Efektivitas Strategi Ta’bir Mushawwar dalam Pembelajaran Bahasa Arab di Madrasah Ibtidaiyah
Abstract
Speaking proficiency is one of the main skills in Arabic language learning, but fourth grade students of MI TPI Keramat face difficulties in assembling mufradat and practicing active conversation, mainly due to the lack of varied learning strategies. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of the ta'bir mushawwar strategy, which uses picture as a media to facilitate students in constructing sentences and telling stories, in improving Arabic speaking skills. With a quantitative approach and pre-experiment design, this study involved 18 students of class IV-C. Data were collected through tests, observations, and interviews, then analyzed descriptively and N-Gain test. The posttest average was 83.06 (very good category) with 88.9% completeness, and the N-Gain score was 0.6398 which showed effectiveness in the medium category. The ta'bir mushawwar strategy offers a solution in the form of a visual and hands-on learning approach that can significantly improve students' speaking skills and make learning more interesting and interactive.
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#!/bin/bash
# script to migrate fully from pubring.gpg to pubring.kbx
# Author: Daniel Kahn Gillmor <dkg@fifthhorseman.net>
# Date: 2016-04-01
# License: GPLv3+
# This was written for the Debian project
set -e
GPG="${GPG:-gpg}"
# select the default GnuPG home directory to work from:
GHD=${GNUPGHOME:-${HOME:-$(getent passwd "$(id -u)" | cut -f6 -d:)}/.gnupg}
# Check that this is gnupg 2.1 or 2.2:
VERSION=$("$GPG" --version | head -n1 | cut -f3 -d\ | cut -f1,2 -d.)
if [ "$VERSION" != 2.1 ] && [ "$VERSION" != 2.2 ] ; then
printf '%s is version %s not version 2.1 or 2.2, this script might be wrong\n' "$GPG" "$VERSION" >&2
exit 1
fi
usage() {
printf 'Usage: %s [GPGHOMEDIR|--default]
\tMigrate public keyring in GPGHOMEDIR from "classic" to "modern" GnuPG
\tusing %s version %s.
\t--default migrates the GnuPG home directory at "%s"
' "$0" "$GPG" "$VERSION" "$GHD"
}
if [ -z "$1" ]; then
usage >&2
exit 1
else
case "$1" in
--help|--usage|-h)
usage
exit
;;
--default)
;;
*)
GHD="$1"
;;
esac
fi
GPG=("$GPG" --homedir "$GHD" --batch)
# ensure that there is a pubring.gpg to migrate:
if ! [ -f "$GHD/pubring.gpg" ]; then
printf 'There is no %s/pubring.gpg, no need to migrate\n' "$GHD" >&2
exit
fi
if ! [ -s "$GHD/pubring.gpg" ]; then
mv -- "$GHD/pubring.gpg" "$GHD/pubring.gpg.empty"
printf '%s/pubring.gpg was empty (and has been moved out of the way), no need to migrate\n' "$GHD" >&2
exit
fi
BACKUP="$(mktemp -d "$GHD/migrate-from-classic-backup.$(date +%F).XXXXXX")"
printf 'Migrating from:\n%s\n[Backing up to %s]\n' "$(ls -l "$GHD/pubring.gpg")" "$BACKUP" >&2
"${GPG[@]}" --export-ownertrust > "$BACKUP/ownertrust.txt"
mv "$GHD/pubring.gpg" "$BACKUP/"
revert() {
printf >&2 'Restoring pubring.gpg...\n'
cp "$BACKUP/pubring.gpg" "$GHD/pubring.gpg"
}
trap revert EXIT
if ! "${GPG[@]}" --status-file "$BACKUP/import-status" --import-options import-local-sigs,keep-ownertrust,repair-pks-subkey-bug --import < "$BACKUP/pubring.gpg" ; then
cat >&2 <<EOF
Keyring import was not completely successful (see error message above,
and the LIMITATIONS section of migrate-pubring-from-classic-gpg(1) for
more details).
If you suspect a bug in the migration script, please use:
reportbug gnupg-utils --subject='migrate-pubring-from-classic-gpg partial failure'
And include the above output (redacted for privacy as needed) in the
body of the report.
Continuing with the rest of the migration anyway...
EOF
fi
"${GPG[@]}" --import-ownertrust < "$BACKUP/ownertrust.txt"
"${GPG[@]}" --check-trustdb
if ! [ -f "$GHD/pubring.kbx" ]; then
cat >&2 <<EOF
No keybox was created at $GHD/pubring.kbx. Something went wrong!
Please report a bug in the migration script, using:
reportbug gnupg-utils --subject='migrate-pubring-from-classic-gpg no pubring.kbx ($BACKUP)'
EOF
exit 1
fi
trap - EXIT
printf 'Migration completed successfully:\n%s\n' "$(ls -l "$GHD/pubring.kbx")" >&2
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