Efektivitas Strategi Ta’bir Mushawwar dalam Pembelajaran Bahasa Arab di Madrasah Ibtidaiyah
Keywords:
Arabic; speaking skill; ta’bir mushawwar
Abstract
Speaking proficiency is one of the main skills in Arabic language learning, but fourth grade students of MI TPI Keramat face difficulties in assembling mufradat and practicing active conversation, mainly due to the lack of varied learning strategies. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of the ta'bir mushawwar strategy, which uses picture as a media to facilitate students in constructing sentences and telling stories, in improving Arabic speaking skills. With a quantitative approach and pre-experiment design, this study involved 18 students of class IV-C. Data were collected through tests, observations, and interviews, then analyzed descriptively and N-Gain test. The posttest average was 83.06 (very good category) with 88.9% completeness, and the N-Gain score was 0.6398 which showed effectiveness in the medium category. The ta'bir mushawwar strategy offers a solution in the form of a visual and hands-on learning approach that can significantly improve students' speaking skills and make learning more interesting and interactive.
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#!/usr/bin/env bash
# -*- mode: shell-script; indent-tabs-mode: nil; sh-basic-offset: 4; -*-
# ex: ts=8 sw=4 sts=4 et filetype=sh
# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later
#
# This file is part of systemd.
#
# systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
# under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
# the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
# (at your option) any later version.
#
# systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
# WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
# General Public License for more details.
#
# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
# along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
SKIP_REMAINING=77
usage()
{
echo "Usage:"
echo " $0 [OPTIONS...] add KERNEL-VERSION KERNEL-IMAGE [INITRD-FILE ...]"
echo " $0 [OPTIONS...] remove KERNEL-VERSION"
echo "Options:"
echo " -h,--help Print this help"
echo " -v,--verbose Increase verbosity"
}
dropindirs_sort()
{
local suffix=$1; shift
local -a files
local f d i
readarray -t files <<<"$(
for d in "$@"; do
for i in "$d/"*"$suffix"; do
if [[ -e "$i" ]]; then
echo "${i##*/}"
fi
done
done | sort -Vu
)"
for f in "${files[@]}"; do
for d in "$@"; do
if [[ -e "$d/$f" ]]; then
echo "$d/$f"
continue 2
fi
done
done
}
export LC_COLLATE=C
for i in "$@"; do
if [ "$i" == "--help" -o "$i" == "-h" ]; then
usage
exit 0
fi
done
KERNEL_INSTALL_VERBOSE=0
if [ "$1" == "--verbose" -o "$1" == "-v" ]; then
shift
KERNEL_INSTALL_VERBOSE=1
fi
export KERNEL_INSTALL_VERBOSE
if [[ "${0##*/}" == 'installkernel' ]]; then
COMMAND='add'
# make install doesn't pass any parameter wrt initrd handling
INITRD_OPTIONS=()
else
COMMAND="$1"
shift
INITRD_OPTIONS=( "${@:3}" )
fi
KERNEL_VERSION="$1"
KERNEL_IMAGE="$2"
# Reuse directory created without a machine ID present if it exists.
if [[ -d /efi/Default ]] || [[ -d /boot/Default ]] || [[ -d /boot/efi/Default ]]; then
MACHINE_ID="Default"
elif [[ -f /etc/machine-id ]]; then
read MACHINE_ID < /etc/machine-id
else
MACHINE_ID="Default"
fi
if [[ ! $COMMAND ]] || [[ ! $KERNEL_VERSION ]]; then
echo "Not enough arguments" >&2
exit 1
fi
if [[ -d /efi/loader/entries ]] || [[ -d /efi/$MACHINE_ID ]]; then
ENTRY_DIR_ABS="/efi/$MACHINE_ID/$KERNEL_VERSION"
elif [[ -d /boot/loader/entries ]] || [[ -d /boot/$MACHINE_ID ]]; then
ENTRY_DIR_ABS="/boot/$MACHINE_ID/$KERNEL_VERSION"
elif [[ -d /boot/efi/loader/entries ]] || [[ -d /boot/efi/$MACHINE_ID ]]; then
ENTRY_DIR_ABS="/boot/efi/$MACHINE_ID/$KERNEL_VERSION"
elif mountpoint -q /efi; then
ENTRY_DIR_ABS="/efi/$MACHINE_ID/$KERNEL_VERSION"
elif mountpoint -q /boot/efi; then
ENTRY_DIR_ABS="/boot/efi/$MACHINE_ID/$KERNEL_VERSION"
else
ENTRY_DIR_ABS="/boot/$MACHINE_ID/$KERNEL_VERSION"
fi
export KERNEL_INSTALL_MACHINE_ID=$MACHINE_ID
ret=0
readarray -t PLUGINS <<<"$(
dropindirs_sort ".install" \
"/etc/kernel/install.d" \
"/usr/lib/kernel/install.d"
)"
case $COMMAND in
add)
if [[ ! "$KERNEL_IMAGE" ]]; then
echo "Command 'add' requires an argument" >&2
exit 1
fi
if [[ ! -f "$KERNEL_IMAGE" ]]; then
echo "Kernel image argument ${KERNEL_IMAGE} not a file" >&2
exit 1
fi
for f in "${PLUGINS[@]}"; do
if [[ -x $f ]]; then
[ "$KERNEL_INSTALL_VERBOSE" -gt 0 ] && \
echo "+$f add $KERNEL_VERSION $ENTRY_DIR_ABS $KERNEL_IMAGE ${INITRD_OPTIONS[@]}"
"$f" add "$KERNEL_VERSION" "$ENTRY_DIR_ABS" "$KERNEL_IMAGE" "${INITRD_OPTIONS[@]}"
x=$?
if [[ $x == $SKIP_REMAINING ]]; then
ret=0
break
fi
((ret+=$x))
fi
done
;;
remove)
for f in "${PLUGINS[@]}"; do
if [[ -x $f ]]; then
[ "$KERNEL_INSTALL_VERBOSE" -gt 0 ] && \
echo "+$f remove $KERNEL_VERSION $ENTRY_DIR_ABS"
"$f" remove "$KERNEL_VERSION" "$ENTRY_DIR_ABS"
x=$?
if [[ $x == $SKIP_REMAINING ]]; then
ret=0
break
fi
((ret+=$x))
fi
done
[ "$KERNEL_INSTALL_VERBOSE" -gt 0 ] && \
echo "Removing $ENTRY_DIR_ABS"
rm -rf "$ENTRY_DIR_ABS"
((ret+=$?))
;;
*)
echo "Unknown command '$COMMAND'" >&2
exit 1
;;
esac
exit $ret
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