Efektivitas Strategi Ta’bir Mushawwar dalam Pembelajaran Bahasa Arab di Madrasah Ibtidaiyah

  • Nuur Mahmudah Universitas Islam Negeri Antasari Banjarmasin
  • Khairunnisa Universitas Islam Negeri Antasari Banjarmasin
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37850/ibtida'.v5i2.817
Keywords: Arabic; speaking skill; ta’bir mushawwar

Abstract

Speaking proficiency is one of the main skills in Arabic language learning, but fourth grade students of MI TPI Keramat face difficulties in assembling mufradat and practicing active conversation, mainly due to the lack of varied learning strategies. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of the ta'bir mushawwar strategy, which uses picture as a media to facilitate students in constructing sentences and telling stories, in improving Arabic speaking skills. With a quantitative approach and pre-experiment design, this study involved 18 students of class IV-C. Data were collected through tests, observations, and interviews, then analyzed descriptively and N-Gain test. The posttest average was 83.06 (very good category) with 88.9% completeness, and the N-Gain score was 0.6398 which showed effectiveness in the medium category. The ta'bir mushawwar strategy offers a solution in the form of a visual and hands-on learning approach that can significantly improve students' speaking skills and make learning more interesting and interactive.

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#!/bin/sh

set -eu

usage()
{
	cat << EOF

Usage: unmkinitramfs [-v] initramfs-file directory

Options:
  -v   Display verbose messages about extraction

See unmkinitramfs(8) for further details.

EOF
}

usage_error()
{
	usage >&2
	exit 2
}

# Extract a compressed cpio archive
xcpio()
{
	archive="$1"
	dir="$2"
	shift 2

	if gzip -t "$archive" >/dev/null 2>&1 ; then
		gzip -c -d "$archive"
	elif zstd -q -c -t "$archive" >/dev/null 2>&1 ; then
		zstd -q -c -d "$archive"
	elif xzcat -t "$archive" >/dev/null 2>&1 ; then
		xzcat "$archive"
	elif lz4cat -t < "$archive" >/dev/null 2>&1 ; then
		lz4cat "$archive"
	elif bzip2 -t "$archive" >/dev/null 2>&1 ; then
		bzip2 -c -d "$archive"
	elif lzop -t "$archive" >/dev/null 2>&1 ; then
		lzop -c -d "$archive"
	# Ignoring other data, which may be garbage at the end of the file
	fi | (
		if [ -n "$dir" ]; then
			mkdir -p -- "$dir"
			cd -- "$dir"
		fi
		cpio "$@"
	)
}

# Read bytes out of a file, checking that they are valid hex digits
readhex()
{
	dd < "$1" bs=1 skip="$2" count="$3" 2> /dev/null | \
		LANG=C grep -E "^[0-9A-Fa-f]{$3}\$"
}

# Check for a zero byte in a file
checkzero()
{
	dd < "$1" bs=1 skip="$2" count=1 2> /dev/null | \
		LANG=C grep -q -z '^$'
}

# Split an initramfs into archives and call xcpio on each
splitinitramfs()
{
	initramfs="$1"
	dir="$2"
	shift 2

	count=0
	start=0
	while true; do
		# There may be prepended uncompressed archives.  cpio
		# won't tell us the true size of these so we have to
		# parse the headers and padding ourselves.  This is
		# very roughly based on linux/lib/earlycpio.c
		end=$start
		while true; do
			if checkzero "$initramfs" $end; then
				# This is the EOF marker.  There might
				# be more zero padding before the next
				# archive, so read through all of it.
				end=$((end + 4))
				while checkzero "$initramfs" $end; do
					end=$((end + 4))
				done
				break
			fi
			magic="$(readhex "$initramfs" $end 6)" || break
			test "$magic" = 070701 || test "$magic" = 070702 || break
			namesize=0x$(readhex "$initramfs" $((end + 94)) 8)
			filesize=0x$(readhex "$initramfs" $((end + 54)) 8)
			end=$(((end + 110)))
			end=$(((end + namesize + 3) & ~3))
			end=$(((end + filesize + 3) & ~3))
		done
		if [ $end -eq $start ]; then
			break
		fi

		# Extract to early, early2, ... subdirectories
		count=$((count + 1))
		if [ $count -eq 1 ]; then
			subdir=early
		else
			subdir=early$count
		fi
		dd < "$initramfs" skip=$start count=$((end - start)) iflag=skip_bytes 2> /dev/null |
		(
			if [ -n "$dir" ]; then
				mkdir -p -- "$dir/$subdir"
				cd -- "$dir/$subdir"
			fi
			cpio -i "$@"
		)
		start=$end
	done

	if [ $end -gt 0 ]; then
		# Extract to main subdirectory
		subarchive=$(mktemp "${TMPDIR:-/var/tmp}/unmkinitramfs_XXXXXX")
		trap 'rm -f "$subarchive"' EXIT
		dd < "$initramfs" skip=$end iflag=skip_bytes 2> /dev/null \
			> "$subarchive"
		xcpio "$subarchive" "${dir:+$dir/main}" -i "$@"
	else
		# Don't use subdirectories (for backward compatibility)
		xcpio "$initramfs" "$dir" -i "$@"
	fi
}

OPTIONS=$(getopt -o hv --long help,list,verbose -n "$0" -- "$@") || usage_error

cpio_opts="--preserve-modification-time --no-absolute-filenames --quiet"
expected_args=2
eval set -- "$OPTIONS"

while true; do
	case "$1" in
        -h|--help)
		usage
		exit 0
	;;
	--list)
		# For lsinitramfs
		cpio_opts="${cpio_opts:+${cpio_opts} --list}"
		expected_args=1
		shift
	;;
	-v|--verbose)
		cpio_opts="${cpio_opts:+${cpio_opts} --verbose}"
		shift
	;;
	--)
		shift
		break
	;;
	*)
		echo "Internal error!" >&2
		exit 1
	esac
done

if [ $# -ne $expected_args ]; then
	usage_error
fi

# shellcheck disable=SC2086
splitinitramfs "$1" "${2:-}" $cpio_opts

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