Efektivitas Strategi Ta’bir Mushawwar dalam Pembelajaran Bahasa Arab di Madrasah Ibtidaiyah
Keywords:
Arabic; speaking skill; ta’bir mushawwar
Abstract
Speaking proficiency is one of the main skills in Arabic language learning, but fourth grade students of MI TPI Keramat face difficulties in assembling mufradat and practicing active conversation, mainly due to the lack of varied learning strategies. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of the ta'bir mushawwar strategy, which uses picture as a media to facilitate students in constructing sentences and telling stories, in improving Arabic speaking skills. With a quantitative approach and pre-experiment design, this study involved 18 students of class IV-C. Data were collected through tests, observations, and interviews, then analyzed descriptively and N-Gain test. The posttest average was 83.06 (very good category) with 88.9% completeness, and the N-Gain score was 0.6398 which showed effectiveness in the medium category. The ta'bir mushawwar strategy offers a solution in the form of a visual and hands-on learning approach that can significantly improve students' speaking skills and make learning more interesting and interactive.
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#!/bin/sh -
#
# bashbug - create a bug report and mail it to the bug address
#
# The bug address depends on the release status of the shell. Versions
# with status `devel', `alpha', `beta', or `rc' mail bug reports to
# chet@cwru.edu and, optionally, to bash-testers@cwru.edu.
# Other versions send mail to bug-bash@gnu.org.
#
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# along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
#
# configuration section:
# these variables are filled in by the make target in Makefile
#
MACHINE="x86_64"
OS="linux-gnu"
CC="gcc"
CFLAGS="-g -O2 -fstack-protector-strong -Wformat -Werror=format-security -Wall "
RELEASE="5.1"
PATCHLEVEL="4"
RELSTATUS="release"
MACHTYPE="x86_64-pc-linux-gnu"
PATH=/bin:/usr/bin:/usr/local/bin:$PATH
export PATH
# Check if TMPDIR is set, default to /tmp
: ${TMPDIR:=/tmp}
#Securely create a temporary directory for the temporary files
TEMPDIR=$TMPDIR/bbug.$$
(umask 077 && mkdir "$TEMPDIR") || {
echo "$0: could not create temporary directory" >&2
exit 1
}
TEMPFILE1=$TEMPDIR/bbug1
TEMPFILE2=$TEMPDIR/bbug2
USAGE="Usage: $0 [--help] [--version] [bug-report-email-address]"
VERSTR="GNU bashbug, version ${RELEASE}.${PATCHLEVEL}-${RELSTATUS}"
do_help= do_version=
while [ $# -gt 0 ]; do
case "$1" in
--help) shift ; do_help=y ;;
--version) shift ; do_version=y ;;
--) shift ; break ;;
-*) echo "bashbug: ${1}: invalid option" >&2
echo "$USAGE" >&2
exit 2 ;;
*) break ;;
esac
done
if [ -n "$do_version" ]; then
echo "${VERSTR}"
exit 0
fi
if [ -n "$do_help" ]; then
echo "${VERSTR}"
echo "${USAGE}"
echo
cat << HERE_EOF
Bashbug is used to send mail to the Bash maintainers
for when Bash doesn't behave like you'd like, or expect.
Bashbug will start up your editor (as defined by the shell's
EDITOR environment variable) with a preformatted bug report
template for you to fill in. The report will be mailed to the
bug-bash mailing list by default. See the manual for details.
If you invoke bashbug by accident, just quit your editor without
saving any changes to the template, and no bug report will be sent.
HERE_EOF
exit 0
fi
# Figure out how to echo a string without a trailing newline
N=`echo 'hi there\c'`
case "$N" in
*c) n=-n c= ;;
*) n= c='\c' ;;
esac
BASHTESTERS="bash-testers@cwru.edu"
case "$RELSTATUS" in
alpha*|beta*|devel*|rc*) BUGBASH=chet@cwru.edu ;;
*) BUGBASH=bug-bash@gnu.org ;;
esac
case "$RELSTATUS" in
alpha*|beta*|devel*|rc*)
echo "$0: This is a testing release. Would you like your bug report"
echo "$0: to be sent to the bash-testers mailing list?"
echo $n "$0: Send to bash-testers? $c"
read ans
case "$ans" in
y*|Y*) BUGBASH="${BUGBASH},${BASHTESTERS}" ;;
esac ;;
esac
BUGADDR="${1-$BUGBASH}"
if [ -z "$DEFEDITOR" ] && [ -z "$EDITOR" ]; then
if [ -x /usr/bin/editor ]; then
DEFEDITOR=editor
elif [ -x /usr/local/bin/ce ]; then
DEFEDITOR=ce
elif [ -x /usr/local/bin/emacs ]; then
DEFEDITOR=emacs
elif [ -x /usr/contrib/bin/emacs ]; then
DEFEDITOR=emacs
elif [ -x /usr/bin/emacs ]; then
DEFEDITOR=emacs
elif [ -x /usr/bin/xemacs ]; then
DEFEDITOR=xemacs
elif [ -x /usr/bin/nano ]; then
DEFEDITOR=nano
elif [ -x /usr/contrib/bin/jove ]; then
DEFEDITOR=jove
elif [ -x /usr/local/bin/jove ]; then
DEFEDITOR=jove
elif [ -x /usr/bin/vi ]; then
DEFEDITOR=vi
else
echo "$0: No default editor found: attempting to use vi" >&2
DEFEDITOR=vi
fi
fi
: ${EDITOR=$DEFEDITOR}
: ${USER=${LOGNAME-`whoami`}}
trap 'rm -rf "$TEMPDIR"; exit 1' 1 2 3 13 15
trap 'rm -rf "$TEMPDIR"' 0
UN=
if (uname) >/dev/null 2>&1; then
UN=`uname -a`
fi
if [ -f /usr/lib/sendmail ] ; then
RMAIL="/usr/lib/sendmail"
SMARGS="-i -t"
elif [ -f /usr/sbin/sendmail ] ; then
RMAIL="/usr/sbin/sendmail"
SMARGS="-i -t"
else
RMAIL=rmail
SMARGS="$BUGADDR"
fi
INITIAL_SUBJECT='[50 character or so descriptive subject here (for reference)]'
cat > "$TEMPFILE1" <<EOF
From: ${USER}
To: ${BUGADDR}
Subject: ${INITIAL_SUBJECT}
Configuration Information [Automatically generated, do not change]:
Machine: $MACHINE
OS: $OS
Compiler: $CC
Compilation CFLAGS: $CFLAGS
uname output: $UN
Machine Type: $MACHTYPE
Bash Version: $RELEASE
Patch Level: $PATCHLEVEL
Release Status: $RELSTATUS
Description:
[Detailed description of the problem, suggestion, or complaint.]
Repeat-By:
[Describe the sequence of events that causes the problem
to occur.]
Fix:
[Description of how to fix the problem. If you don't know a
fix for the problem, don't include this section.]
EOF
cp "$TEMPFILE1" "$TEMPFILE2"
chmod u+w "$TEMPFILE1"
trap '' 2 # ignore interrupts while in editor
edstat=1
while [ $edstat -ne 0 ]; do
$EDITOR "$TEMPFILE1"
edstat=$?
if [ $edstat -ne 0 ]; then
echo "$0: editor \`$EDITOR' exited with nonzero status."
echo "$0: Perhaps it was interrupted."
echo "$0: Type \`y' to give up, and lose your bug report;"
echo "$0: type \`n' to re-enter the editor."
echo $n "$0: Do you want to give up? $c"
read ans
case "$ans" in
[Yy]*) exit 1 ;;
esac
continue
fi
# find the subject from the temp file and see if it's been changed
CURR_SUB=`grep '^Subject: ' "$TEMPFILE1" | sed 's|^Subject:[ ]*||' | sed 1q`
case "$CURR_SUB" in
"${INITIAL_SUBJECT}")
echo
echo "$0: You have not changed the subject from the default."
echo "$0: Please use a more descriptive subject header."
echo "$0: Type \`y' to give up, and lose your bug report;"
echo "$0: type \`n' to re-enter the editor."
echo $n "$0: Do you want to give up? $c"
read ans
case "$ans" in
[Yy]*) exit 1 ;;
esac
echo "$0: The editor will be restarted in five seconds."
sleep 5
edstat=1
;;
esac
done
trap 'rm -rf "$TEMPDIR"; exit 1' 2 # restore trap on SIGINT
if cmp -s "$TEMPFILE1" "$TEMPFILE2"
then
echo "File not changed, no bug report submitted."
exit
fi
echo $n "Send bug report to ${BUGADDR}? [y/n] $c"
read ans
case "$ans" in
[Nn]*) exit 0 ;;
esac
${RMAIL} $SMARGS < "$TEMPFILE1" || {
cat "$TEMPFILE1" >> $HOME/dead.bashbug
echo "$0: mail to ${BUGADDR} failed: report saved in $HOME/dead.bashbug" >&2
echo "$0: please send it manually to ${BUGADDR}" >&2
}
exit 0
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