Efektivitas Strategi Ta’bir Mushawwar dalam  Pembelajaran Bahasa Arab di Madrasah Ibtidaiyah

Nuur Mahmudah; Khairunnisa
doi:10.37850/ibtida'.v5i2.817
Nuur Mahmudah Universitas Islam Negeri Antasari Banjarmasin
Khairunnisa Universitas Islam Negeri Antasari Banjarmasin
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37850/ibtida'.v5i2.817
Keywords: Arabic; speaking skill; ta’bir mushawwar
Abstract

Speaking proficiency is one of the main skills in Arabic language learning, but fourth grade students of MI TPI Keramat face difficulties in assembling mufradat and practicing active conversation, mainly due to the lack of varied learning strategies. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of the ta'bir mushawwar strategy, which uses picture as a media to facilitate students in constructing sentences and telling stories, in improving Arabic speaking skills. With a quantitative approach and pre-experiment design, this study involved 18 students of class IV-C. Data were collected through tests, observations, and interviews, then analyzed descriptively and N-Gain test. The posttest average was 83.06 (very good category) with 88.9% completeness, and the N-Gain score was 0.6398 which showed effectiveness in the medium category. The ta'bir mushawwar strategy offers a solution in the form of a visual and hands-on learning approach that can significantly improve students' speaking skills and make learning more interesting and interactive.
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#!/bin/sh
#    Copyright (C) 2011 Canonical Ltd.
#    Copyright (C) 2013 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P.
#
#    Authors: Scott Moser <smoser@canonical.com>
#             Juerg Haefliger <juerg.haefliger@hp.com>
#
#    This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
#    it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
#    the Free Software Foundation, version 3 of the License.
#
#    This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
#    but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
#    MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
#    GNU General Public License for more details.
#
#    You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
#    along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.

# the fudge factor. if within this many bytes dont bother
FUDGE=${GROWPART_FUDGE:-$((1024*1024))}
TEMP_D=""
RESTORE_FUNC=""
RESTORE_HUMAN=""
VERBOSITY=0
DISK=""
PART=""
PT_UPDATE=false
DRY_RUN=0

SFDISK_VERSION=""
SFDISK_2_26="22600"
SFDISK_V_WORKING_GPT="22603"
MBR_BACKUP=""
GPT_BACKUP=""
_capture=""

error() {
	echo "$@" 1>&2
}

fail() {
	[ $# -eq 0 ] || echo "FAILED:" "$@"
	exit 2
}

nochange() {
	echo "NOCHANGE:" "$@"
	exit 1
}

changed() {
	echo "CHANGED:" "$@"
	exit 0
}

change() {
	echo "CHANGE:" "$@"
	exit 0
}

cleanup() {
	if [ -n "${RESTORE_FUNC}" ]; then
		error "***** WARNING: Resize failed, attempting to revert ******"
		if ${RESTORE_FUNC} ; then
			error "***** Restore appears to have gone OK ****"
		else
			error "***** Restore FAILED! ******"
			if [ -n "${RESTORE_HUMAN}" -a -f "${RESTORE_HUMAN}" ]; then
				error "**** original table looked like: ****"
				cat "${RESTORE_HUMAN}" 1>&2
			else
				error "We seem to have not saved the partition table!"
			fi
		fi
	fi
	[ -z "${TEMP_D}" -o ! -d "${TEMP_D}" ] || rm -Rf "${TEMP_D}"
}

debug() {
	local level=${1}
	shift
	[ "${level}" -gt "${VERBOSITY}" ] && return
	if [ "${DEBUG_LOG}" ]; then
		echo "$@" >>"${DEBUG_LOG}"
	else
		error "$@"
	fi
}

debugcat() {
	local level="$1"
	shift;
	[ "${level}" -gt "$VERBOSITY" ] && return
	if [ "${DEBUG_LOG}" ]; then
		cat "$@" >>"${DEBUG_LOG}"
	else
		cat "$@" 1>&2
	fi
}

mktemp_d() {
	# just a mktemp -d that doens't need mktemp if its not there.
	_RET=$(mktemp -d "${TMPDIR:-/tmp}/${0##*/}.XXXXXX" 2>/dev/null) &&
		return
	_RET=$(umask 077 && t="${TMPDIR:-/tmp}/${0##*/}.$$" &&
		mkdir "${t}" &&	echo "${t}")
	return
}

Usage() {
	cat <<EOF
${0##*/} disk partition
   rewrite partition table so that partition takes up all the space it can
   options:
    -h | --help       print Usage and exit
         --fudge F    if part could be resized, but change would be
                      less than 'F' bytes, do not resize (default: ${FUDGE})
    -N | --dry-run    only report what would be done, show new 'sfdisk -d'
    -v | --verbose    increase verbosity / debug
    -u | --update  R  update the the kernel partition table info after growing
                      this requires kernel support and 'partx --update'
                      R is one of:
                       - 'auto'  : [default] update partition if possible
                       - 'force' : try despite sanity checks (fail on failure)
                       - 'off'   : do not attempt
                       - 'on'    : fail if sanity checks indicate no support

   Example:
    - ${0##*/} /dev/sda 1
      Resize partition 1 on /dev/sda
EOF
}

bad_Usage() {
	Usage 1>&2
	error "$@"
	exit 2
}

sfdisk_restore_legacy() {
	sfdisk --no-reread "${DISK}" -I "${MBR_BACKUP}"
}

sfdisk_restore() {
	# files are named: sfdisk-<device>-<offset>.bak
	local f="" offset="" fails=0
	for f in "${MBR_BACKUP}"*.bak; do
		[ -f "$f" ] || continue
		offset=${f##*-}
		offset=${offset%.bak}
		[ "$offset" = "$f" ] && {
			error "WARN: confused by file $f";
			continue;
		}
		dd "if=$f" "of=${DISK}" seek=$(($offset)) bs=1 conv=notrunc ||
			{ error "WARN: failed restore from $f"; fails=$(($fails+1)); }
	done
	return $fails
}

sfdisk_worked_but_blkrrpart_failed() {
	local ret="$1" output="$2"
	# exit code found was just 1, but dont insist on that
	#[ $ret -eq 1 ] || return 1
	# Successfully wrote the new partition table
	if grep -qi "Success.* wrote.* new.* partition" "$output"; then
		grep -qi "BLKRRPART: Device or resource busy" "$output"
		return
	# The partition table has been altered.
	elif grep -qi "The.* part.* table.* has.* been.* altered" "$output"; then
		# Re-reading the partition table failed
		grep -qi "Re-reading.* partition.* table.* failed" "$output"
		return
	fi
	return $ret
}

get_sfdisk_version() {
	# set SFDISK_VERSION to MAJOR*10000+MINOR*100+MICRO
	local out oifs="$IFS" ver=""
	[ -n "$SFDISK_VERSION" ] && return 0
	# expected output: sfdisk from util-linux 2.25.2
	out=$(sfdisk --version) ||
		{ error "failed to get sfdisk version"; return 1; }
	set -- $out
	ver=$4
	case "$ver" in
		[0-9]*.[0-9]*.[0-9]|[0-9].[0-9]*)
			IFS="."; set -- $ver; IFS="$oifs"
			SFDISK_VERSION=$(($1*10000+$2*100+${3:-0}))
			return 0;;
		*) error "unexpected output in sfdisk --version [$out]"
			return 1;;
	esac
}

resize_sfdisk() {
	local humanpt="${TEMP_D}/recovery"
	local mbr_backup="${TEMP_D}/orig.save"
	local restore_func=""
	local format="$1"

	local change_out=${TEMP_D}/change.out
	local dump_out=${TEMP_D}/dump.out
	local new_out=${TEMP_D}/new.out
	local dump_mod=${TEMP_D}/dump.mod
	local tmp="${TEMP_D}/tmp.out"
	local err="${TEMP_D}/err.out"
	local mbr_max_512="4294967296"

	local pt_start pt_size pt_end max_end new_size change_info dpart
	local sector_num sector_size disk_size tot out

	rqe sfd_list sfdisk --list --unit=S "$DISK" >"$tmp" ||
		fail "failed: sfdisk --list $DISK"
	if [ "${SFDISK_VERSION}" -lt ${SFDISK_2_26} ]; then
		# exected output contains: Units: sectors of 512 bytes, ...
		out=$(awk '$1 == "Units:" && $5 ~ /bytes/ { print $4 }' "$tmp") ||
			fail "failed to read sfdisk output"
		if [ -z "$out" ]; then
			error "WARN: sector size not found in sfdisk output, assuming 512"
			sector_size=512
		else
			sector_size="$out"
		fi
		local _w _cyl _w1 _heads _w2 sectors _w3 t s
		# show-size is in units of 1024 bytes (same as /proc/partitions)
		t=$(sfdisk --show-size "${DISK}") ||
			fail "failed: sfdisk --show-size $DISK"
		disk_size=$((t*1024))
		sector_num=$(($disk_size/$sector_size))
		msg="disk size '$disk_size' not evenly div by sector size '$sector_size'"
		[ "$((${disk_size}%${sector_size}))" -eq 0 ] ||
			error "WARN: $msg"
		restore_func=sfdisk_restore_legacy
	else
		# --list first line output:
		# Disk /dev/vda: 20 GiB, 21474836480 bytes, 41943040 sectors
		local _x
		read _x _x _x _x disk_size _x sector_num _x  < "$tmp"
		sector_size=$((disk_size/$sector_num))
		restore_func=sfdisk_restore
	fi

	debug 1 "$sector_num sectors of $sector_size. total size=${disk_size} bytes"

	rqe sfd_dump sfdisk --unit=S --dump "${DISK}" >"${dump_out}" ||
		fail "failed to dump sfdisk info for ${DISK}"
	RESTORE_HUMAN="$dump_out"

	{
		echo "## sfdisk --unit=S --dump ${DISK}"
		cat "${dump_out}"
	}  >"$humanpt"

	[ $? -eq 0 ] || fail "failed to save sfdisk -d output"
	RESTORE_HUMAN="$humanpt"

	debugcat 1 "$humanpt"

	sed -e 's/,//g; s/start=/start /; s/size=/size /' "${dump_out}" \
		>"${dump_mod}" ||
		fail "sed failed on dump output"

	dpart="${DISK}${PART}" # disk and partition number
	if [ -b "${DISK}p${PART}" -a "${DISK%[0-9]}" != "${DISK}" ]; then
		# for block devices that end in a number (/dev/nbd0)
		# the partition is "<name>p<partition_number>" (/dev/nbd0p1)
		dpart="${DISK}p${PART}"
	elif [ "${DISK#/dev/loop[0-9]}" != "${DISK}" ]; then
		# for /dev/loop devices, sfdisk output will be <name>p<number>
		# format also, even though there is not a device there.
		dpart="${DISK}p${PART}"
	fi

	pt_start=$(awk '$1 == pt { print $4 }' "pt=${dpart}" <"${dump_mod}") &&
		pt_size=$(awk '$1 == pt { print $6 }' "pt=${dpart}" <"${dump_mod}") &&
		[ -n "${pt_start}" -a -n "${pt_size}" ] &&
		pt_end=$((${pt_size}+${pt_start})) ||
		fail "failed to get start and end for ${dpart} in ${DISK}"

	# find the minimal starting location that is >= pt_end
	max_end=$(awk '$3 == "start" { if($4 >= pt_end && $4 < min)
		{ min = $4 } } END { printf("%s\n",min); }' \
		min=${sector_num} pt_end=${pt_end} "${dump_mod}") &&
		[ -n "${max_end}" ] ||
		fail "failed to get max_end for partition ${PART}"

	if [ "$format" = "gpt" ]; then
		# sfdisk respects 'last-lba' in input, and complains about
		# partitions that go past that.  without it, it does the right thing.
		sed -i '/^last-lba:/d' "$dump_out" ||
			fail "failed to remove last-lba from output"
	fi
	if [ "$format" = "dos" ]; then
		mbr_max_sectors=$((mbr_max_512*$((sector_size/512))))
		if [ "$max_end" -gt "$mbr_max_sectors" ]; then
			max_end=$mbr_max_sectors
		fi
		[ $(($disk_size/512)) -gt $mbr_max_512 ] &&
			debug 0 "WARNING: MBR/dos partitioned disk is larger than 2TB." \
				"Additional space will go unused."
	fi

	local gpt_second_size="33"
	if [ "${max_end}" -gt "$((${sector_num}-${gpt_second_size}))" ]; then
		# if mbr allow subsequent conversion to gpt without shrinking the
		# partition.  safety net at cost of 33 sectors, seems reasonable.
		# if gpt, we can't write there anyway.
		debug 1 "padding ${gpt_second_size} sectors for gpt secondary header"
		max_end=$((${sector_num}-${gpt_second_size}))
	fi

	debug 1 "max_end=${max_end} tot=${sector_num} pt_end=${pt_end}" \
		"pt_start=${pt_start} pt_size=${pt_size}"
	[ $((${pt_end})) -eq ${max_end} ] &&
		nochange "partition ${PART} is size ${pt_size}. it cannot be grown"
	[ $((${pt_end}+(${FUDGE}/$sector_size))) -gt ${max_end} ] &&
		nochange "partition ${PART} could only be grown by" \
		"$((${max_end}-${pt_end})) [fudge=$((${FUDGE}/$sector_size))]"

	# now, change the size for this partition in ${dump_out} to be the
	# new size
	new_size=$((${max_end}-${pt_start}))
	sed "\|^\s*${dpart} |s/\(.*\)${pt_size},/\1${new_size},/" "${dump_out}" \
		>"${new_out}" ||
		fail "failed to change size in output"

	change_info="partition=${PART} start=${pt_start}"
	change_info="${change_info} old: size=${pt_size} end=${pt_end}"
	change_info="${change_info} new: size=${new_size} end=${max_end}"
	if [ ${DRY_RUN} -ne 0 ]; then
		echo "CHANGE: ${change_info}"
		{
			echo "# === old sfdisk -d ==="
			cat "${dump_out}"
			echo "# === new sfdisk -d ==="
			cat "${new_out}"
		} 1>&2
		exit 0
	fi

	MBR_BACKUP="${mbr_backup}"
	LANG=C sfdisk --no-reread "${DISK}" --force \
		-O "${mbr_backup}" <"${new_out}" >"${change_out}" 2>&1
	ret=$?
	[ $ret -eq 0 ] || RESTORE_FUNC="${restore_func}"

	if [ $ret -eq 0 ]; then
		debug 1 "resize of ${DISK} returned 0."
		if [ $VERBOSITY -gt 2 ]; then
			sed 's,^,| ,' "${change_out}" 1>&2
		fi
	elif $PT_UPDATE &&
		sfdisk_worked_but_blkrrpart_failed "$ret" "${change_out}"; then
		# if the command failed, but it looks like only because
		# the device was busy and we have pt_update, then go on
		debug 1 "sfdisk failed, but likely only because of blkrrpart"
	else
		error "attempt to resize ${DISK} failed. sfdisk output below:"
		sed 's,^,| ,' "${change_out}" 1>&2
		fail "failed to resize"
	fi

	rq pt_update pt_update "$DISK" "$PART" ||
		fail "pt_resize failed"

	RESTORE_FUNC=""

	changed "${change_info}"

	# dump_out looks something like:
	## partition table of /tmp/out.img
	#unit: sectors
	#
	#/tmp/out.img1 : start=        1, size=    48194, Id=83
	#/tmp/out.img2 : start=    48195, size=   963900, Id=83
	#/tmp/out.img3 : start=  1012095, size=   305235, Id=82
	#/tmp/out.img4 : start=  1317330, size=   771120, Id= 5
	#/tmp/out.img5 : start=  1317331, size=   642599, Id=83
	#/tmp/out.img6 : start=  1959931, size=    48194, Id=83
	#/tmp/out.img7 : start=  2008126, size=    80324, Id=83
}

gpt_restore() {
	sgdisk -l "${GPT_BACKUP}" "${DISK}"
}

resize_sgdisk() {
	GPT_BACKUP="${TEMP_D}/pt.backup"

	local pt_info="${TEMP_D}/pt.info"
	local pt_pretend="${TEMP_D}/pt.pretend"
	local pt_data="${TEMP_D}/pt.data"
	local out="${TEMP_D}/out"

	local dev="disk=${DISK} partition=${PART}"

	local pt_start pt_end pt_size last pt_max code guid name new_size
	local old new change_info sector_size

	# Dump the original partition information and details to disk. This is
	# used in case something goes wrong and human interaction is required
	# to revert any changes.
	rqe sgd_info sgdisk "--info=${PART}" --print "${DISK}" >"${pt_info}" ||
		fail "${dev}: failed to dump original sgdisk info"
	RESTORE_HUMAN="${pt_info}"

	sector_size=$(awk '$0 ~ /^Logical sector size:.*bytes/ { print $4 }' \
		"$pt_info") && [ -n "$sector_size" ] || {
		sector_size=512
		error "WARN: did not find sector size, assuming 512"
	}

	debug 1 "$dev: original sgdisk info:"
	debugcat 1 "${pt_info}"

	# Pretend to move the backup GPT header to the end of the disk and dump
	# the resulting partition information. We use this info to determine if
	# we have to resize the partition.
	rqe sgd_pretend sgdisk --pretend --move-second-header \
		--print "${DISK}" >"${pt_pretend}" ||
		fail "${dev}: failed to dump pretend sgdisk info"

	debug 1 "$dev: pretend sgdisk info"
	debugcat 1 "${pt_pretend}"

	# Extract the partition data from the pretend dump
	awk 'found { print } ; $1 == "Number" { found = 1 }' \
		"${pt_pretend}" >"${pt_data}" ||
		fail "${dev}: failed to parse pretend sgdisk info"

	# Get the start and end sectors of the partition to be grown
	pt_start=$(awk '$1 == '"${PART}"' { print $2 }' "${pt_data}") &&
		[ -n "${pt_start}" ] ||
		fail "${dev}: failed to get start sector"
	pt_end=$(awk '$1 == '"${PART}"' { print $3 }' "${pt_data}") &&
		[ -n "${pt_end}" ] ||
		fail "${dev}: failed to get end sector"
	# sgdisk start and end are inclusive.  start 2048 length 10 ends at 2057.
	pt_end=$((pt_end+1))
	pt_size="$((${pt_end} - ${pt_start}))"

	# Get the last usable sector
	last=$(awk '/last usable sector is/ { print $NF }' \
		"${pt_pretend}") && [ -n "${last}" ] ||
		fail "${dev}: failed to get last usable sector"

	# Find the minimal start sector that is >= pt_end
	pt_max=$(awk '{ if ($2 >= pt_end && $2 < min) { min = $2 } } END \
		{ print min }' min="${last}" pt_end="${pt_end}" \
		"${pt_data}") && [ -n "${pt_max}" ] ||
		fail "${dev}: failed to find max end sector"

	debug 1 "${dev}: pt_start=${pt_start} pt_end=${pt_end}" \
		"pt_size=${pt_size} pt_max=${pt_max} last=${last}"

	# Check if the partition can be grown
	[ "${pt_end}" -eq "${pt_max}" ] &&
		nochange "${dev}: size=${pt_size}, it cannot be grown"
	[ "$((${pt_end} + ${FUDGE}/${sector_size}))" -gt "${pt_max}" ] &&
		nochange "${dev}: could only be grown by" \
		"$((${pt_max} - ${pt_end})) [fudge=$((${FUDGE}/$sector_size))]"

	# The partition can be grown if we made it here. Get some more info
	# about it so we can do it properly.
	# FIXME: Do we care about the attribute flags?
	code=$(awk '/^Partition GUID code:/ { print $4 }' "${pt_info}")
	guid=$(awk '/^Partition unique GUID:/ { print $4 }' "${pt_info}")
	name=$(awk '/^Partition name:/ { gsub(/'"'"'/, "") ; \
		if (NF >= 3) print substr($0, index($0, $3)) }' "${pt_info}")
	[ -n "${code}" -a -n "${guid}" ] ||
		fail "${dev}: failed to parse sgdisk details"

	debug 1 "${dev}: code=${code} guid=${guid} name='${name}'"
	local wouldrun=""
	[ "$DRY_RUN" -ne 0 ] && wouldrun="would-run"

	# Calculate the new size of the partition
	new_size=$((${pt_max} - ${pt_start}))
	change_info="partition=${PART} start=${pt_start}"
	change_info="${change_info} old: size=${pt_size} end=${pt_end}"
	change_info="${change_info} new: size=${new_size} end=${pt_max}"

	# Backup the current partition table, we're about to modify it
	rq sgd_backup $wouldrun sgdisk "--backup=${GPT_BACKUP}" "${DISK}" ||
		fail "${dev}: failed to backup the partition table"

	# Modify the partition table. We do it all in one go (the order is
	# important!):
	#  - move the GPT backup header to the end of the disk
	#  - delete the partition
	#  - recreate the partition with the new size
	#  - set the partition code
	#  - set the partition GUID
	#  - set the partition name
	rq sgdisk_mod $wouldrun sgdisk --move-second-header "--delete=${PART}" \
		"--new=${PART}:${pt_start}:$((pt_max-1))" \
		"--typecode=${PART}:${code}" \
		"--partition-guid=${PART}:${guid}" \
		"--change-name=${PART}:${name}" "${DISK}" &&
		rq pt_update $wouldrun pt_update "$DISK" "$PART" || {
		RESTORE_FUNC=gpt_restore
		fail "${dev}: failed to repartition"
	}

	# Dry run
	[ "${DRY_RUN}" -ne 0 ] && change "${change_info}"

	changed "${change_info}"
}

kver_to_num() {
	local kver="$1" maj="" min="" mic="0"
	kver=${kver%%-*}
	maj=${kver%%.*}
	min=${kver#${maj}.}
	min=${min%%.*}
	mic=${kver#${maj}.${min}.}
	[ "$kver" = "$mic" ] && mic=0
	_RET=$(($maj*1000*1000+$min*1000+$mic))
}

kver_cmp() {
	local op="$2" n1="" n2=""
	kver_to_num "$1"
	n1="$_RET"
	kver_to_num "$3"
	n2="$_RET"
	[ $n1 $op $n2 ]
}

rq() {
	# runquieterror(label, command)
	# gobble stderr of a command unless it errors
	local label="$1" ret="" efile=""
	efile="$TEMP_D/$label.err"
	shift;

	local rlabel="running"
	[ "$1" = "would-run" ] && rlabel="would-run" && shift

	local cmd="" x=""
	for x in "$@"; do
		[ "${x#* }" != "$x" -o "${x#* \"}" != "$x" ] && x="'$x'"
		cmd="$cmd $x"
	done
	cmd=${cmd# }

	debug 2 "$rlabel[$label][$_capture]" "$cmd"
	[ "$rlabel" = "would-run" ] && return 0

	if [ "${_capture}" = "erronly" ]; then
		"$@" 2>"$TEMP_D/$label.err"
		ret=$?
	else
		"$@" >"$TEMP_D/$label.err" 2>&1
		ret=$?
	fi
	if [ $ret -ne 0 ]; then
		error "failed [$label:$ret]" "$@"
 		cat "$efile" 1>&2
	fi
	return $ret
}

rqe() {
	local _capture="erronly"
	rq "$@"
}

verify_ptupdate() {
	local input="$1" found="" reason="" kver=""

	# we can always satisfy 'off'
	if [ "$input" = "off" ]; then
 		_RET="false";
		return 0;
	fi

	if command -v partx >/dev/null 2>&1; then
		local out="" ret=0
		out=$(partx --help 2>&1)
		ret=$?
		if [ $ret -eq 0 ]; then
			echo "$out" | grep -q -- --update || {
				reason="partx has no '--update' flag in usage."
				found="off"
			}
		else
			reason="'partx --help' returned $ret. assuming it is old."
			found="off"
		fi
	else
		reason="no 'partx' command"
		found="off"
	fi

	if [ -z "$found" ]; then
		if [ "$(uname)" != "Linux" ]; then
			reason="Kernel is not Linux per uname."
			found="off"
		fi
	fi

	if [ -z "$found" ]; then
		kver=$(uname -r) || debug 1 "uname -r failed!"

		if ! kver_cmp "${kver-0.0.0}" -ge 3.8.0; then
			reason="Kernel '$kver' < 3.8.0."
			found="off"
		fi
	fi

	if [ -z "$found" ]; then
		_RET="true"
		return 0
	fi

	case "$input" in
		on) error "$reason"; return 1;;
		auto)
			_RET="false";
			debug 1 "partition update disabled: $reason"
			return 0;;
		force)
			_RET="true"
			error "WARNING: ptupdate forced on even though: $reason"
			return 0;;
	esac
	error "unknown input '$input'";
	return 1;
}

pt_update() {
	local dev="$1" part="$2" update="${3:-$PT_UPDATE}"
	if ! $update; then
		return 0
	fi
	# partx only works on block devices (do not run on file)
	[ -b "$dev" ] || return 0
	partx --update --nr "$part" "$dev"
}

has_cmd() {
	command -v "${1}" >/dev/null 2>&1
}

resize_sgdisk_gpt() {
	resize_sgdisk gpt
}

resize_sgdisk_dos() {
	fail "unable to resize dos label with sgdisk"
}

resize_sfdisk_gpt() {
	resize_sfdisk gpt
}

resize_sfdisk_dos() {
	resize_sfdisk dos
}

get_table_format() {
	local out="" disk="$1"
	if has_cmd blkid && out=$(blkid -o value -s PTTYPE "$disk") &&
		[ "$out" = "dos" -o "$out" = "gpt" ]; then
		_RET="$out"
		return
	fi
	_RET="dos"
	if [ ${SFDISK_VERSION} -lt ${SFDISK_2_26} ] &&
		out=$(sfdisk --id --force "$disk" 1 2>/dev/null); then
		if [ "$out" = "ee" ]; then
			_RET="gpt"
		else
			_RET="dos"
		fi
		return
	elif out=$(LANG=C sfdisk --list "$disk"); then
		out=$(echo "$out" | sed -e '/Disklabel type/!d' -e 's/.*: //')
		case "$out" in
			gpt|dos) _RET="$out";;
			*) error "WARN: unknown label $out";;
		esac
	fi
}

get_resizer() {
	local format="$1" user=${2:-"auto"}

	case "$user" in
		sgdisk) _RET="resize_sgdisk_$format"; return;;
		sfdisk) _RET="resize_sfdisk_$format"; return;;
		auto) :;;
		*) error "unexpected input: '$user'";;
	esac

	if [ "$format" = "dos" ]; then
		_RET="resize_sfdisk_dos"
		return 0
	fi

	if [ "${SFDISK_VERSION}" -ge ${SFDISK_V_WORKING_GPT} ]; then
		# sfdisk 2.26.2 works for resize but loses type (LP: #1474090)
		_RET="resize_sfdisk_gpt"
	elif has_cmd sgdisk; then
		_RET="resize_sgdisk_$format"
	else
		error "no tools available to resize disk with '$format'"
		return 1
	fi
	return 0
}

pt_update="auto"
resizer=${GROWPART_RESIZER:-"auto"}
while [ $# -ne 0 ]; do
	cur=${1}
	next=${2}
	case "$cur" in
		-h|--help)
			Usage
			exit 0
			;;
		--fudge)
			FUDGE=${next}
			shift
			;;
		-N|--dry-run)
			DRY_RUN=1
			;;
		-u|--update|--update=*)
			if [ "${cur#--update=}" != "$cur" ]; then
				next="${cur#--update=}"
			else
				shift
			fi
			case "$next" in
				off|auto|force|on) pt_update=$next;;
				*) fail "unknown --update option: $next";;
			esac
			;;
		-v|--verbose)
			VERBOSITY=$(($VERBOSITY+1))
			;;
		--)
			shift
			break
			;;
		-*)
			fail "unknown option ${cur}"
			;;
		*)
			if [ -z "${DISK}" ]; then
				DISK=${cur}
			else
				[ -z "${PART}" ] || fail "confused by arg ${cur}"
				PART=${cur}
			fi
			;;
	esac
	shift
done

[ -n "${DISK}" ] || bad_Usage "must supply disk and partition-number"
[ -n "${PART}" ] || bad_Usage "must supply partition-number"

has_cmd "sfdisk" || fail "sfdisk not found"
get_sfdisk_version || fail

[ -e "${DISK}" ] || fail "${DISK}: does not exist"

# If $DISK is a symlink, resolve it.
# This avoids problems due to varying partition device name formats
# (e.g. "1" for /dev/sda vs "-part1" for /dev/disk/by-id/name)
if [ -L "${DISK}" ]; then
	has_cmd readlink ||
		fail "${DISK} is a symlink, but 'readlink' command not available."
	real_disk=$(readlink -f "${DISK}") || fail "unable to resolve ${DISK}"
	debug 1 "${DISK} resolved to ${real_disk}"
	DISK=${real_disk}
fi

[ "${PART#*[!0-9]}" = "${PART}" ] || fail "partition-number must be a number"

verify_ptupdate "$pt_update" || fail
PT_UPDATE=$_RET

debug 1 "update-partition set to $PT_UPDATE"

mktemp_d && TEMP_D="${_RET}" || fail "failed to make temp dir"
trap cleanup 0 # EXIT - some shells may not like 'EXIT' but are ok with 0

# get the ID of the first partition to determine if it's MBR or GPT
get_table_format "$DISK" || fail
format=$_RET
get_resizer "$format" "$resizer" ||
	fail "failed to get a resizer for id '$id'"
resizer=$_RET

debug 1 "resizing $PART on $DISK using $resizer"
"$resizer"

# vi: ts=4 noexpandtab
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