Efektivitas Strategi Ta’bir Mushawwar dalam Pembelajaran Bahasa Arab di Madrasah Ibtidaiyah
Keywords:
Arabic; speaking skill; ta’bir mushawwar
Abstract
Speaking proficiency is one of the main skills in Arabic language learning, but fourth grade students of MI TPI Keramat face difficulties in assembling mufradat and practicing active conversation, mainly due to the lack of varied learning strategies. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of the ta'bir mushawwar strategy, which uses picture as a media to facilitate students in constructing sentences and telling stories, in improving Arabic speaking skills. With a quantitative approach and pre-experiment design, this study involved 18 students of class IV-C. Data were collected through tests, observations, and interviews, then analyzed descriptively and N-Gain test. The posttest average was 83.06 (very good category) with 88.9% completeness, and the N-Gain score was 0.6398 which showed effectiveness in the medium category. The ta'bir mushawwar strategy offers a solution in the form of a visual and hands-on learning approach that can significantly improve students' speaking skills and make learning more interesting and interactive.
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#!/usr/bin/perl
eval 'exec /usr/bin/perl -S $0 ${1+"$@"}'
if $running_under_some_shell;
#!/usr/local/bin/perl
BEGIN { pop @INC if $INC[-1] eq '.' }
use strict;
use vars qw($VERSION);
use App::Cpan;
use CPAN::Version;
my $minver = '1.64';
if ( CPAN::Version->vlt($App::Cpan::VERSION, $minver) ) {
warn "WARNING: your version of App::Cpan is $App::Cpan::VERSION while we would expect at least $minver";
}
$VERSION = '1.64';
my $rc = App::Cpan->run( @ARGV );
# will this work under Strawberry Perl?
exit( $rc || 0 );
=head1 NAME
cpan - easily interact with CPAN from the command line
=head1 SYNOPSIS
# with arguments and no switches, installs specified modules
cpan module_name [ module_name ... ]
# with switches, installs modules with extra behavior
cpan [-cfFimtTw] module_name [ module_name ... ]
# use local::lib
cpan -I module_name [ module_name ... ]
# one time mirror override for faster mirrors
cpan -p ...
# with just the dot, install from the distribution in the
# current directory
cpan .
# without arguments, starts CPAN.pm shell
cpan
# without arguments, but some switches
cpan [-ahpruvACDLOPX]
=head1 DESCRIPTION
This script provides a command interface (not a shell) to CPAN. At the
moment it uses CPAN.pm to do the work, but it is not a one-shot command
runner for CPAN.pm.
=head2 Options
=over 4
=item -a
Creates a CPAN.pm autobundle with CPAN::Shell->autobundle.
=item -A module [ module ... ]
Shows the primary maintainers for the specified modules.
=item -c module
Runs a `make clean` in the specified module's directories.
=item -C module [ module ... ]
Show the F<Changes> files for the specified modules
=item -D module [ module ... ]
Show the module details. This prints one line for each out-of-date module
(meaning, modules locally installed but have newer versions on CPAN).
Each line has three columns: module name, local version, and CPAN
version.
=item -f
Force the specified action, when it normally would have failed. Use this
to install a module even if its tests fail. When you use this option,
-i is not optional for installing a module when you need to force it:
% cpan -f -i Module::Foo
=item -F
Turn off CPAN.pm's attempts to lock anything. You should be careful with
this since you might end up with multiple scripts trying to muck in the
same directory. This isn't so much of a concern if you're loading a special
config with C<-j>, and that config sets up its own work directories.
=item -g module [ module ... ]
Downloads to the current directory the latest distribution of the module.
=item -G module [ module ... ]
UNIMPLEMENTED
Download to the current directory the latest distribution of the
modules, unpack each distribution, and create a git repository for each
distribution.
If you want this feature, check out Yanick Champoux's C<Git::CPAN::Patch>
distribution.
=item -h
Print a help message and exit. When you specify C<-h>, it ignores all
of the other options and arguments.
=item -i module [ module ... ]
Install the specified modules. With no other switches, this switch
is implied.
=item -I
Load C<local::lib> (think like C<-I> for loading lib paths). Too bad
C<-l> was already taken.
=item -j Config.pm
Load the file that has the CPAN configuration data. This should have the
same format as the standard F<CPAN/Config.pm> file, which defines
C<$CPAN::Config> as an anonymous hash.
=item -J
Dump the configuration in the same format that CPAN.pm uses. This is useful
for checking the configuration as well as using the dump as a starting point
for a new, custom configuration.
=item -l
List all installed modules with their versions
=item -L author [ author ... ]
List the modules by the specified authors.
=item -m
Make the specified modules.
=item -M mirror1,mirror2,...
A comma-separated list of mirrors to use for just this run. The C<-P>
option can find them for you automatically.
=item -n
Do a dry run, but don't actually install anything. (unimplemented)
=item -O
Show the out-of-date modules.
=item -p
Ping the configured mirrors and print a report
=item -P
Find the best mirrors you could be using and use them for the current
session.
=item -r
Recompiles dynamically loaded modules with CPAN::Shell->recompile.
=item -s
Drop in the CPAN.pm shell. This command does this automatically if you don't
specify any arguments.
=item -t module [ module ... ]
Run a `make test` on the specified modules.
=item -T
Do not test modules. Simply install them.
=item -u
Upgrade all installed modules. Blindly doing this can really break things,
so keep a backup.
=item -v
Print the script version and CPAN.pm version then exit.
=item -V
Print detailed information about the cpan client.
=item -w
UNIMPLEMENTED
Turn on cpan warnings. This checks various things, like directory permissions,
and tells you about problems you might have.
=item -x module [ module ... ]
Find close matches to the named modules that you think you might have
mistyped. This requires the optional installation of Text::Levenshtein or
Text::Levenshtein::Damerau.
=item -X
Dump all the namespaces to standard output.
=back
=head2 Examples
# print a help message
cpan -h
# print the version numbers
cpan -v
# create an autobundle
cpan -a
# recompile modules
cpan -r
# upgrade all installed modules
cpan -u
# install modules ( sole -i is optional )
cpan -i Netscape::Booksmarks Business::ISBN
# force install modules ( must use -i )
cpan -fi CGI::Minimal URI
# install modules but without testing them
cpan -Ti CGI::Minimal URI
=head2 Environment variables
There are several components in CPAN.pm that use environment variables.
The build tools, L<ExtUtils::MakeMaker> and L<Module::Build> use some,
while others matter to the levels above them. Some of these are specified
by the Perl Toolchain Gang:
Lancaster Concensus: L<https://github.com/Perl-Toolchain-Gang/toolchain-site/blob/master/lancaster-consensus.md>
Oslo Concensus: L<https://github.com/Perl-Toolchain-Gang/toolchain-site/blob/master/oslo-consensus.md>
=over 4
=item NONINTERACTIVE_TESTING
Assume no one is paying attention and skips prompts for distributions
that do that correctly. C<cpan(1)> sets this to C<1> unless it already
has a value (even if that value is false).
=item PERL_MM_USE_DEFAULT
Use the default answer for a prompted questions. C<cpan(1)> sets this
to C<1> unless it already has a value (even if that value is false).
=item CPAN_OPTS
As with C<PERL5OPT>, a string of additional C<cpan(1)> options to
add to those you specify on the command line.
=item CPANSCRIPT_LOGLEVEL
The log level to use, with either the embedded, minimal logger or
L<Log::Log4perl> if it is installed. Possible values are the same as
the C<Log::Log4perl> levels: C<TRACE>, C<DEBUG>, C<INFO>, C<WARN>,
C<ERROR>, and C<FATAL>. The default is C<INFO>.
=item GIT_COMMAND
The path to the C<git> binary to use for the Git features. The default
is C</usr/local/bin/git>.
=back
=head1 EXIT VALUES
The script exits with zero if it thinks that everything worked, or a
positive number if it thinks that something failed. Note, however, that
in some cases it has to divine a failure by the output of things it does
not control. For now, the exit codes are vague:
1 An unknown error
2 The was an external problem
4 There was an internal problem with the script
8 A module failed to install
=head1 TO DO
* one shot configuration values from the command line
=head1 BUGS
* none noted
=head1 SEE ALSO
Most behaviour, including environment variables and configuration,
comes directly from CPAN.pm.
=head1 SOURCE AVAILABILITY
This code is in Github in the CPAN.pm repository:
https://github.com/andk/cpanpm
The source used to be tracked separately in another GitHub repo,
but the canonical source is now in the above repo.
=head1 CREDITS
Japheth Cleaver added the bits to allow a forced install (-f).
Jim Brandt suggest and provided the initial implementation for the
up-to-date and Changes features.
Adam Kennedy pointed out that exit() causes problems on Windows
where this script ends up with a .bat extension
=head1 AUTHOR
brian d foy, C<< <bdfoy@cpan.org> >>
=head1 COPYRIGHT
Copyright (c) 2001-2015, brian d foy, All Rights Reserved.
You may redistribute this under the same terms as Perl itself.
=cut
1;
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