Efektivitas Strategi Ta’bir Mushawwar dalam Pembelajaran Bahasa Arab di Madrasah Ibtidaiyah
Keywords:
Arabic; speaking skill; ta’bir mushawwar
Abstract
Speaking proficiency is one of the main skills in Arabic language learning, but fourth grade students of MI TPI Keramat face difficulties in assembling mufradat and practicing active conversation, mainly due to the lack of varied learning strategies. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of the ta'bir mushawwar strategy, which uses picture as a media to facilitate students in constructing sentences and telling stories, in improving Arabic speaking skills. With a quantitative approach and pre-experiment design, this study involved 18 students of class IV-C. Data were collected through tests, observations, and interviews, then analyzed descriptively and N-Gain test. The posttest average was 83.06 (very good category) with 88.9% completeness, and the N-Gain score was 0.6398 which showed effectiveness in the medium category. The ta'bir mushawwar strategy offers a solution in the form of a visual and hands-on learning approach that can significantly improve students' speaking skills and make learning more interesting and interactive.
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#!/usr/bin/perl
use strict;
my $VERSION = sprintf("1.%06d", q$Revision$ =~ /(\d+)/o);
use Data::Dumper;
use DBI::ProfileData;
use Getopt::Long;
# default options
my $number = 10;
my $sort = 'total';
my $filename = 'dbi.prof';
my $reverse = 0;
my $case_sensitive = 0;
my (%match, %exclude);
# get options from command line
GetOptions(
'version' => sub { die "dbiprof $VERSION\n" },
'help' => sub { exit usage() },
'number=i' => \$number,
'sort=s' => \$sort,
'dumpnodes!' => \my $dumpnodes,
'reverse' => \$reverse,
'match=s' => \%match,
'exclude=s' => \%exclude,
'case-sensitive' => \$case_sensitive,
'delete!' => \my $opt_delete,
) or exit usage();
sub usage {
print <<EOS;
dbiprof [options] [files]
Reads and merges DBI profile data from files and prints a summary.
files: defaults to $filename
options:
-number=N show top N, defaults to $number
-sort=S sort by S, defaults to $sort
-reverse reverse the sort
-match=K=V for filtering, see docs
-exclude=K=V for filtering, see docs
-case_sensitive for -match and -exclude
-delete rename files before reading then delete afterwards
-version print version number and exit
-help print this help
EOS
return 1;
}
# list of files defaults to dbi.prof
my @files = @ARGV ? @ARGV : ('dbi.prof');
# instantiate ProfileData object
my $prof = eval {
DBI::ProfileData->new(
Files => \@files,
DeleteFiles => $opt_delete,
);
};
die "Unable to load profile data: $@\n" if $@;
if (%match) { # handle matches
while (my ($key, $val) = each %match) {
if ($val =~ m!^/(.+)/$!) {
$val = $case_sensitive ? qr/$1/ : qr/$1/i;
}
$prof->match($key, $val, case_sensitive => $case_sensitive);
}
}
if (%exclude) { # handle excludes
while (my ($key, $val) = each %exclude) {
if ($val =~ m!^/(.+)/$!) {
$val = $case_sensitive ? qr/$1/ : qr/$1/i;
}
$prof->exclude($key, $val, case_sensitive => $case_sensitive);
}
}
# sort the data
$prof->sort(field => $sort, reverse => $reverse);
# all done, print it out
if ($dumpnodes) {
$Data::Dumper::Indent = 1;
$Data::Dumper::Terse = 1;
$Data::Dumper::Useqq = 1;
$Data::Dumper::Deparse = 0;
print Dumper($prof->nodes);
}
else {
print $prof->report(number => $number);
}
exit 0;
__END__
=head1 NAME
dbiprof - command-line client for DBI::ProfileData
=head1 SYNOPSIS
See a report of the ten queries with the longest total runtime in the
profile dump file F<prof1.out>:
dbiprof prof1.out
See the top 10 most frequently run queries in the profile file
F<dbi.prof> (the default):
dbiprof --sort count
See the same report with 15 entries:
dbiprof --sort count --number 15
=head1 DESCRIPTION
This tool is a command-line client for the DBI::ProfileData. It
allows you to analyze the profile data file produced by
DBI::ProfileDumper and produce various useful reports.
=head1 OPTIONS
This program accepts the following options:
=over 4
=item --number N
Produce this many items in the report. Defaults to 10. If set to
"all" then all results are shown.
=item --sort field
Sort results by the given field. Sorting by multiple fields isn't currently
supported (patches welcome). The available sort fields are:
=over 4
=item total
Sorts by total time run time across all runs. This is the default
sort.
=item longest
Sorts by the longest single run.
=item count
Sorts by total number of runs.
=item first
Sorts by the time taken in the first run.
=item shortest
Sorts by the shortest single run.
=item key1
Sorts by the value of the first element in the Path, which should be numeric.
You can also sort by C<key2> and C<key3>.
=back
=item --reverse
Reverses the selected sort. For example, to see a report of the
shortest overall time:
dbiprof --sort total --reverse
=item --match keyN=value
Consider only items where the specified key matches the given value.
Keys are numbered from 1. For example, let's say you used a
DBI::Profile Path of:
[ DBIprofile_Statement, DBIprofile_Methodname ]
And called dbiprof as in:
dbiprof --match key2=execute
Your report would only show execute queries, leaving out prepares,
fetches, etc.
If the value given starts and ends with slashes (C</>) then it will be
treated as a regular expression. For example, to only include SELECT
queries where key1 is the statement:
dbiprof --match key1=/^SELECT/
By default the match expression is matched case-insensitively, but
this can be changed with the --case-sensitive option.
=item --exclude keyN=value
Remove items for where the specified key matches the given value. For
example, to exclude all prepare entries where key2 is the method name:
dbiprof --exclude key2=prepare
Like C<--match>, If the value given starts and ends with slashes
(C</>) then it will be treated as a regular expression. For example,
to exclude UPDATE queries where key1 is the statement:
dbiprof --match key1=/^UPDATE/
By default the exclude expression is matched case-insensitively, but
this can be changed with the --case-sensitive option.
=item --case-sensitive
Using this option causes --match and --exclude to work
case-sensitively. Defaults to off.
=item --delete
Sets the C<DeleteFiles> option to L<DBI::ProfileData> which causes the
files to be deleted after reading. See L<DBI::ProfileData> for more details.
=item --dumpnodes
Print the list of nodes in the form of a perl data structure.
Use the C<-sort> option if you want the list sorted.
=item --version
Print the dbiprof version number and exit.
=back
=head1 AUTHOR
Sam Tregar <sam@tregar.com>
=head1 COPYRIGHT AND LICENSE
Copyright (C) 2002 Sam Tregar
This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
it under the same terms as Perl 5 itself.
=head1 SEE ALSO
L<DBI::ProfileDumper|DBI::ProfileDumper>,
L<DBI::Profile|DBI::Profile>, L<DBI|DBI>.
=cut
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