Efektivitas Strategi Ta’bir Mushawwar dalam Pembelajaran Bahasa Arab di Madrasah Ibtidaiyah
Keywords:
Arabic; speaking skill; ta’bir mushawwar
Abstract
Speaking proficiency is one of the main skills in Arabic language learning, but fourth grade students of MI TPI Keramat face difficulties in assembling mufradat and practicing active conversation, mainly due to the lack of varied learning strategies. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of the ta'bir mushawwar strategy, which uses picture as a media to facilitate students in constructing sentences and telling stories, in improving Arabic speaking skills. With a quantitative approach and pre-experiment design, this study involved 18 students of class IV-C. Data were collected through tests, observations, and interviews, then analyzed descriptively and N-Gain test. The posttest average was 83.06 (very good category) with 88.9% completeness, and the N-Gain score was 0.6398 which showed effectiveness in the medium category. The ta'bir mushawwar strategy offers a solution in the form of a visual and hands-on learning approach that can significantly improve students' speaking skills and make learning more interesting and interactive.
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#!/usr/bin/perl
# WARNING: do not edit!
# Generated by Makefile from ../tools/c_rehash.in
# Copyright 1999-2022 The OpenSSL Project Authors. All Rights Reserved.
#
# Licensed under the OpenSSL license (the "License"). You may not use
# this file except in compliance with the License. You can obtain a copy
# in the file LICENSE in the source distribution or at
# https://www.openssl.org/source/license.html
# Perl c_rehash script, scan all files in a directory
# and add symbolic links to their hash values.
my $dir = "/usr/lib/ssl";
my $prefix = "/usr";
my $errorcount = 0;
my $openssl = $ENV{OPENSSL} || "openssl";
my $pwd;
my $verbose = 0;
my $symlink_exists=eval {symlink("",""); 1};
my $removelinks = 1;
## Parse flags.
while ( $ARGV[0] =~ /^-/ ) {
my $flag = shift @ARGV;
last if ( $flag eq '--');
if ( $flag eq '-h' || $flag eq '-help' ) {
help();
} elsif ( $flag eq '-n' ) {
$removelinks = 0;
} elsif ( $flag eq '-v' ) {
$verbose++;
}
else {
print STDERR "Usage error; try -h.\n";
exit 1;
}
}
sub help {
print "Usage: c_rehash [-old] [-h] [-help] [-v] [dirs...]\n";
print " -old use old-style digest\n";
print " -h or -help print this help text\n";
print " -v print files removed and linked\n";
exit 0;
}
eval "require Cwd";
if (defined(&Cwd::getcwd)) {
$pwd=Cwd::getcwd();
} else {
$pwd=`pwd`;
chomp($pwd);
}
# DOS/Win32 or Unix delimiter? Prefix our installdir, then search.
my $path_delim = ($pwd =~ /^[a-z]\:/i) ? ';' : ':';
$ENV{PATH} = "$prefix/bin" . ($ENV{PATH} ? $path_delim . $ENV{PATH} : "");
if (! -x $openssl) {
my $found = 0;
foreach (split /$path_delim/, $ENV{PATH}) {
if (-x "$_/$openssl") {
$found = 1;
$openssl = "$_/$openssl";
last;
}
}
if ($found == 0) {
print STDERR "c_rehash: rehashing skipped ('openssl' program not available)\n";
exit 0;
}
}
if (@ARGV) {
@dirlist = @ARGV;
} elsif ($ENV{SSL_CERT_DIR}) {
@dirlist = split /$path_delim/, $ENV{SSL_CERT_DIR};
} else {
$dirlist[0] = "$dir/certs";
}
if (-d $dirlist[0]) {
chdir $dirlist[0];
$openssl="$pwd/$openssl" if (!-x $openssl);
chdir $pwd;
}
foreach (@dirlist) {
if (-d $_ ) {
if ( -w $_) {
hash_dir($_);
} else {
print "Skipping $_, can't write\n";
$errorcount++;
}
}
}
exit($errorcount);
sub copy_file {
my ($src_fname, $dst_fname) = @_;
if (open(my $in, "<", $src_fname)) {
if (open(my $out, ">", $dst_fname)) {
print $out $_ while (<$in>);
close $out;
} else {
warn "Cannot open $dst_fname for write, $!";
}
close $in;
} else {
warn "Cannot open $src_fname for read, $!";
}
}
sub hash_dir {
my $dir = shift;
my %hashlist;
print "Doing $dir\n";
if (!chdir $dir) {
print STDERR "WARNING: Cannot chdir to '$dir', $!\n";
return;
}
opendir(DIR, ".") || print STDERR "WARNING: Cannot opendir '.', $!\n";
my @flist = sort readdir(DIR);
closedir DIR;
if ( $removelinks ) {
# Delete any existing symbolic links
foreach (grep {/^[\da-f]+\.r{0,1}\d+$/} @flist) {
if (-l $_) {
print "unlink $_\n" if $verbose;
unlink $_ || warn "Can't unlink $_, $!\n";
}
}
}
FILE: foreach $fname (grep {/\.(pem)|(crt)|(cer)|(crl)$/} @flist) {
# Check to see if certificates and/or CRLs present.
my ($cert, $crl) = check_file($fname);
if (!$cert && !$crl) {
print STDERR "WARNING: $fname does not contain a certificate or CRL: skipping\n";
next;
}
link_hash_cert($fname) if ($cert);
link_hash_crl($fname) if ($crl);
}
chdir $pwd;
}
sub check_file {
my ($is_cert, $is_crl) = (0,0);
my $fname = $_[0];
open(my $in, "<", $fname);
while(<$in>) {
if (/^-----BEGIN (.*)-----/) {
my $hdr = $1;
if ($hdr =~ /^(X509 |TRUSTED |)CERTIFICATE$/) {
$is_cert = 1;
last if ($is_crl);
} elsif ($hdr eq "X509 CRL") {
$is_crl = 1;
last if ($is_cert);
}
}
}
close $in;
return ($is_cert, $is_crl);
}
sub compute_hash {
my $fh;
if ( $^O eq "VMS" ) {
# VMS uses the open through shell
# The file names are safe there and list form is unsupported
if (!open($fh, "-|", join(' ', @_))) {
print STDERR "Cannot compute hash on '$fname'\n";
return;
}
} else {
if (!open($fh, "-|", @_)) {
print STDERR "Cannot compute hash on '$fname'\n";
return;
}
}
return (<$fh>, <$fh>);
}
# Link a certificate to its subject name hash value, each hash is of
# the form <hash>.<n> where n is an integer. If the hash value already exists
# then we need to up the value of n, unless its a duplicate in which
# case we skip the link. We check for duplicates by comparing the
# certificate fingerprints
sub link_hash_cert {
link_hash($_[0], 'cert', '-subject_hash');
link_hash($_[0], 'cert', '-subject_hash_old');
}
# Same as above except for a CRL. CRL links are of the form <hash>.r<n>
sub link_hash_crl {
link_hash($_[0], 'crl', '-hash');
link_hash($_[0], 'crl', '-hash_old');
}
sub link_hash {
my ($fname, $type, $hash_name) = @_;
my $is_cert = $type eq 'cert' or $type eq 'cert_old';
my ($hash, $fprint) = compute_hash($openssl,
$is_cert ? "x509" : "crl",
$hash_name,
"-fingerprint", "-noout",
"-in", $fname);
chomp $hash;
chomp $fprint;
return if !$hash;
$fprint =~ s/^.*=//;
$fprint =~ tr/://d;
my $suffix = 0;
# Search for an unused hash filename
my $crlmark = $is_cert ? "" : "r";
while(exists $hashlist{"$hash.$crlmark$suffix"}) {
# Hash matches: if fingerprint matches its a duplicate cert
if ($hashlist{"$hash.$crlmark$suffix"} eq $fprint) {
my $what = $is_cert ? 'certificate' : 'CRL';
print STDERR "WARNING: Skipping duplicate $what $fname\n";
return;
}
$suffix++;
}
$hash .= ".$crlmark$suffix";
if ($symlink_exists) {
print "link $fname -> $hash\n" if $verbose;
symlink $fname, $hash || warn "Can't symlink, $!";
} else {
print "copy $fname -> $hash\n" if $verbose;
copy_file($fname, $hash);
}
$hashlist{$hash} = $fprint;
}
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