Efektivitas Strategi Ta’bir Mushawwar dalam Pembelajaran Bahasa Arab di Madrasah Ibtidaiyah
Keywords:
Arabic; speaking skill; ta’bir mushawwar
Abstract
Speaking proficiency is one of the main skills in Arabic language learning, but fourth grade students of MI TPI Keramat face difficulties in assembling mufradat and practicing active conversation, mainly due to the lack of varied learning strategies. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of the ta'bir mushawwar strategy, which uses picture as a media to facilitate students in constructing sentences and telling stories, in improving Arabic speaking skills. With a quantitative approach and pre-experiment design, this study involved 18 students of class IV-C. Data were collected through tests, observations, and interviews, then analyzed descriptively and N-Gain test. The posttest average was 83.06 (very good category) with 88.9% completeness, and the N-Gain score was 0.6398 which showed effectiveness in the medium category. The ta'bir mushawwar strategy offers a solution in the form of a visual and hands-on learning approach that can significantly improve students' speaking skills and make learning more interesting and interactive.
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#!/usr/bin/perl
use Getopt::Std;
#
# geteltorito.pl: a bootimage extractor
# Script that will extract the first El Torito bootimage from a
# bootable CD image
# R. Krienke 08/2001
# krienke@uni-koblenz.de
# License: GPL
#
# Get latest version from:
# http://userpages.uni-koblenz.de/~krienke/ftp/noarch/geteltorito
#
$utilVersion="0.5";
#
# Version 0.5
# 2009/06/22
# A patch for harddisk emulation images from <colimit@gmail.com>.
# For BootMediaType=4 (harddisk emulation) SectorCount is always 1, and geteltorito.pl
# returns just MBR. This patch guesses the correct bootimage size
# from MBR (offset+size of the first partitition).
# Version 0.4
# 2007/02/01
# A patch from Santiago Garcia <manty@debian.org> to use a virtual sector
# size (vSecSize) of 512 bytes, as defined on "El Torito" specs and change
# unpack of the sector count from n to v to get the correct sector count.
# Version 0.3
# 2006/02/21
# A patch from Ben Collins <bcollins@ubuntu.com> to make the
# utility work on PPC machines (change from 'L'-encoding in pack to 'V')
# Version 0.2
# Several patches included from Nathan Stratton Treadway(nathant@ontko.com)
# to adjust the platform output as well as fixes for other minor bugs
# Version 0.1
# Initial release
#
# For information on El Torito see
# http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_torito
$vSecSize=512;
$secSize=2048;
$ret=undef;$version=undef;$opt_h=undef;$loadSegment=undef;$systemType=undef;
#
# Read a particular sector from a file
# sector counting starts at 0, not 1
#
sub getSector{
my ($secNum, $secCount, $file)=@_;
my ($sec, $count);
open(FILE, $file) || die "Cannot open \"$file\" \n";
seek(FILE, $secNum*$secSize, 0);
$count=read(FILE, $sec, $vSecSize*$secCount, 0) ;
if( $count != $vSecSize*$secCount ){
warn "Error reading from file \"$file\"\n";
}
close(FILE);
return($sec);
}
#
# Write eltorito data into a file
#
sub writeOutputFile{
my($name)=shift;
my($value)=shift;
open(OUT, ">".$name)|| die "$0: Cannot open outputfile \"$name\" for writing. Stop.";
print OUT $value;
close(OUT);
}
#
# Usage
#
sub usage{
warn "\n$0 [-hv] [-o outputfilename] cd-image \n",
"Script will try to extract an El Torito image from a \n",
"bootable CD (or cd-image) given by <cd-image> and write \n",
"the data extracted to STDOUT or to a file.\n",
" -h: This help. \n",
" -v: Print version of script and exit.\n",
" -o <file>: Write extracted data to file <file> instead of STDOUT.\n",
"\n\n";
exit 0;
}
# ---------------------------------------------------------------------
$ret=getopts('hvo:');
if( defined($opt_v) ){
warn "Version: $utilVersion \n";
exit 0;
}
if( defined($opt_h) || $#ARGV <0 ){
usage(0);
}
if( defined($opt_o) ){
$outputFilename="$opt_o";
}
$imageFile=$ARGV[0];
if( ! -r $imageFile ){
die "Cannot read image/device \"$imageFile\". Aborting\n";
}
#
# Read Sector 17 from CD which should contain a Boot Record Volume
# descriptor. This descriptor contains at its start the text ($isoIdent)
# CD001 and ($toritoSpec)
# EL TORITO SPECIFICATION
# see http://www.cdpage.com/Compact_Disc_Variations/eltoritoi.html
# for details
#
$sector=getSector(17, 1, $imageFile );
($boot, $isoIdent, $version, $toritoSpec,
$unUsed, $bootP)= unpack( "Ca5CA32A32V", $sector );
if( $isoIdent ne "CD001" || $toritoSpec ne "EL TORITO SPECIFICATION" ){
die "This data image does not seem to be a bootable CD-image\n";
}
#
# Now fetch the sector of the booting catalog
#
$sector=getSector($bootP, 1, $imageFile );
print STDERR "Booting catalog starts at sector: $bootP \n";
# The first 32 bytes of this sector contains the validation entry for a
# boot. The first byte has to be 01, the next byte determines the
# architecture the image is designed for, where 00 is i86, 01 is PowerPC
# and 02 is Mac. More data give info about manufacturer, etc. The
# final two bytes must contain 0x55 and 0xAA respectively (as
# defined by the El Torito standard).
$validateEntry=substr($sector, 0, 32);
($header, $platform, $unUsed, $manufact, $unUsed, $five, $aa)=
unpack( "CCvA24vCC", $validateEntry);
if( $header != 1 || $five != 0x55 || $aa != 0xaa ){
die "Invalid Validation Entry on image \n";
}
print STDERR "Manufacturer of CD: $manufact\n";
print STDERR "Image architecture: ";
print STDERR "x86" if( $platform == 0 );
print STDERR "PowerPC" if( $platform == 1 );
print STDERR "Mac" if( $platform == 2 );
print STDERR "unknown ($platform)" if( $platform > 2 );
print STDERR "\n";
#
# Now we examine the initial/defaultentry which follows the validate
# entry and has a size of 32 bytes.
$initialEntry=substr($sector, 32, 32);
($boot, $media, $loadSegment, $systemType, $unUsed,
$sCount, $imgStart, $unUsed)=unpack( "CCvCCvVC", $initialEntry);
if( $boot != 0x88 ){
die "Boot indicator in Initial/Default-Entry is not 0x88. CD is not bootable. \n";
}
print STDERR "Boot media type is: ";
if( $media == 0 ){
print STDERR "no emulation";
$count=0;
}
if( $media == 1 ){
print STDERR "1.2meg floppy";
$count=1200*1024/$vSecSize;
}
if( $media == 2 ){
print STDERR "1.44meg floppy";
$count=1440*1024/$vSecSize;
}
if( $media == 3 ){
print STDERR "2.88meg floppy";
$count=2880*1024/$vSecSize;
}
if( $media == 4 ){
print STDERR "harddisk";
$MBR=getSector($imgStart, 1, $imageFile );
$partition1=substr($MBR, 446, 16);
($unUsed, $firstSector, $partitionSize) = unpack( "A8VV", $partition1);
$count=$firstSector + $partitionSize;
}
print STDERR "\n";
# Only use the internal sector counter if the real size is unknown
# ($count==0)
$cnt=$count==0?$sCount:$count;
print STDERR "El Torito image starts at sector $imgStart and has $cnt sector(s) of $vSecSize Bytes\n";
# We are there:
# Now read the bootimage to stdout
$image=getSector($imgStart, $cnt, $imageFile);
if( length($outputFilename) ){
writeOutputFile($outputFilename, $image);
print STDERR "\nImage has been written to file \"$outputFilename\".\n";
}else{
print "$image";
print STDERR "Image has been written to stdout ....\n";
}
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