root_socket_user';"
;;
esac
cat "$create_system_tables" "$create_system_tables2" "$fill_system_tables" "$fill_help_tables" "$maria_add_gis_sp"
if test "$skip_test_db" -eq 0
then
cat "$mysql_test_db"
fi
}
# Create the system and help tables by passing them to "mysqld --bootstrap"
s_echo "Installing MariaDB/MySQL system tables in '$ldata' ..."
if cat_sql | eval "$filter_cmd_line" | mysqld_install_cmd_line > /dev/null
then
printf "10.5.26-MariaDB" > "$ldata/mysql_upgrade_info"
s_echo "OK"
else
log_file_place=$ldata
if test -n "$log_error"
then
log_file_place="$log_error or $log_file_place"
fi
echo
echo "Installation of system tables failed! Examine the logs in"
echo "$log_file_place for more information."
echo
echo "The problem could be conflicting information in an external"
echo "my.cnf files. You can ignore these by doing:"
echo
echo " shell> $0 --defaults-file=~/.my.cnf"
echo
echo "You can also try to start the mariadbd daemon with:"
echo
echo " shell> $mysqld --skip-grant-tables --general-log &"
echo
echo "and use the command line tool $bindir/mariadb"
echo "to connect to the mysql database and look at the grant tables:"
echo
echo " shell> $bindir/mariadb -u root mysql"
echo " MariaDB> show tables;"
echo
echo "Try '$mysqld --help' if you have problems with paths. Using"
echo "--general-log gives you a log in $ldata that may be helpful."
link_to_help
echo "You can find the latest source at https://downloads.mariadb.org and"
echo "the maria-discuss email list at https://launchpad.net/~maria-discuss"
echo
echo "Please check all of the above before submitting a bug report"
echo "at https://mariadb.org/jira"
echo
exit 1
fi
# Don't output verbose information if running inside bootstrap or using
# --srcdir for testing. In such cases, there's no end user looking at
# the screen.
if test "$cross_bootstrap" -eq 0 && test -z "$srcdir"
then
s_echo
s_echo "To start mariadbd at boot time you have to copy"
s_echo "support-files/mariadb.service to the right place for your system"
if test "$auth_root_authentication_method" = normal
then
echo
echo
echo "PLEASE REMEMBER TO SET A PASSWORD FOR THE MariaDB root USER !"
echo "To do so, start the server, then issue the following command:"
echo
echo "'$bindir/mariadb-secure-installation'"
echo
echo "which will also give you the option of removing the test"
echo "databases and anonymous user created by default. This is"
echo "strongly recommended for production servers."
else
echo
echo
echo "Two all-privilege accounts were created."
echo "One is root@localhost, it has no password, but you need to"
echo "be system 'root' user to connect. Use, for example, sudo mysql"
echo "The second is $auth_root_socket_user@localhost, it has no password either, but"
echo "you need to be the system '$auth_root_socket_user' user to connect."
echo "After connecting you can set the password, if you would need to be"
echo "able to connect as any of these users with a password and without sudo"
fi
echo
echo "See the MariaDB Knowledgebase at https://mariadb.com/kb"
if test "$in_rpm" -eq 0
then
echo
echo "You can start the MariaDB daemon with:"
echo "cd '$basedir' ; $bindir/mariadbd-safe --datadir='$ldata'"
echo
echo "You can test the MariaDB daemon with mysql-test-run.pl"
echo "cd '$basedir/share/mysql/mysql-test' ; perl mariadb-test-run.pl"
fi
echo
echo "Please report any problems at https://mariadb.org/jira"
echo
echo "The latest information about MariaDB is available at https://mariadb.org/."
echo
echo "Consider joining MariaDB's strong and vibrant community:"
echo "https://mariadb.org/get-involved/"
echo
fi
exit 0
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